真桑钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨不同螨态的选择性

真桑钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨不同螨态的选择性蒲天胜,曾涛,韦德卫（广西农科院植物保护研究所,南宁５３０００７）ＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｅｄａｃｉｔｙｏｆＡｍｂｌｙｓｅｉｕｓｍａｋｕｗａｔｏＶａｒｉｏｕｓＭｉｔｅＦｏｒｍｓｏｆＰａｎａｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉ￥ＰｕＴｉａｎｓｈｅｎｇ;ＺｅｎｇＴａｏ;ＷｅｉＤｅｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＧｕａｎｇｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：３３－３４。ＴｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｄａｃｉｔｙｏｆｆｅｍａｌｅａｄｕｌｔｏｆＡ．ｍａｋｕｗａｔｏｃｉｔｒｕｓｍｉｔｅｓｉｓｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｗｉｔｈｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＡｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｉ．Ａ．ｍａｋｕｗａｓｈｏｗｓａｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅａｄｕｌｔｏｆＰ．ｃｉｔｒｉ,ｂｕｔＡ．ｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｉｓｈｏｗｓｎｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｓｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｇ．Ｉｎｍｕｌｔｉ－ｆｏｒｍｃｏｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｍｉｔｅｓ,ｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｒｅｓ     

德氏钝绥螨对桔全爪螨的捕食作用

<正> 德氏钝绥螨Amblyseius deleoni Muma et Denmark是桔全爪螨Panonyckus citri(McGregor)的重要天敌。关于德氏钝绥螨的生物学和生态学已有一些报道,但对于种群生态学中,反映捕食者对猎物的捕食作用、它对害虫的控制以及天敌利用等方面,研究甚少。作者就德氏钝绥螨对桔全爪螨的捕食作用作了初步研究,其结果如下。 一、材料与方法 1.功能反应 在直径7.5厘米,高4.0厘米的塑料盒内测定德氏钝绥螨雌成螨对桔全爪螨     

土耳其斯坦叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引反应

土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov ＆ Nikolski）对胡瓜钝绥螨（Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans）的吸引测试表明,胡瓜钝绥螨对不同螨态的土耳其斯坦叶螨的刺激均能产生显著的吸引反应。胡瓜钝绥螨能捕食土耳其斯坦叶螨的卵,但对土耳其斯坦叶螨的“卵＋丝网＋粪便＋取食斑”没有明显的反应,土耳其斯坦叶螨的若螨I和幼螨是胡瓜钝绥螨最喜欢的猎物。土耳其斯坦叶螨主要通过活动螨对胡瓜钝绥螨产生吸引反应,这种吸引反应能明显提高胡瓜钝绥螨在田间搜索土耳其斯坦叶螨的能力。     

纽氏钝绥螨、尼氏钝绥螨及其猎物—桔全爪螨生态学特性的比较研究

本文从天敌与猎物的种群内禀增长力,天敌对猎物不同密度的功能反应及数值反应三个方面来评价和比较纽氏钝绥螨、尼氏钝绥螨时其猎物——枯全爪螨的控制作用。在五种温度下,两种捕食螨的种群内禀增长力都大于桔全爪螨。它们对猎物的功能反应属HollingⅡ型。尼氏钝绥螨的捕食量大于纽氏钝绥螨,在25℃时两种捕食螨捕食量最大,应用Rogers的模型能较好地对试验结果进行模拟。尼氏钝绥螨对桔全爪不同虫态的取食不存在选择效应,纽氏钝绥螨则嗜食若螨和幼螨。两种捕食螨对桔全爪螨的数值反应表明,仅供给桔全爪螨雌成螨作为食物,对两种捕食螨都不利,尤其对尼氏钝绥螨更为明显。综上所述,两种捕食螨能比较有效地控制桔全爪螨种群,当猎物密度较高时,尼氏钝绥螨控制效果优于纽氏钝绥螨,但纽氏钝绥螨控制效果优于纽氏钝绥螨,但纽氏钝绥螨田间种群数量比尼氏钝绥螨稳定。柑桔园中存在其它补充食物时对这两种捕食敌有利。     

4种杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨成螨的急性毒性

测定了4种常用杀虫剂针对目标害虫推荐使用浓度范围对天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris成螨的毒力测定、综合急性毒性和二次中毒毒性.综合急性毒性和二次中毒毒性测定结果显示,毒死蜱Chlorphifos、灭幼脲Chlorbenzurin、吡虫啉Imidacloprid对胡瓜钝绥螨都具有极强的毒性,可造成毁灭性杀伤,苏云金杆菌Bt对胡瓜钝绥螨影响极小,无明显毒性.玻片浸渍法测定的不同杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨的毒力大小依次为:毒死蜱Chlorphifos(乐斯本)＞灭幼脲Chlorbenzurin＞吡虫啉Imidacloprid＞苏云金杆菌Bt.     

截形叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用

室内测定表明,截形叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,均达到极显著水平,而胡瓜钝绥螨对截形叶螨的排泄物没有明显的反应。截形叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨具有自动搜索截形叶螨的能力,表明胡瓜钝绥螨可以用于截形叶螨的生物防治。     

几种常用杀菌剂对胡瓜钝绥螨的影响

采用3种不同的方法测定了5种常用杀菌剂对天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris（Oudemans）的影响。结果表明5种杀菌剂中,86．2％铜大师可湿性粉剂8001200倍对胡瓜钝绥螨有较低的影响,喷雾法测定最高浓度800倍校正死亡率为15．00％,而让胡瓜钝绥螨取食经86．2％铜大师可湿性粉剂各浓度药液处理过的山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis（Zacher）均无二次中毒现象,80％代森锌可湿性粉剂、80％大生M-45可湿性粉剂、50％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和50％普雅图可湿性粉剂在3种试验方法中各浓度对胡瓜钝绥螨死亡率均与清水对照相当,因此释放捕食螨生防园防治病害可选用对胡瓜钝绥螨影响小的80％代森锌可湿性粉剂800～1000倍、80％大生M-45可湿性粉剂500-600倍、50％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂600-800倍、86．2％铜大师可湿性粉剂12001500倍、50％普雅图可湿性粉剂800-1000倍。     

山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用研究

采用两侧吸引作用试验测定天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在田间对山楂叶螨的搜索和控制能力。结果表明：山楂叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,排泄物对胡瓜钝绥螨没有明显的吸引作用。山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨在田间具有自动搜索山楂叶螨的能力,可用于山楂叶螨的生物防治。     

5种杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨的影响

本文采用几种不同方法测定了5种常用杀虫剂对天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris雌成蝤和若螨的影响。试验结果表明5种杀虫剂中1％甲胺基阿维菌素乳油在常规使用浓度范围内对胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨和若螨的毒力都很低,释放胡瓜钝绥螨生防园可选用1％甲胺基阿维菌素乳油来防治鳞翅目害虫;5％虱螨脲（美除）乳油常规使用浓度对胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨影响较小,但是对若螨的有一定的影响,释放捕食螨生防园尽量不使用5％虱螨脲（美除）乳油,必要时可选用低浓度进行挑治;1％苦参碱可溶性液剂在常规使用浓度范围内对胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨和若螨毒力均较强,因此释放捕食螨生防园不宜使用;99％绿颖乳油和15％哒螨灵乳油在常规使用浓度范围内对胡瓜钝绥螨的毒性都极强,释放胡瓜钝绥螨生防园如果使用这2种农药会对天敌胡瓜钝绥螨造成毁灭性杀伤,因此在释放捕食螨生防园不可使用这2种杀虫剂。     

释放巴氏钝绥螨对沙田柚上橘全爪螨的防治效果

2007～2008年开展释放巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri(Hughes)防治沙田柚上橘全爪螨Panonychus citri McGregor试验示范。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨能在江西省吉安市沙田柚果园大量繁殖,每株成年沙田柚树上释放3～4盒巴氏钝绥螨,每盒含巴氏钝绥螨600头以上,可有效控制橘全爪螨的危害,减少施药次数和农药用量,节约防治成本,改善橘园生态环境和果品品质。     

芬兰真绥螨对苹果全爪螨的捕食作用研究

在实验条件下,系统研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对苹果全爪螨Panony-chus ulmi Koch的控制能力。研究结果表明:(1)在15～32℃的温度条件下,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量随着温度的上升呈线型正相关。在15～25℃的温度内芬兰真绥螨的产卵量随温度升高而增加,在15℃下平均单雌产卵0.42粒,25℃时平均单雌产卵2.56粒;当温度升到32℃时单雌产卵下降为1.62粒,雌成螨的产卵量与温度的关系呈抛物线型。(2)在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,雌成螨的捕食量随着猎物的密度增加呈线型正相关,而当猎物密度达到30头/叶时,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量处于平稳状态。在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,芬兰真绥螨的产卵量和产卵量均与猎物的密度呈线型正相关;当每头雌成螨捕食量为1.8～3.5头时,产卵量为1.0～1.5粒。(3)不同温度下,芬兰真绥螨对猎物的不同密度和虫态的功能反应可用圆盘方程II型进行拟合;在25℃条件下捕食效率最高且喜好捕食的虫态是卵和幼螨。     

Age-stage,two-sex life table of European red spider mite,Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on mulberry varieties

To understand the influence of four mulberry varieties on the development and reproduction of the European red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae), age-stage two-sex life tables of P. ulmi on Goshoerami, KNG, Chinese white and Rokokuyaso varieties were constructed under ambient laboratory conditions during summer season of the year with an average temperature of 26.22 ± 2.23 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 5% and photoperiod of 14:10 h (L: D). Panonychus ulmi developed comparatively better on KNG and Goshoerami varieties than the other two varieties, as indicated by high fecundity (45.05 ± 1.89 and 41.23 ± 1.66 eggs female^?1, respectively) and intrinsic rate of increase (0.165 ± 0.01 and 0.168 ± 0.03 day^?1, respectively). Lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) was observed on Chinese white and Rokokuyaso (0.055 ± 0.03 and 0.057 ± 0.10 day^?1, respectively). Total development time of immature females was shortest on KNG than on the other varieties. Immature survival was significantly higher on KNG and Goshoerami varieties (76.76 ± 7.59 and 72.96 ± 8.21%, respectively) and was lower on Chinese white and Rokokuyaso (46.76 ± 9.00 and 43.32 ± 8.71%, respectively). Based on all the above parameters, KNG and Goshoerami were found as most suitable varieties for P. ulmi than Chinese white and Rokokuyaso.     

Effect of Amblyseius cucumeris and Amblyseius barkeri as biological control agents of thrips tabaci on glasshouse cucumbers

Biological control of Thrips tabaci by the phytoseiid mites Amblyseius cucumeris and Amblyseius barkeri was investigated on glasshouse parthenocarpic cucumbers. The mite species were used in combination and singly. Successful thrips control was obtained with A. cucumeris alone, whereas control was not reliable with A. barkeri alone nor with the combination of A. cucumeris and A. barkeri. The establishment period was long for both phytoseiid species. At the beginning of the trial, when thrips were absent or very low in numbers, only A. cucumeris was found on the leaves. Mite populations did not increase until the number of thrips were ca. two and five per leaf for A. cucumeris and A. barkeri, respectively. A. cucumeris seemed to show a better numerical response to T. tabaci than A. barkeri. At the end of the trial (three months after the last introduction of mites) only A. barkeri was found in the combination plot, indicating that A. cucumeris is displaced by A. barkeri in situations of interspecific competition between the two species on glasshouse parthenocarpic cucumbers.     

Some effects of pre-release host-plant on the biological control of Panonychus ulmi by the predatory mite Amblyseius fallacis

Amblyseius fallacis Garman has been selected for pyrethroid resistance and mass reared for experimental release as a biological control agent for tetranychid mites on a number of crops in Canada. Several releases of this predator onto apple and peach trees have failed to result in the establishment of A. fallacis, or in the biological control of Panonychus ulmi Koch. Here, we test the hypothesis that the change of host-plant at the time of release is a critical factor in the establishment of A. fallacis for biological control of P. ulmi. Functional and numerical response studies were undertaken on two populations of A. fallacis: a wild strain collected from the canopy foliage of an apple orchard near Vineland, Ontario; and a second strain reared on bean plants in a commercial insectary with Tetranychus urticae as prey. Each population consumed significantly more P. ulmi and produced significantly more eggs when on leaf disks from the plant species they were reared on, than on leaf disks from the novel host plant. A further experiment was conducted to determine if establishment and biological control of mass-reared A. fallacis could be affected by rearing a population for a short term on apple leaves prior to release on apple trees. Three release treatments were made into potted apple trees in a glasshouse, using predators commercially mass-reared on bean and T. urticae: A. fallacis released directly; A. fallacis reared in the laboratory for four weeks on bean and T. urticae; A. fallacis reared on apple leaves and T. urticae for four weeks. They were compared with a control treatment lacking predator release. Contrary to results of the functional and numerical response studies, no difference was observed between release treatments. All release treatments adding A. fallacis resulted in a similar, if limited, degree of biological control of P. ulmi. These results indicated that there may be short-term effects of host plant on the establishment of A. fallacis and biological control of P. ulmi, which in our study were observed as an initial reduction of the predatory response. However, in a test, the predators appeared to overcome these short-term effects and successfully established on the new host-plant to control P. ulmi.     

西花蓟马、二斑叶螨与黄瓜新小绥螨的相互关系研究

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是温室花卉与蔬菜上的重要害虫（螨）。植物常被两者同时危害。黄瓜新小绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris（Oudemans）是世界上广泛应用的温室蓟马的生物防治物,有时也被用来防治二斑叶螨。本研究中,在人工气候室盆栽条件下利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨。结果显示,当每豆株上接入10或20头二斑叶螨时,按照1∶4的益害比释放黄瓜新小绥螨可有效控制二斑叶螨。同样密度比的情况下,5和10头黄瓜新小绥螨的释放量可显著控制西花蓟马的接入量。二斑叶螨密度的增加没有显著影响到黄瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马可捕食黄瓜新小绥螨的卵,日捕食量达1.2粒。本文对利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治温室中西花蓟马进行了讨论。     

The use of image analysis to study the effects of residues of esfenvalerate on the locomotory behaviour of Panonychus ulmi and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae)

The influences of esfenvalerate on mite behaviour were investigated by image analysis. Video recordings of the locomotory behaviour of two mite species were converted into a series of x,y coordinates that, when joined, closely resembled their paths. These coordinates were used to calculate walking speed, direction of travel, turning frequency, turn bias and tortuosity. Two experimental arenas were used: (1) a leaf disc arena for the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi and (2) a glass coverslip arena for Typhlodromus pyri. The behavioural responses of P. ulmi and T. pyri to esfenvalerate (field rate) indicated that these mites did not show a preference for the unsprayed halves of the arenas during the first 48 min. However, significant differences between most of the behavioural parameters to esfenvalerate residues were found with P. ulmi when whole arenas were compared. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Assessment of Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for biological control of tetranychid mites in an Ontario peach orchard

We introduced a mass-reared pyrethroid-resistant strain of the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) into an Ontario peach orchard in an attempt to control populations of the phytophagous mites Panonychus ulmi Koch and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Releases of 1,000 and 2,000 mites per tree were made, at three different times. The release of 2,000 mites per tree in June and in July resulted in significantly higher phytoseiid densities than was observed on control trees. However, densities of P. ulmi or T. urticae were not significantly affected by any release rate or by timing. The release of 1,000 A. fallacis per tree, or of any density in August, did not significantly increase phytoseiid abundance. In the following year, population dynamics of both phytoseiid and phytophagous mites were not significantly affected by the previous year's release. Amblyseius fallacis can be a useful predator in some fruit orchards. However, further research is necessary into the timing and rate of release, modified spray programmes, and with different crops, in order to clarify the role of this species for biological control in Ontario peach orchards.     

斯氏钝绥螨对烟蓟马的防治效果研究

为明确烟叶上释放斯氏钝绥螨防治烟蓟马的最佳释放比例和部位,本文研究了6个不同比例和3个不同部位释放斯氏钝绥螨后烟蓟马的种群变化。结果表明:按益害比10∶1释放斯氏钝绥螨在较短时间内即能有效控制烟蓟马,释放10 d后,烟蓟马的数量即下降到8.33头/株,20 d后下降到2.67头/株,40 d后烟蓟马种群消失。10 d后的相对防治效果达71.26%,20 d后达90.79%。在烟叶的中部、下部和基部释放斯氏钝绥螨均能有效控制烟蓟马。建立释放10 d后6个比例下烟蓟马的死亡率与天敌数量的关系方程,y=106.857×e-104.257/x,计算出烟蓟马的死亡率达到50%的释放数量为LT50=137头/株,即按益害比4.6∶1释放;死亡率达到90%的释放数量为LT90=607头/株,即按益害比20.2∶1释放。以释放比例为益害比10∶1为例,建立了烟蓟马的死亡率与时间的关系方程y=109.689×e-4.532/x,计算出释放斯氏钝绥螨后烟蓟马的死亡率达到50%的时间LD50=5.8 d,死亡率达到90%的时间为LD90=22.9 d。本文为利用斯氏钝绥螨防治烟蓟马提供依据。     

印楝素与脂肪酸甲酯联合使用对豆蚜的防治效果

本文对新疆博州豇豆豆蚜Aphis craccivora (Koch)田间消长规律进行调查,研究了0.3%印楝素与脂肪酸甲酯喷雾助剂联合对豆蚜的防治效果,并对豆蚜天敌消退率进行了调查。结果表明,在博州,豆蚜以卵在苦豆子和苜蓿上越冬,3月下旬至4月初开始孵化,5月上中旬出现有翅蚜在杂草上繁殖蔓延,5月中旬开始迁入棉花上危害,6月中旬陆续迁入豇豆上危害,7月上中旬在豇豆上达到危害高峰时期,7月中下旬慢慢迁入苜蓿地,9月中旬出现性蚜,9月下旬-10月中旬在苜蓿和杂草上产卵越冬。施药后1 d,20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1 000倍液对豆蚜的防效最高,达到82.91%; 施药后3 d,20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1 000倍液防效仍最高为97.92%;施药后7 d,0.3%印楝素乳油60 mL/667m2+脂肪酸甲酯喷雾助剂1 000倍液防效达97.38%,显著高于其他处理。总体来说,在豇豆豆蚜发生期施用1次0.3%印楝素+脂肪酸喷雾助剂防治豇豆豆蚜,防效好、持效期长,对豇豆及蚜虫天敌安全性较好。     

黑角直缘跳甲防治技术的研究

研究表明,在干母形成前或倍子形成后,应用９０％敌百虫、０．３％多效灵、速效白僵菌粉、黑角直缘跳甲白僵菌防治黑角直缘跳甲１～３龄幼虫,不但防治效果显著,且明显提高倍林内五倍子产量。关键词黑角直缘跳甲,防治技术,五倍子。