Cytogenetic effects of nine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helichrysum</Emphasis> taxa in human lymphocytes culture

Helichrysum Mill. (Asteraceae) species have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years in the world. The in vitro cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes of nine Helichrysum taxa used in Turkey folk medicine were investigated. Blood samples were obtained from healthy donors, non-smoking volunteers, which were incubated and exposed to increasing concentrations of methanol extracts of Helichrysum taxa (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL). The inhibitory effects of H. stoechas (L.) Moench subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman, H. armenium DC. subsp. armenium, H. armenium DC. subsp. araxinum (Kirp.) Takht., H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum, H. compactum Boiss. and H. artvinense P.H.Davis & Kupicha on the mitotic index and replication index indicate that these taxa can have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. They should therefore not be used freely in alternative medicine although their antiproliferative activity may suggest anticarcinogenic properties. Increase effects of H. stoechas subsp. barrelieri, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. armenium subsp. araxinum, H. chasmolycicum P.H.Davis, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum, H. compactum and H. artvinense on the micronucleus rates showed that these taxa can have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.     

Two new species of Haplopappus (Astereae, Asteraceae) from Mendoza, Argentina

A review of the Argentinean specimens ofHaplopappus Cass. has revealed two new species from Mendoza province, both of the sectionHaplopappus:H. boelkei, unique by its caespitose habit and long petiolate leaves, andH. mendocinus, related toH. macrocephalus (Less.) DC.,H. ochagavianus Phil. andH. tiltilensis Phil.     

Helichrysum nicolai (Compositae, Gnaphalieae), Systematics of a New Dwarf Local Endemic of the Cape Verde Islands, W Africa

Helichrysum nicolai from the Cape Verdean island of São Nicolau is described as a species new to science and illustrated. The systematic position in Helichrysum of this acaulescent dwarf rosette shrub with heterogamous capitula, in which the female flowers outnumber the hermaphrodite ones, is established using an ITS phylogeny based on maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses. The new species is most closely related to the Canary Island endemics H. alucense and H. monogynum. The closest relative to these three species are not the other members of the genus on the mid-Atlantic archipelagos but H. somalense from the Horn of Africa region and the southern Arabian Peninsula and the widespread tropical African-S Arabian-SE Iranian H. glumaceum, to which the SE Iranian H. makranicum is found to be conspecific. The phytogeographical significance of these relationships is discussed and at least three independent colonization events of the mid-Atlantic archipelagos by Helichrysum are concluded from the molecular data available.     

On the Classification of Ixeris Group (Compositae) from China

Ixeris Cass., strinctly speaking, is confined to plants which have achenes with sharply winged ribs. Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. contains plants which have persistent radical leaves at anthesis and achenes with obtuse ribs and a fine rostrum at its apex. Paraixeris Nakai is restricted to plants which are of the same achenes as in the genus Ixeridium (A. Gray) Tzvel., but rostra of achenes are robust and radical leaves deciduous in flowering in the former. The Chorisis DC., a monotypic genus, is characterized by ternate palatisect leaves. In the light of the above mentioned understanding of these genera, the author thinks that the division of Chinese Ixeris group, a comparatively complex one, into four genera would be more reasonable than merging them into one genus, namely, Ixeris Cass. Based on the examination of specimens in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica (PE), the author found that there are four species in the genus Ixeris Cass., including one new combination in China. They are I. polycephala Cass., I. dissecta (Makino) Shih, I. japonica (Burm. f. ) Nakai and I. stolonifera A. Gray. The genus Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. has 13 species, including five new combinations and three new species in China, namely, I. sagittaroides (C. B. Clarke) Shih, I. gramineum (Ledb.) Tzvel., I. yunnarense Shih,I. graminifolium(Ledb.)Tzvel.,I, biparum Shih,I.aculeolatum Shih,I. chinense( Thunb. ) Tzvel., I. strigosum( Fisch. ) Tzvel., I. elegans( Franeh. ) Shih, I. sonchifolium (Maxim.)Shih,I. laevigatum (BI.)Shih,I. dentatum(Thunb. )Nakai and I. gracile(DC.)Shih, in China. There are six species in the genus Paraixeris Nakai, including One new combination, namely, P. denticulata(Houtt.) Nakai, P. humifusa(Dunn) Shih, P. cheldonifolia( Makino) Nakai, P. saxatilis( Baran. ) Tzvel., P.pinnatipartita (Makino)Tzvel. and P.serotina(Maxim.)Tzvel.in China.     

中国算盘子属(叶下珠科)一些种的分类学处理

算盘子属(Glochidion J.R.G.Forst.)是叶下珠科(Phyllanthaceae)叶下珠族(Phyllantheae)中一个分类极为困难的类群。基于广泛野外考察与馆藏标本查阅,对中国该属部分物种进行分类学处理。其中,长柱算盘子[G.khasicum(Müll.Arg.)Hook.f.]与倒卵叶算盘子(G.obovatum SieboldZucc.)在中国的分布予以排除,菲岛算盘子[G.philippicum(Cav.)C.B.Rob.]在中国被发现仅分布于台湾地区;G.bodinieri H.Lév.,G.pseudo-obscurum var.glabrum Pamp.与G.pseudo-obscurum var.lanceolatum Pamp.这三个名称被处理为湖北算盘子(G.wilsonii Hutch.)的新异名;G.vaniotii H.Lév.被排除在算盘子属外,并接受为芸香科臭常春(Orixa japonica Thunb.)的异名。另外,对G.khasicum(Müll.Arg.)Hook.f.,G.obovatum SieboldZucc.,G.philippicum(Cav.)C.B.Rob.,G.pseudo-obscurum var.lanceolatum Pamp.及G.wilsonii Hutch.这五个名称进行了后选模式的指定。     

Centaurea zlatiborensis (Asteraceae,Cardueae−Centaureinae), a new endemic species from Zlatibor mountain range,Serbia

A new species of Centaurea sect. Acrocentron (Cass.) DC. (Asteraceae) found growing in dry, steppe‐like habitats on the Zlatibor mountain in western Serbia is described as Centaurea zlatiborensis. This novelity is compared with all other species of C. sect. Acrocentron known from Serbia and a diagnistic key to these is provided. Centaurea zlatiborensis is morphologically close to C. calocephala Willd. but the stems are simple or sparsely branched with monocephalous branches and itis generally smaller in all plant parts. The most important difference is the appendage morphology where C. zlatiborenis has triangular, dark brown appendages with short fimbriae and appendages not completely covering the bracts.     

A new Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey

A new Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey is described and illustrated. Centaurea mersinensis Uysal and Hamzao?lu exists on calcareous slopes in Pinus brutia forests of Ayd?nc?k (Mersin) in southern Anatolia. It belongs to C. sect. Phalolepis (Cass.) DC., and taxonomically its closest relative is C. lycaonica. Diagnostic morphological characters from very similar taxa are provided, and a key is provided that includes related species of sect. Phalolepis from Turkey. The geographical distribution of the new species and relatives of the same section are mapped. The chromosome number of C. mersinensis, 2n = 18, counted in root tips, is also reported and illustrated.     

Fruit structure and generic delimitation of Athanasia (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) and related South African genera

Within South African Asteraceae-Anthemideae there is a group of genera containing furanosesquiterpenes rather than the common polyacetylenes. Of these genera, Asaemia (Harv.) Ham. ex Benth. & Hook., Athanasia L., Eumorphia DC., Gymno-pcnfzia Benth., Phymaspermum Less. and Sfilpnophyfon Less. have been investigated morphologically especially with respect to fruit structure. As a result of the investigations Stilpnophyton has been reduced to synonomy under Athanasia L. emend. Källersjö (with 36 spp.) and five species of Athanasia , together with Phaeocephalus S. Moore., are placed in the revived genus Hymenolepis Cass. (with 7 spp.). Brachymerk DC. and four misplaced species of Aihanasia are included in Phymaspermum Less. emend. Källersjö (with 17 spp.). Nine other misplaced species of Athanasia and one Pentzia Thunb. species have been described as a new genus Inulanihera Källersjö (with 10 spp.), a group without furanosesquiterpenes. The two monotypic genera Asaemia and Gymnopentzia , and Eumorphia (with 6 spp.) remain unchanged. The interrelationships of the genera possessing furanosesquiterpenes are shown in a cladogram. There are 25 new combinations in Afhanasia, Znulanthera, Hymenolepis and Phymaspermum .     

THE GENUS PEGOLETTIA (COMPOSITAE, INULEAE)

Abstract— The genus Pegolettia (Compositae, Inuleae) from Africa, Arabia, and the Middle East is revised. The nine recognized species, viz. P. lanceolata Harv., P. baccaridifolia Less., P. gariepina A. Anderb., P. oxyodonta DC., P. retrofracta (Thunb.) Kies, P. tenuifolia Bolus, P. plumosa M. D. Hend., P. pinnatilobata (Klatt) O. Hoffm. ex Dinter, and P. senegalensis Cass., are treated cladistically, and a cladogram is presented. The species are illustrated, and their distributions mapped. Hypotheses on the mode of speciation and the biogeography of the group including a model of area relationships in southern Africa are presented.     

Photosynthetic Pathways and Life Form Types for Native Plant Species from Hulunbeier Rangelands,Inner Mongolia,North China

Photosynthetic pathway Types (C₃, C₄, and CAM) and life forms of native species from Hulunbeier rangelands, north China were studied. Of the total 258 species, 216 species in 132 genera and 42 families had C₃ photosynthetic pathway, including dominant herbs, e.g. Stipa baicalensis Roshev. and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel., Filifolium sibiricum Kitam. and Arudinella hirta (Thunb.) Koidz. 38 species in 28 genera and 10 families were found with C₄ photosynthesis, and 4 species in 2 genera and 1 family had CAM photosynthetic pathway. The occurrence of C₄ species was common in Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae, and the two families were leading ones within C₄ plants. More than 52 % of the total 258 species were in H form, 21 % in Th form, 19 % in G form; the other life form Types, e.g. Ch, M, N, and HH, formed less than 3 %. 68 % of C₄ species were in Th form and 24 % in H form, indicating that these Types were the dominant life forms for C₄ species in the rangeland region. The occurrence of C₄ species was closely related with plant habitats, disturbed lands had the highest C₄ abundance (55 % of the total C₄ species), followed by grasslands and sandy soil, and forests had the lowest C₄ abundance (8 %). Hence the occurrence of C₄ species could be efficient indicator for rangeland dynamics in Hulunbeier rangelands.     

Karyomorphology of six taxa in Chrysanthemum sensu lato (Anthemideae) in Egypt and their genetic relationships by Giemsa C‐banding

Abstract Giemsa C‐banding was applied to the chromosome complements of six diploid species belonging to six genera in Chrysanthemum sensu lato (Anthemideae) distributed in Egypt. Four types of C‐banding distribution were observed in the taxa as follows: (i) negative C‐banding in Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell.; (ii) all bands in terminal regions in Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip, which showed 32 bands on 18 chromosomes; (iii) all eight bands at centromeric regions on eight chromosomes in Matricaria recutita L.; and (iv) bands at terminal and centromeric regions in Brocchia cinerea Vis. (12 terminal and six centromeric bands on 12 chromosomes), Cotula barbata DC. (four terminal, six centromeric, and eight short arm bands on 16 chromosomes), and Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach. (eight terminal on the short arms and four large bands in centromeric regions on 12 chromosomes).     

Fruchtanatomische und zytologische Untersuchungen an einigen Arten der GattungenRhaponticum Adans. undLeuzea DC. (Compositae)

Zusammenfassung Es wurden insgesamt 5 Arten aus den GattungenRhaponticum Adans. undLeuzea DC. auf ihre fruchtanatomischen Merkmale hin untersucht.Auf Grund dieser Merkmale, insbesondere des Baues des doppelten Pappus, des Perikarps (Verholzungsgrad, Epidermis, Behaarung, Ablösungsvorrichtung) sowie des Samens wurden die bisher zur GattungLeuzea gerechneten ArtenRh. longifolium (Hoffmgg. etLink) M.Dittrich undRh. rhaponticoides (Graells) M.Dittrich neu kombiniert.Die systematisch unklare Stellung vonLeuzea conifera (L.) DC. wird mit Bezug auf ihre anatomischen Fruchtmerkmale diskutiert.Die obengenannten Fruchtmerkmale weisen auf eine enge verwandtschaftliche Beziehung zu den SektionenSerratula undMastrucium Cass. der GattungSerratula L. hin.Die Chromosomenzahlen, die im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen ermittelt wurden und die früherer Zählungen, wurden in einer Tabelle (S. 386) zusammengestellt. Für alle untersuchten Arten wurden 2n=26 Chromosomen ermittelt.

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Summary Five species of the generaRhaponticum Adans. andLeuzea DC. were examined concerning the anatomical characters of the fruits.According to these characters especially the structure of the double pappus, the pericarp (degree of lignification, epidermis, hairiness, mechanism for detaching the fruits) as well as the seedRh. longifolium (Hoffmgg. etLink) M.Dittrich andRh. rhaponticoides (Graells) M.Dittrich till now put into the genusLeuzea DC. were new combined.The systematically uncertain position ofL. conifera (L.) DC. has been discussed according to its anatomical characters of the fruits.These characters mentioned above point out a close relationship to the genusSerratula L. (sect.Serratula andMaslrucium Cass.).The chromosome numbers determined in the course of this research and of former countings were listed in a table (p. 386). All counted species have 2n=26 chromosomes.

     

A morphological revision of the genus Herbertus S.Gray (Herbertaceae,Marchantiophyta) in Africa,including the East African islands

Abstract

The genus Herbertus S.Gray in Africa and the East African islands is revised. The division of the genus into two broad species complexes centred on H. dicranus (Tayl.ex Gottsche et al.) Trev. and H. juniperoideus (Sw.) Grolle is confirmed. H. capensis (Steph.) Sim, H. capillaris (Steph.) H. doggeltianus (Steph.) Demaret, H. lobatus (Steph.) Demaret, H. mascarenicus (Steph.) S.Arn., H. mollis (Steph.) Dusén, H. stuhlmannii (Steph.) Demaret and Schisma kilimandjarense Steph. are synonymous with H. dicranus. H. grossevittatus (Steph.) S.Arn. ex Grolle is synonymous with H. juniperoideus. Three new species are described: H. spicatus N.G.Hodgetts sp. nov., which is related to H. juniperoideus and appears close to the neotropical H. pensilis, with long, narrow leaf lobe apices and a sheathing leaf base; H. mauritianus N.G.Hodgetts sp. nov., also related to H. juniperoideus, has fewer basal slime papillae and the vitta bifurcating lower down; and H. pocsii N.G.Hodgetts sp. nov., which is related to H. dicranus but has setaceous leaf lobe apices composed of long, narrow cells. The relationships of the taxa and patterns of distribution, taking account of recent molecular work, are discussed.     

Breeding systems of Ardisia Sw. (Myrsinaceae)

Five species (A. escallonioides Schltdl. & Cham., A. hirtella Lundell, A. elliptica Thunb., A. sieboldii Miq., and A. wallichii A.DC.) from three subgenera in the genus Ardisia (Myrsinaceae) were examined for self-compatibility, agamospermy, and autogamy using hand-pollination and pollinator-exclusion experiments on both garden plants and wild populations. All five species are self-compatible but not agamospermous. Four of the five species exhibited autogramy. Autogamy was strongly associated with stamen position, anther dehiscence type, protogyny, and inflorescence type. Because self-compatibility is widespread across different subgenera, it may be a general characteristic of the genus Ardisia. The potential impact of self-compatibility on the mating system and population genetic structure is discussed.     

Reclassification of North American Haplopappus (Compositae: Astereae) completed: Rayjacksonia gen. nov.

Rayjacksonia R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, gen. nov. (Compositae: Astereae), is named to accommodate the “phyllocephalus complex,” formerly of Haplopappus Cass. sect. Blepharodon DC. The new combinations are R. phyllocephalus (DC.) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, R. annua (Rydb.) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, and R. aurea (A. Gray) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane. This transfer completes the reclassification of the North American species of Haplopappus sensu Hall, leaving that genus exclusively South American. Rayjacksonia has a base chromosome number of x = 6. Furthermore, it shares abruptly ampliate disk corollas, deltate disk style-branch appendages, and corolla epidermal cell type, among other features, with Grindelia, Isocoma, Olivaea, Prionopsis, Stephanodoria, and Xanthocephalum. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological and chloroplast DNA restriction site data, taken together, demonstrate that these genera are closely related but distinct.     

中国黑粉菌补遗Ⅲ

本文报道我国黑粉菌三种新纪录。特氏楔孢黑粉菌(Thecaphora trailii Cooke)寄生于风毛菊(Saussurea japonica (Thunb.) DC.)花序中,孢子球由2-5(-8)个孢子组成,黑粉孢子10.5-22×8.5-15 Imo翠雀条黑粉菌(Urocystis delphinii Golovin)寄生于翠雀(Delphinium grandiflorum L.)的茎和叶柄上,孢子球由1-10个孢子组成,黑粉孢子12.5-18×10-15 μm,不育细胞5.5-12 μm。籣草黑粉菌(Ustilago echinata Schroeter)寄生于籣草(Phalaris arundinacea L.)的叶和叶鞘上,黑粉孢子12.5-19×10.5-16 μm,表面纹饰粗痰,部分联结为脊状或网状。     

918. HAPLOPAPPUS PAUCIDENTATUS

Haplopappus paucidentatus Phil. (Compositae: Astereae: Machaerantherinae) is described and illustrated in colour and with a black and white text figure. Cultivation and propagation are discussed, most stocks better maintained using cuttings or layering. It is not apparently available commercially, but could be searched for under the ‘catch all’ name of H. glutinosus. Haplopappus Cass. is now recognized as a South American genus, considerably smaller than originally conceived by Hall in his major revision. It consists of 56 species in three subgenera, the largest, subgenus Haplopappus, contains 2 sections, section Haplopappus containing H. paucidentatus and H. glutinosus Cass. within which it has been included in several treatments.