益生菌的研究进展及其在食品中的应用

益生菌是一类能够促进宿主肠内微生物菌群的生态平衡,对宿主健康和/或生理功能产生有益作用的活性微生物。本文就益生菌概念的发展演变、益生菌种类及其在食品中的应用研究进展进行了综述,旨在为读者提供益生菌在食品领域研究应用的基本情况及其发展趋势。     

益生菌的研究进展及其在食品中的应用

益生菌是一类能够促进宿主肠内微生物菌群的生态平衡,对宿主健康和／或生理功能产生有益作用的活性微生物。本文就益生茸概念的发展演变、益生菌种类及其在食品中的应用研究进展进行了综述,旨在为读者提供益生菌在食品领域研究应用的基本情况及其发展趋势。     

益生菌抑制致病菌作用的机制研究进展

致病菌引起的各种胃肠道疾病对人类健康造成危害,应用益生菌制剂防治致病菌感染,具有安全和减少耐药性等优点,为控制致病菌感染性疾病提供了新的途径。主要从益生菌与致病菌竞争黏附位点、与致病菌的共聚作用及其产生的抗菌物质三个方面综述益生菌抑制致病菌的作用机制。     

益生菌的应用现状和发展前景

益生菌是一类严格选择的，如果给予足够的量，能够为宿主带来健康益处的活性微生物。常见的具有益生功能的微生物，包括传统益生菌乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)和酵母菌(Saccharomyces)等，以及下一代益生菌普拉梭菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)、嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)和普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella copri)等。益生菌与人体健康之间存在密切的关系，这些微生物可通过肠道刺激胃肠道反应或直接作用于口腔、阴道、皮肤等其他部位以调节宿主健康。因此，它们在食品、种植业、畜牧业以及医疗领域中得到广泛应用，成为改善宿主健康的有力工具。本文对乳酸菌等传统益生菌以及嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌等下一代益生菌的功能的开发与应用进行了综述，总结了这几种益生菌在食品生产、疾病治疗以及农业生产等方面的应用潜力，展望了益生菌资源研究与应用的发展趋势，以期为研究新老益生菌功能的开发与应用提供参考。     

益生菌降血脂作用及机制研究进展

血脂异常会引发心血管疾病和一系列代谢综合征,对人体健康造成极大伤害。目前主要采用他汀类和贝特类药物治疗高血脂症,但副作用大、价格高。而益生菌已被证明具有调节血脂代谢、预防心血管疾病等多种有益功效,受到许多相关研究人员的关注,有望成为辅助传统药物或预防高血脂症的优选方案。本文综述了最近几年益生菌降血脂的作用及机制的研究进展,以期为更深入的研究拓宽思路,为进一步开发降血脂功能性食品提供参考。     

益生菌的应用现状和发展前景

益生菌,是一类被科学家证实为对人体和动物体有益的菌。目前,已被广泛运用于医药、食品、畜牧业等多个领域。益生菌的产品诞生于20世纪30年代,经历了将近一个世纪的发展后,在国外已形成一个完整的产业链和成熟的市场。但在我国,则处于一个刚起步的阶段。可能国内的人们对益生菌的产品有点陌生,但随着人们生活水平的提高和消费观念的转变,他们对食品的要求已不再单纯停留在解决温饱的问题上,而是更多地追求安全、健康和营养。相信只要加大对益生菌产品的宣传和消费引导,益生菌在国内亦将有一片广阔的发展前景。     

益生菌与宿主疾病关系的研究进展

人类肠道中含有的多种微生物,称为肠道菌群,它们对宿主的健康起着至关重要的作用。肠道菌群的组成包括细菌、病毒和真核生物,已经被证明与宿主健康有密切的联系,尤其是其中的益生菌。益生菌通过多种途径发挥作用,包括与宿主微生物的相互作用、抵御病原菌的定殖、改善肠道屏障功能、调节免疫功能、产生相关代谢产物,在宿主的代谢、免疫和神经系统中发挥有益作用。综述益生菌的作用机制,讨论了近年来益生菌应用临床研究实例以更好地理解其对疾病风险和健康可持续性的贡献,将为新的治疗干预和疾病预防策略提供参考。     

益生菌的历史与定义及其健康作用

近年来,肠道菌群及其与疾病和健康的研究进展,促进了人们对益生菌健康作用的认识。益生菌在维持健康,以及降低未来疾病风险中的作用被不断发现和证实,但世界各国在食品领域,目前对于“益生菌”这一术语既没有法律的认可,也没有专门的统一标准。为进一步厘清概念和规范益生菌的应用,国内外的科学和行业组织正积极开展工作,建立科学共识和行业共识。本文重点介绍了益生菌的定义、种类、主要健康功能、管理规范等。     

益生菌调控胃肠道菌群改善肉品质的研究进展

胃肠道菌群对动物健康和生产性能起到重要作用。将益生菌应用于畜禽养殖可调节肠道微生态平衡,调控脂肪代谢,提高饲料利用率以及促进风味物质形成等多种途径提高畜禽肉的品质。本文综述了不同益生菌调节胃肠道微生态的机理,并通过改善肠道菌群结构来改善畜禽肉的品质,为进一步研究开发以胃肠道菌群为靶点的益生菌饲料提供参考。     

益生菌，益生元对肥胖的治疗及其机制的研究进展

肥胖是继心脑血管疾病和癌症之后威胁全人类健康第三大疾病,全球有40%的成年人面临肥胖和超重困扰。中国肥胖人数成人已达到世界第二,儿童达到了世界第一,并且儿童期肥胖极大可能发展为成年期肥胖。研究表明肠道微生物可能是众多导致代谢紊乱的因素之一,这些紊乱会导致肥胖、β细胞功能紊乱、代谢内毒素血症、全身炎症和氧化应激。近年来,应用微生态制剂（益生菌和益生元）治疗肥胖已成为研究热点,本文主要围绕肥胖人群肠道菌群特点以及益生菌、益生元对肥胖的干预作用进行综述,以期为以后相关研究提供参考。     

Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects

Food products fermented by lactic acid bacteria have long been used for their proposed health promoting properties. In recent years, selected probiotic strains have been thoroughly investigated for specific health effects. Properties like relief of lactose intolerance symptoms and shortening of rotavirus diarrhoea are now widely accepted for selected probiotics. Some areas, such as the treatment and prevention of atopy hold great promise. However, many proposed health effects still need additional investigation. In particular the potential benefits for the healthy consumer, the main market for probiotic products, requires more attention. Also, the potential use of probiotics outside the gastrointestinal tract deserves to be explored further. Results from well conducted clinical studies will expand and increase the acceptance of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of selected diseases.     

Probiotics: time for a dose of realism

There is already a long research and retail history of probiotics, but progress in the scientific and medical validation of these products has been extremely slow. Even now, adequate information by which the consumer and health professional can judge the efficacy and safety of retailed probiotics is lacking. Probiotic products have not been subjected to large scale trials of efficacy that are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Without these trials and subsequent approval by fastidious regulatory agencies such as the FDA (USA), probiotics continue to languish in the self-care health market. Optimistically, a new generation of probiotics may be developed that have medical validity with respect to the prevention or treatment of atopic and inflammatory bowel diseases. These new products, however, will need to be targeted at the alleviation of specific medical conditions, and the mechanistic basis of their effectiveness will need to be provided.     

An evaluation of the effects of probiotics on tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α) signaling and gene expression

The search for functional foods containing probiotics has been growing due to numerous benefits they provide to health, such as modulation of the immune system and of the anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. However, the mechanisms of actions of the probiotics responsible for this inhibition have not been completely explained so far. A better understanding of the interaction between probiotics and cell signaling pathways related to inflammatory processes shall help to prevent inflammatory bowel diseases. Therefore, the aim of this revision is to help understand the mechanisms of action of probiotics in cell signaling pathways that regulate TNF-α expression. Probiotics might act at different points of the MAPK pathway, on NF-kB, on proteasome activity, on Toll-like receptors, and on their regulators and stimuli. The present revision reaches the conclusion that probiotics act through multiple mechanisms, especially by inhibiting IkB phosphorylation and degradation, thus preventing the translocation of NF-kB. Effects are also shown to be strain-specific, and probiotics of the genus Lactobacillus are proved to play and essential role in anti-inflammatory activity.     

益生菌降胆固醇功能研究进展

本文对益生菌在动物及人体上的降胆固醇功能及可能机理进行了综述。益生菌是一类能够对人体健康起到促进作用的活体微生物。现已发现某些乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和肠球菌属的一些菌株具有降低血清胆固醇水平的能力。由于实验动物和人体在生理学上存在差异,因此同一菌株在实验动物和人体上获得的结论可能不同。关于益生菌降胆固醇功能的机理,研究者提出了不同的假说。这些假说包括:(1)益生菌将胆固醇吸收至细胞膜或细胞质中;(2)益生菌将胆固醇吸附到细胞表面;(3)胆固醇和游离胆盐在酸性环境下发生共沉淀;(4)结合胆盐被益生菌的胆盐水解酶水解成了游离胆盐,后者具有较低的溶解度,不易被肠道回收;(5)胆酸被益生菌的荚膜胞外多糖黏附到了细胞表面;(6)益生菌发酵肠道食源性未消化的碳水化合物产生丙酸,后者能够抑制肝脏胆固醇的生物合成,从而导致血清胆固醇水平降低;(7)益生菌通过下调NPC1L1蛋白基因表达来降低小肠细胞对胆固醇的吸收;(8)益生菌抑制胆固醇乳化胶束的形成。这些假说将为我们认识益生菌的降胆固醇机制及潜在降胆固醇功能菌株的筛选提供了依据。     

Fermentation technologies for the production of probiotics with high viability and functionality

There is growing scientific evidence supported by mechanistic and clinical studies that probiotics can provide health benefits. As probiotics are highly sensitive to many environmental factors, and because the propagation of many strains of intestinal origin is not straightforward, most commercial strains are selected on the basis of their technological properties - ruling out some strains with promising health properties. To date, probiotic production has almost exclusively been carried out using conventional batch fermentation and suspended cultures, in some cases combined with the use of sublethal stresses to enhance cell viability, the addition of protectants or microencapsulation to provide cell protection. However, other less conventional fermentation technologies, such as continuous culture and immobilized cell systems, could have potential for enhancing the performance of these fastidious organisms. These technologies might be employed to develop strains with improved physiology and functionality in the gut and to enlarge the range of commercially available probiotics, as well as expanding product applications.     

益生菌的功能基因导入和基因编辑

益生菌已经在临床和食品领域应用多年,其安全性和有效性已经获得人们的认可。随着分子生物学技术的发展,采用益生菌作为载体进行基因导入或基因编辑,这些遗传改造的益生菌一部分已经作为新的药品或疫苗进入到临床应用阶段。携带功能基因的益生菌定殖于肠道进行表达和缓慢释放,这类益生菌作为活体药物获得益生菌和功能基因的双重功效,可用于治疗某些疑难病症。携带蛋白质抗原基因的益生菌定殖于肠道进行表达,可诱导肠道黏膜免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫,这是一条更安全的口服疫苗途径。成簇的规则间隔短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR)及其相关蛋白(CRISPR-associated protein, Cas)以其高效与便捷性推动了益生菌基因编辑的发展。这篇综述介绍了CRISPR-Cas9操作系统在益生菌方面的应用。对传统遗传操作较难的益生菌采用CRISPR-Cas9技术进行基因编辑,使其基因敲除和基因突变,基因敲入和基因调控等更为简单、高效和易操作。这些CRISPR/Cas9、CRISPRa和CRISPRi技术在...     

The use of probiotics in aquaculture

This study aims to present comprehensive notes for the use of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics have been proven to be positive promoters of aquatic animal growth, survival and health. In aquaculture, intestines, gills, the skin mucus of aquatic animals, and habitats or even culture collections and commercial products, can be sources for acquiring appropriate probiotics, which have been identified as bacteria (Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative) and nonbacteria (bacteriophages, microalgae and yeasts). While a bacterium is a pathogen to one aquatic animal, it can bring benefits to another fish species; a screening process plays a significant role in making a probiotic species specific. The administration of probiotics varies from oral/water routine to feed additives, of which the latter is commonly used in aquaculture. Probiotic applications can be either mono or multiple strains, or even in combination with prebiotic, immunostimulants such as synbiotics and synbiotism, and in live or dead forms. Encapsulating probiotics with live feed is a suitable approach to convey probiotics to aquatic animals. Dosage and duration of time are significant factors in providing desired results. Several modes of actions of probiotics are presented, while some others are not fully understood. Suggestions for further studies on the effects of probiotics in aquaculture are proposed.     

Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics

I hypothesize here that the ability of probiotics to synthesize neuroactive compounds provides a unifying microbial endocrinology-based mechanism to explain the hitherto incompletely understood action of commensal microbiota that affect the host's gastrointestinal and psychological health. Once ingested, probiotics enter an interactive environment encompassing microbiological, immunological, and neurophysiological components. By utilizing a trans-disciplinary framework known as microbial endocrinology, mechanisms that would otherwise not be considered become apparent since any candidate would need to be shared among all three components. The range of neurochemicals produced by probiotics includes neurochemicals for which receptor-based targets on immune and neuronal elements (intestinal and extra-intestinal) have been well characterized. Production of neurochemicals by probiotics therefore allows for their consideration as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds. This unifying microbial endocrinology-based hypothesis, which may facilitate the selection and design of probiotics for clinical use, also highlights the largely unrecognized role of neuroscience in understanding how microbes may influence health.     

益生菌调控幼龄畜禽消化道微生物研究进展

益生菌是一类对宿主(人类或动物)有益的活性微生物,包括细菌、真菌(如酵母)等,具有促进动物生长、提高免疫力的作用,是潜在的抗生素替代品。益生菌可能通过与动物消化道微生物互作来发挥益生作用,但具体机制仍不明确。综述了基于高通量测序技术研究益生菌调控幼龄畜禽(仔猪、雏鸡、反刍动物)消化道微生物群落组成的最新进展,并提出了未来研究方向,包括益生菌如何通过与消化道微生物互作影响其功能,益生菌对于幼龄畜禽不同健康状态下肠道微生物的影响,以及宿主因素如何影响益生菌对于幼龄畜禽消化道微生物的作用效果。     

Probiotics and mastitis: evidence-based marketing?

Probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host. Scientists have isolated various strains of Lactobacilli from human milk (such as Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus salivarius), and the presence of these organisms is thought to be protective against breast infections, or mastitis.Trials of probiotics for treating mastitis in dairy cows have had mixed results: some successful and others unsuccessful. To date, only one trial of probiotics to treat mastitis in women and one trial to prevent mastitis have been published. Although trials of probiotics to prevent mastitis in breastfeeding women are still in progress, health professionals in Australia are receiving marketing of these products.High quality randomised controlled trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.