岷山山系大熊猫自然保护区2003年生物多样性监测

岷山山系是全球生物多样性保护的热点地区之一,有着全世界最大的大熊猫种群和面积最大的大熊猫栖息地。到2003年底,在该地区已建立了20个以保护大熊猫为主的自然保护区。从2003年开始,岷山17个大熊猫自然保护区实施了野外大熊猫及其栖息地监测。通过监测,了解了岷山自然保护区野生动物分布状况、人为活动对自然保护区的干扰情况,以及自然保护区周边社区经济情况,为自然保护区管理决策提供了依据。同时,通过监测活动还提高了自然保护区工作人员的业务水平。建议今后将自然保护区监测工作纳入自然保护区日常工作中。     

基于MaxEnt模型的二郎山廊道大熊猫栖息地适宜性评价

基于地理分布点和环境变量数据,利用MaxEnt模型(Maximum Entropy Modeling)对二郎山廊道大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca栖息地适宜度进行综合评价:坡度、坡向和干扰距离的综合贡献值分别为53.00%、21.90%和18.00%,累积贡献率达92.90%,是影响该区域大熊猫分布的主要生态因子。使用自然断点法将大熊猫栖息地分为不适宜、潜在、适宜和最适宜栖息地4种类型:不适宜栖息地面积为168.45 km~2,占研究区域面积的39.02%;潜在栖息地面积为212.71 km~2,占研究区域面积的49.28%;适宜栖息地和最适宜栖息地面积分别为49.79 km~2和0.68 km~2,两者仅占研究区域面积的11.70%。建议在该廊道开展大熊猫栖息地人工修复项目,以增加该地大熊猫的适宜栖息地面积;同时尽可能减少人类活动对大熊猫栖息地的干扰,以便廊道在促进各种群之间的基因交流中更好地发挥作用。     

迁入都江堰野放中心的大熊猫野化放归个体皮质醇水平变化初步研究

动物生存环境的变化引起内分泌变化,而其程度则是动物适应环境的一种能力体现。以迁入成都大熊猫繁育研究基地都江堰野放繁育研究中心6只亚成年大熊猫个体为研究对象,利用酶联免疫吸附法检测其粪便中皮质醇激素,验证饲养环境改变是否引起其激素水平变化。研究发现:一方面,研究个体在迁入后的皮质醇水平较迁入前均呈明显下降趋势;另一方面,不同年龄和性别间,年龄越小则变化越明显,说明环境变化可能是引起其皮质醇变化的原因之一,即年龄越小这种环境引起的应激性越明显。因此,本研究亦可以为今后圈养大熊猫野化放归过程面临的环境适应性提供第一手的资料,进而为合理规划下一阶段大熊猫野化放归提供技术支持。     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

拖乌山大熊猫廊道人类干扰的空间与时间分布格局——红外相机阵列调查

小相岭山系大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)栖息地是所有大熊猫栖息地中破碎化问题最为严重的区域之一,而拖乌山廊道则是连接小相岭山系最大两个大熊猫局域种群的关键区域。为调查廊道及其周边人为干扰现状,2015~2016年,在廊道及其周边以阵列方式设置了102台红外相机,对人为干扰的时间和空间分布格局进行了调查。研究结果表明,廊道范围内人为干扰问题较为严重,其中放牧干扰占据绝对多数,共计记录到508次,占总干扰次数的89.7%。从干扰的季节分布看,人类直接干扰在7月和11月较多。放牧干扰中,黄牛(Bos primigenius taurus)在10月最多,牦牛(B.mutus)则在11月前后较多;放羊的干扰在4~7月份较弱,其余月份水平均较高;而放马干扰则集中在7~10月。从空间分布上看,干扰主要集中在廊道的西北部,其次是东北部。研究还发现,黄牛和羊(Caprinae)的干扰主要来自廊道所在县(石棉县),而牦牛和马(Equus caballus caballu)则主要来自邻县(冕宁县)。这提示我们,需要针对不同的干扰采取不同的措施,同时也说明廊道保护工作不能仅仅局限在廊道所在县,还需要与邻县联合开展工作。本研究表明,利用红外相机阵列监测人为干扰对保护地的保护管理工作有重要价值。     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

大熊猫重引入候选地华蓥山的初步调查

保护珍稀濒危物种主要有就地保护和迁地保护两种形式,在圈养大熊猫种群数量增长,基本能够实现种群自我维持的情况下,迁地保护有必要进一步进入到放归这一阶段,以复壮野生小种群或扩大大熊猫的分布范围。为野化培训成功的大熊猫选择适宜的栖息地,无疑是提高放归成功率的一项重要内容。对华蓥山大熊猫预选放归栖息地的考察结果表明:当地有可食竹资源达53万吨,年净增生物量约9.9万吨,当地政府和民众极力支持大熊猫回归华蓥山,以及其地形条件便于放归后的监测等有利条件;也有人为干扰较严重、个别地区水源距离较远、植被单一,以及犬细小病毒感染率较高等通过建立自然保护区等人工干预措施可以逐步缓解的问题;还有夏季气温较高、生境质量与野生大熊猫栖息地差异较大等对大熊猫影响程度未知的因素。所以在华蓥山开展大熊猫种群重引入的工作具有一定的挑战性,需要在整个过程中加强监测和科学研究。     

四川茂县土地岭大熊猫走廊带植被恢复格局及其与干扰的关系

通过样带调查和TWINSPAN、DCCA分析,从植物种、植物群落及其多样性与环境关系方面,研究了岷江上游土地岭大熊猫走廊带恢复植被的干扰状况。结果表明：应用TWINSPAN分类,并结合优势种组成、干扰状况分析及DCCA排序,可将植被划分为6个群落类型,同时划分出响应型、迟钝型、中度干扰忍耐型和重度干扰忍耐型4类干扰响应的植物类型。以样方物种和以样方多样性指数的DCCA分析结果基本一致,物种及群落的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,反映其与环境因子间的密切关系。DCCA排序图上,海拔差、坡形、与公路距离、坡度及道路条数对群落和物种分布有明显的影响,与干扰相关性最大的坡度、样地道路数目、与公路间的距离3个因子反映了植被的干扰梯度。干扰对土地岭恢复植被影响显著,干扰降低了群落的物种多样性,同时阻碍了演替进程。     

大熊猫弃食竹秆皮的化学原因

大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca依赖竹子才能够生存,但取食时却有很强的选择性,特别在取食竹秆时,会撕去竹秆皮。尽管这可以简单解释为大熊猫不喜欢吃坚韧的竹秆皮,但研究其背后的化学原因却有助于加深对这种行为的理解。2015年4—5月,在中国保护大熊猫研究中心雅安碧峰峡研究基地和都江堰研究基地,通过观察8只圈养大熊猫对10种竹子的采食,发现这些大熊猫只取食其中的8种竹子,并且明显表现出弃食竹秆皮的行为。进一步采用范氏洗涤分析滤袋技术、全自动纤维素分析仪对10种竹子的竹秆皮进行化学分析,结果显示:10种竹子中除个别竹种外,纤维类物质含量在竹秆皮与竹秆其余部位之间的差异有统计学意义。竹秆皮中的半纤维素含量较竹秆其余部位低15%~35%(9种:P0.01;1种:P0.05),纤维素含量较竹秆其余部位高5%~30%(3种:P0.01;5种:P0.05;2种:P0.05),木质素含量较竹秆其余部位高5%~48%(2种:P0.01;6种:P0.05;2种:P0.05)。显然,纤维类物质的含量差异,尤其是能使竹秆皮变硬的高含量纤维素和木质素,是大熊猫弃食竹秆皮的主要原因之一。观察中的个别例外也意味着纤维类物质也许不是大熊猫选择性取食的唯一原因。     

Phenolics from the culms of five bamboo species in the Tangjiahe and Wolong Giant Panda Reserves,Sichuan, China

Phenolic compounds were studied in the culms of five bamboo species collected in China: Yushania chungii, Fargesia robusta, Fargesia denudata, Fargesia rufa and Fargesia scabrida. All the species are eaten by giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The culms contained phenolic acids and flavonoids in small concentrations, except for F. robusta, which did not contain flavonoids in detectable amounts. The species differed from each other in their phenolic composition. For example, F. rufa with the highest number of compounds clearly differed from other species. There were also differences among sampling sites, which reflect the differences among genotypes. Furthermore, there were clear ontogenetic differences in the culms: some compounds were present in mature culms but not in young (1–2 year old) culms, while the concentrations of other compounds decreased with increasing age. Over all, the composition and concentrations of soluble phenolic compounds in the bamboo culms were affected by species, age and site.     

唐家河大熊猫种群生存力分析

唐家河大熊猫是一个包括3个亚种群的异质种群,借助于游涡模型（vortex 8.21),对唐家河大熊猫未来100a内的种群动态动物了模拟,并分析了不同因子对该种群命运的影响,结果表明,在不考虑近亲繁殖,灾害等因素的情况下,该种群100a内在总体上保持稳定,并略有增长,但种群基因杂合率下降,累积绝灭率增加,尤以薄衣沟亚种群为最,提高环境容纳量,补充外来个体等措施能在不同程度上有利于该种群的长期存活,而近亲繁殖,灾害等因素则大大加速了种群的灭绝步伐,另外,成功的迁移扩散有利于异质种群的稳定与发展,否则对数量稀少的大熊猫种群有害无益,最后提出了针对性的保护与管理建议。     

Evidence for Lignin Oxidation by the Giant Panda Fecal Microbiome

The digestion of lignin and lignin-related phenolic compounds from bamboo by giant pandas has puzzled scientists because of the lack of lignin-degrading genes in the genome of the bamboo-feeding animals. We constructed a 16S rRNA gene library from the microorganisms derived from the giant panda feces to identify the possibility for the presence of potential lignin-degrading bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the phylotypes of the intestinal bacteria were affiliated with the phyla Proteobacteria (53%) and Firmicutes (47%). Two phylotypes were affiliated with the known lignin-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas putida and the mangrove forest bacteria. To test the hypothesis that microbes in the giant panda gut help degrade lignin, a metagenomic library of the intestinal bacteria was constructed and screened for clones that contained genes encoding laccase, a lignin-degrading related enzyme. A multicopper oxidase gene, designated as lac51, was identified from a metagenomic clone. Sequence analysis and copper content determination indicated that Lac51 is a laccase rather than a metallo-oxidase and may work outside its original host cell because it has a TAT-type signal peptide and a transmembrane segment at its N-terminus. Lac51 oxidizes a variety of lignin-related phenolic compounds, including syringaldazine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, ferulic acid, veratryl alcohol, guaiacol, and sinapinic acid at conditions that simulate the physiologic environment in giant panda intestines. Furthermore, in the presence of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringic acid, or ferulic acid as mediators, the oxidative ability of Lac51 on lignin was promoted. The absorbance of lignin at 445 nm decreased to 36% for ABTS, 51% for syringic acid, and 51% for ferulic acid after incubation for 10 h. Our findings demonstrate that the intestinal bacteria of giant pandas may facilitate the oxidation of lignin moieties, thereby clarifying the digestion of bamboo lignin by the animal.     

大熊猫与小熊猫生态习性的比较：食物、体型大小及系统发育的影响

大熊猫和小熊猫是食肉目中尤为引人注目的 两个物种,均特化为以竹类为生,在四川西部的横断山地同域共存.近年来化石和分子生物学等方面的证据表明两者亲缘关系较远,其在诸多形态特征上的相似乃是长期趋同进化的结果.竹子是一类低营养价值的食物,有丰富的储量及相对稳定的营养组成,保障了两种熊猫的长期续存.由于仍保留着食肉动物消化系统的典型特征,大熊猫、小熊猫对食物的消化利用率极低,两者在一些生态习性(如独栖、无冬眠、巢域普遍重叠及具有活动与休息多次交替的昼夜活动模式等)的相似可能反映了这种特殊食物的影响.此外,大熊猫和小熊猫在食性、昼夜活动节律及微生境利用上的差异与其体型大小及系统发育有关,有利于两者在川西横断山地的同域共存.     

Landscape Modeling for Everglades Ecosystem Restoration

A major environmental restoration effort is under way that will affect the Everglades and its neighboring ecosystems in southern Florida. Ecosystem and population-level modeling is being used to help in the planning and evaluation of this restoration. The specific objective of one of these modeling approaches, the Across Trophic Level System Simulation (ATLSS), is to predict the responses of a suite of higher trophic level species to several proposed alterations in Everglades hydrology. These include several species of wading birds, the snail kite, Cape Sable seaside sparrow, Florida panther, white-tailed deer, American alligator, and American crocodile. ATLSS is an ecosystem landscape-modeling approach and uses Geographic Information System (GIS) vegetation data and existing hydrology models for South Florida to provide the basic landscape for these species. A method of pseudotopography provides estimates of water depths through time at 28 × 28-m resolution across the landscape of southern Florida. Hydrologic model output drives models of habitat and prey availability for the higher trophic level species. Spatially explicit, individual-based computer models simulate these species. ATLSS simulations can compare the landscape dynamic spatial pattern of the species resulting from different proposed water management strategies. Here we compare the predicted effects of one possible change in water management in South Florida with the base case of no change. Preliminary model results predict substantial differences between these alternatives in some biotic spatial patterns. Received 30 April 1997; accepted 16 September 1997.     

圈养大熊猫在兽舍与半野外条件下的行为和习性的初步比较

2003年7月8日～2004年7月7日,用聚焦动物法和点取样法对卧龙自然保护区首次进行放归前期野化培训的两岁龄大熊猫双胞胎之一“祥祥”,及其对照个体大熊猫双胞胎之二“福福”(生活在传统兽舍之中)的行为进行观察,并对观察数据进行定性分析。X^2适合度检验表明：1．在不同的环境下,大熊猫的行为存在明显差异。表现在：取食、机械行为、人为干扰和寻食行为所占时间不同;人为活动对大熊猫行为的影响不同。2．行为多样性指数不同。3．在不同环境下,大熊猫的生态习性也是有差异的。表现在以下两个方面：一是对不同竹子的利用;二是对不同区域的利用。培训结果表明,影响将来放归的重要因素是圈养条件下形成的机械行为和对人及人工食物的依赖性。因此,在将圈养出生的大熊猫真正放归野外时,必须考虑这些因素的影响。     

人工辅助大熊猫母兽哺乳幼仔研究

2004年大熊猫母兽“蜀庆”(谱系号480)产仔后,虽能抱仔保温但不会哺乳幼仔,经人工辅助让幼仔吃上母乳,幼仔生长发育良好。本文报道了160天内幼仔吮乳的情况,收集了幼仔日吮乳次数、吮乳时间分布、日吮乳量及其与体重的关系等资料。结果表明:1)人工辅助母兽哺乳是解决性情温顺、母性好、有乳汁,但不会哺乳的母兽哺乳幼仔问题的方法;2)大熊猫幼仔每日吮乳次数由1~6前6天的12次左右,逐渐减少并固定在48天后的2次左右;80天内,幼仔吮乳时间在每日的平均分布有4个高峰时间段和4个低谷时间段;3)0~35天间,幼仔日吮乳量(y)与日龄(x)的关系可用公式y=6.2228 x+11.184(R2=0.9258)表示,日吮乳量随日龄增长而呈直线增加,35天后幼仔日吮乳量随日龄增长波动上升;4)幼仔日吮乳量与体重比在1~19天为30.22±1.31%,处于整个育幼期的高水平,之后逐渐下降,95天后稳定在3.92±0.10%的低水平。     

四川宝兴县大熊猫种群生存力分析

宝兴县境内现有的164只大熊猫可被视为一异质种群,分为亚种群A(东河:115只)、亚种群B(西河以西:40只)及亚种群C(三岔河以下:9只).应用漩涡模型(VORTEX 8.42)对影响该异质种群未来动态的因子进行了初步分析.结果 表明:近亲繁殖对该异质种群和各亚种群的影响较为明显,随着近亲繁殖程度的加深,种群衰退的速度也越快;种群的未来发展对环境容纳量的大小变化具有高度的敏感性:环境容纳量大幅度减少时,对种群的负面影响非常严重;模拟的两种灾害因子(竹子开花和森林大火)对该种群均产生一定程度的影响,同一灾害因子,单次影响越大,种群下降越快,而发生频率较高、单次影响较小的灾害因子(如森林火灾)较发生频率低、单次影响大的灾害因子(如竹子开花)对种群的动态影响更大.     

大熊猫保护区社区管理模式的现状与发展

保护区的建立对大熊猫的保护发挥了有效作用,但却限制了社区对资源的使用。20世纪80年代引进的"社区共管"模式,在一定程度上弥补了保护区封闭式管理的弊端,促进了生态保护与社区经济的协调发展。而大熊猫保护区大多位于中西部偏远贫困山区,对生态干扰比较大的贫困社区却基本没有被纳入社区共管试点范围。作者在20年岷山保护区社区调研资料的基础上,参阅了国内外重要文献资料,并对岷山北、中和南部13个保护区最靠近大熊猫栖息地的社区进行了系统调研,发现了现有社区共管的成效和不足。最后,提出了以大熊猫保护区区域生态文明建设为总目标,以"保护区为主导—地方政府为后盾—社区为主体—高校院所参与—企业拉动"为内涵,五位一体"携手共建",并有协调员制度配合的运行管理模式。本模式已在四川唐家河国家级自然保护区试行,实现周边社区全覆盖,在制度化、常态化和量化管理方面初获成效。