野生与人工驯养长爪沙鼠群体遗传结构比较分析

目的探索野生与人工驯养的长爪沙鼠群体遗传状况。方法采用12个微卫星引物,对银川与呼和浩特地区捕获的野生长爪沙鼠群体和首都医科大学人工驯养20余年的长爪沙鼠群体的遗传结构进行比较分析。结果12个微卫星位点中有等位基因29个,3个群体的平均等位基因数分别为2.4167、2.2500、2.2500,平均有效等位基因数分别为1.7505、1.7195、1.6968;有11个微卫星位点呈现多态,多态位点百分率分别为91.67%、83.33%、83.33%,香隆指数分别为0.6239、0.5962、0.5591;平均观测杂合度分别为0.5231、0.5051、0.4825,平均期望杂合度分别为0.4008、0.3882、0.3655;银川和首医群体之间的遗传距离最大,为0.1033;呼和浩特和首医群体之间的距离最小,为0.0592。结论3个群体处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,3个群体之间及与总体之间的遗传结构差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。     

Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠微卫星标记的遗传多态性研究

通过对9个微卫星座位的扩增,研究了Z：ZCLA长爪沙鼠的遗传多态性。结果表明,Z：ZCLA长爪沙鼠在其中1个位点上只有一个等位基因,在其它位点上均有2～4个等位基因,平均等位基因数2．6个。平均杂合度0．4684,平均多态信息量0．4166,平均有效等位基因数2．1756。全群基因纯合度从0．1111～0．5555,平均0．3389,提示目前本群遗传多样性水平处于中度多态。     

利用双重PCR技术研究长爪沙鼠的微卫星结构

目的为了建立快速检测长爪沙鼠群体遗传多样性的方法及获得Z：ZCLA长爪沙鼠封闭群现用微卫星位点的结构。方法利用17个微卫星位点（9个来自长爪沙鼠,8个来自大小鼠）进行了PCR反应体系及反应条件的优化,组合了6组双重PCR及两个复合式点样,用上述8个组合对普通级Z：ZCLA长爪沙鼠封闭群43、444、5三个世代核心群各100只种鼠进行遗传检测。结果三个世代的300只种鼠的检测结果表明,9个长爪沙鼠位点均为微卫星,其中7个位点为完全型的微卫星,1个为复合型,1个为不完全型,多态性主要表现在核心序列的重复;来自大小鼠的8个微卫星位点,有7个在Z：ZCLA长爪沙鼠核心群中得到有效扩增,只有3个位点在三个世代中均有出现,对测序结果分析后发现,其核心序列均为小卫星。结论来自长爪沙鼠的位点,无论结构还是遗传方式均符合微卫星遗传标记的特点,可用作检测长爪沙鼠的群体遗传多样性。     

正常长爪沙鼠心电图的分析

本文首次描记了105例长爪沙鼠的正常心电图,对其各波的电压和有关成分的正常值进行了统计处理和分析。长爪沙鼠心电图虽无典型的S—T段,但其他成分明显、清晰、稳定、重显性好。     

正常长爪沙鼠的血象分析

长爪沙鼠是有开发应用价值的实验动物。本文首次测定了我国人工驯养、繁殖的100只(雌雄各50只)正常长爪涉鼠的血象正常值。其血象数据与国外学者报道的基本一致,性别间无显著性差异。     

长爪沙鼠精子的显微结构观察

目的　观察长爪沙鼠精子的形态和结构。方法　应用光学显微镜、透射电镜和扫描电镜进行观察。结果与结论　长爪沙鼠精子由头、颈、尾三部分组成 ,全长为 ( 15 6 3 2± 6 61) μm ,头长为 ( 10 4 3± 2 12 ) μm ,颈、尾部长为 ( 14 5 89± 5 14 ) μm ,具典型的啮齿类动物的精子形态 ;长爪沙鼠精子的尾部轴丝是 9+ 2模式 ,轴丝外围有 9条大小、形态不一的外周致密纤维 ,外周致密纤维从主段到末端逐渐变细 ,并在主段的近末端处分 4批终止 ;主段的纤维鞘具有腹侧纵柱、背侧纵柱、内嵴等结构。在精子尾部的末段 ,外层仍保留有纤维鞘的结构 ,但无外周致密纤维 ,轴丝仍然为 9+ 2模式     

用19个生化基因位点研究普通级Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠的遗传多样性

目的调查Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠原种群普通级长爪沙鼠的遗传多样性。方法用本实验室自行建立的长爪沙鼠19个生化基因位点的乙酸纤维素膜电泳技术并结合基本群体遗传学指标研究了普通级Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠100个家系的遗传多态性。结果Z:ZCLA长爪沙鼠在Es-1、Car-2、Hbb、Gpi-1、Cs-1、Ce-2I、dh-l、Mod-1呈单态,在Es-2、Es-3、Es-4、Es-6、Es-8、Es-9、Es-10、pd-1、gm-1、Trf、Akp-1个位点上呈现多态性,等位基因从2~4个不等,平均等位基因数3.0,平均杂合度0.512,平均多态信息量0.455。结论提示目前本群遗传多样性水平处于中度多态。     

降水与长爪沙鼠种群数量关系

根据１９８１－１９９３年内蒙古鄂尔多斯荒漠草原年降水和四季降水、长爪沙鼠Ｍｅｒｉｏｎｅｓ ｕｎｇｕｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ年均密度、４－５、１０－１１月密度监测资料,利用多元回归分析方法,得到如下结论：（１）年降水量,特别是夏季降水量,是影响鼠密度的一个主要因素,其标准回归系数关系方程为：（年均密度）＇＝０．６０６６（年降水量）＇（Ｐ〈０．０５）ＮＭｓｐｒ＇＝０．２０５５Ｒｓｐｒ＇＋０．５３１２Ｒｓｕｍ＇     

长爪沙鼠种群数量与气象因子的关系

根据内蒙古自治区伊克昭盟鄂托克旗和鄂托克前旗1975—1989年长爪沙鼠密度监测数据和本地区气象站的7项气象因子资料,给出了气象因子与鼠密度的最优回归子集模型和标准回归模型。得到结论:年降水是影响鼠数量变动的最重要的气象因子。求出了年降水与鼠密度的曲线回归模型。     

种间转移扩增法筛选长爪沙鼠微卫星位点

目的筛选长爪沙鼠新的微卫星位点,为长爪沙鼠遗传分析提供遗传标记物。方法从GenBank中随机选取小鼠微卫星位点引物536对,用这些引物对长爪沙鼠基因组DNA扩增,将阳性目的条带进行序列分析,找出符合微卫星序列特征的短串联重复序列。结果 536对小鼠微卫星引物在长爪沙鼠基因组中扩增出了313个阳性条带,经序列分析,确定130个长爪沙鼠微卫星位点;其中完美型位点占80.77%(105/130),不完美型位点占19.23%(25/130),与小鼠同源性为24.3%(130/536)。将筛选出的微卫星位点在GenBank中注册,注册号从GU562694到GU562823。结论小鼠和沙鼠的微卫星位点具有较高的同源性,用小鼠的微卫星位点引物直接扩增长爪沙鼠基因组DNA可有效地筛选出长爪沙鼠微卫星位点。     

Benign testicular hyperplasia in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

At necropy, 20 out of 35 Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with prolonged infertility at 12-30 weeks of age were found to have spontaneous hyperplasia in both seminiferous and epididymal tubules. This high incidence of hyperplasia in young gerbils is indication of possible congenital lesions and suggests the possibility of using these animals as a useful model for the further study of male infertility.     

长爪沙鼠种群繁殖的季节性特征

长爪沙鼠是分布于我国北方典型和荒漠草原及农牧交错区的优势鼠种之一。2000 年10 月至2004 年10 月通过标志重捕法研究了栖息于内蒙古农牧交错区草地生境的种群动态。对其不同季节出生群性成熟特征和种群性成熟比率、繁殖个体比例、个体月补充率等繁殖参数的季节特征研究显示:冬季和春季出生的个体性成熟较夏季出生的个体快,尤雌鼠表现突出,其3 个季节出生群的性成熟时间分别为4. 6 ± 0.2、4. 4 ± 0.8 和7.7 ± 0.4月龄。种群性成熟比率、繁殖个体比例和个体补充率月间差异显著,季节消长明显,即春季最高,秋季(9 ～10月间)最低。结果还显示,种群性成熟比率与气温和降水负相关。长爪沙鼠喜栖于植被稀疏、低矮的干燥沙质土壤环境。从初春到夏末,随降水和气温增加其栖息生境的植被由低矮稀疏变得高而稠密,土壤湿度和粘性亦随之提高,地面种子库因发芽贮量减少,适宜生境的减少可能加剧了社群竞争,抑制了种群的繁殖表现。长爪沙鼠种群繁殖的季节变化反映了其生活史对策中适应高纬度气候和食物的季节波动的重要特征。     

Indicators for post-surgery recovery in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Telemetric investigations of various parameters are widely used to estimate an animal's state. However, the implantation of the transmitters includes anaesthesia and surgery and has short and longer lasting impacts on the studied object. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate these effects in Mongolian gerbils, namely the hypothermia caused by the anaesthetic and the enduring disturbance of daily rhythmicity until complete recovery. The surgery associated with the implantation of the transmitters differed both in severity and type of anaesthesia. Whereas normal values of body temperature were restored within hours, restoration of daily rhythm required several days, depending on the severity of the surgical procedure. Also, the sensitivity of the body temperature to activity changes was different until the rhythms were re-established. A method based on the rhythm magnitude and shape was proposed to estimate the time until complete recovery of the animals.     

Determination of halothane ED-50 in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

The effective dose-50 (ED-50) for halothane anesthesia was studied in 45 male Mongolian gerbils at age 12 weeks. Close control of circadian variation and animal temperature was maintained. Regression analysis for the percent of animals moving in response to a standard stimulus revealed an ED-50 of 1.32 volumes %, a concentration that approximates the ED-50 of the rat.     

Phonotactic responses to vocalization in adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Mongolian gerbils have a rich repertoire of vocalization, with at least 13 distinct types of calls observed in a single colony. The purpose of this study was to compare the communicative value of these different call types in a standardized setting. Phonotactic behavior toward vocalizations delivered from loudspeakers was quantified by means of an eight-arm radial maze. Animals were observed to stay near the sound source for longer period of time when short bent-upward frequency-modulated (bUFM) calls, which are observed during seemingly friendly contact, were presented, while animals stayed significantly longer away from the speaker when arched FM (AFM) calls, which are produced by animals under severe physical stress, were presented. Our data show that an 8-arm radial maze can be used to study the function of Mongolian gerbil vocalization and suggest that both bUFM and AFM calls have communicative purposes, increasing the probability that recipient conspecifics approach or escape from the sound source, respectively.     

Infectivity of cryopreserved Giardia cysts for Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Although Giardia species trophozoites have been cryopreserved successfully, no report on the successful cryopreservation of cysts could be found. Using infectivity to Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as a measure of cyst viability, we tested the viability of 4 strains of Giardia cysts that had been cryopreserved for 1-67 wk. Cysts were frozen in either Keister's medium or physiological saline, both containing 5% or 7.5% dimethylsulfoxide as the cryoprotectant. Viability of cryopreserved cysts was dependent upon the number of cysts inoculated, the length of time cysts were held at 4 C before cryopreservation, and the cryopreserving medium. Infection was established in gerbils by inoculating them with cysts that had been cryopreserved for up to 67 wk, cysts that had been held for less than 30 days before cryopreservation, and cysts frozen in Keister's medium. Saline appears to be unsuitable as a freezing medium for the cryopreservation of Giardia cysts.     

Improving the productivity of breeding colonies of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

The productivity of breeding colonies of Mongolian gerbils can be substantially enhanced by using as breeding stock only the 40% of females that exhibit vaginal opening before reaching 25 days of age. Early-maturing females are more likely to breed successfully on first pairing. The lifetime fecundity of early-maturing females is more than twice that of their late-maturing sisters. In those cases in which early-maturing females fail to breed with the first male with which they are paired, they (but not late-maturing females) can be mated with a second male with a high probability of success. Two-thirds of the early-maturing females that failed to reproduce following a first pairing became pregnant following a second. Only 11% of late-maturing females did so.     

多巴胺对长爪沙鼠 贮食行为的影响

长爪沙鼠的贮食行为具有高低二型性。禁食诱导的贮食行为可能与中脑多巴胺系统（Dopamine,DA）有关,但尚乏证据。本文通过Fos标记相关脑区的活性,酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）标记DA神经元,以免疫组化方法观察高贮食组沙鼠腹腔注射DA拮抗剂haloperidol （1 mg/kg）和对低贮食组沙鼠腹腔注射DA激动剂apomorphine（0.3 mg/kg）的行为和神经变化,验证中枢DA对贮食行为的调节。结果显示,haloperidol抑制了禁食诱导的沙鼠的贮食行为,这种抑制刺激了伏隔核和尾壳核Fos-ir阳性细胞表达,但却降低了黑质区Fos-ir和Fos-ir/TH-ir的细胞表达。Apomorphine增加了禁食诱导的沙鼠的贮食行为,且降低伏隔核和尾壳核Fos-ir阳性细胞表达。这些结果表明,中脑DA系统参与调节了禁食条件下长爪沙鼠的贮食行为。     

Intraperitoneal versus subcutaneous telemetry devices in young Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Radiotelemetry has become a very popular biotelemetric tool for measuring physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and muscle activity, as well as general behavioural activity in undisturbed, freely moving animals. In most studies using this technique, adult subjects are used. However, sometimes an ontogenetic approach is required to clarify whether changes in one parameter are preceeded or followed by changes in another parameter. Tracking physiological changes in young, developing individuals could explain given states of these animals as adults. Implanting telemetry devices can be done subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, the former method posing less of a challenge on the animal and its recovery from surgery. Because telemetry will be used in weanling gerbils during subsequent studies, we needed to investigate whether subcutaneous implantation of telemetric devices is preferable to intraperitoneal surgery with respect to animal welfare. This is a technical paper describing anaesthetic and surgical techniques in detail during a pre-trial involving subcutaneous (n=10, aged 21-29 days) and intraperitoneal (n=10, aged 19-34 days) implantation of dummy telemetry transmitters (1.9 cm3, 3.6 g after shortening of leads) in weanling gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus. Body weight was measured and analysed over four-day intervals. Optimizing anaesthetic dosages was a first step in this pilot trial. This occurred during the first few subcutaneous implantations. Three animals died while anaesthetized during the subcutaneous procedure but none post-surgery. All animals survived anaesthesia during the intraperitoneal implantation, but two died in the first three days post-surgery. In the former method, the tension on the dermal sutures caused by the presence of the transmitters was too great, resulting in the animals opening the sutures by chewing them. The animals died during the latter procedure probably due to strangulation of the intestine by the excess lead that was coiled in the abdomen. Furthermore, placement of the exposed negative lead of the transmitter on the underlying muscle had to be done on the m. pectoralis transversus in order for it to stay in place as the animal developed. This paper showed that the implantation of a telemetric device in weanling gerbils is feasible and is best executed through the intraperitoneal technique.