植物肉桂醇脱氢酶及其基因研究进展

肉桂醇脱氢酶(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD)作为植物次生代谢特别是木质素合成的关键酶,与植物生长发育和抵御病原菌入侵关系密切,研究CAD基因表达调控及其与组织木质化的关系具有重要的植物生理学意义.该文综述了植物CAD的蛋白特征、酶学性质、基因分布和分类、基因结构和表达调控以及CAD表达与木质素合成的关系,为研究CAD在植物生长发育和抗病中的作用提供理论指导.     

PEX基因在过氧化物酶体形成及真菌致病性中的作用

过氧化物酶体(peroxisomes)是一类真核生物中普遍存在的细胞器,参与β-氧化、乙醛酸循环等多种重要的生化代谢。研究表明,过氧化物酶体在植物病原真菌侵染寄主过程中具有着举足轻重的作用。参与过氧化物酶体形成与增殖的基因,通常称为PEX基因。近年来,越来越多的PEX基因在植物病原真菌中得到鉴定,真菌过氧化物酶体的形成机制及其在植物病原真菌生长发育和致病过程中的作用越来越受到研究者的关注。本文围绕PEX 基因在过氧化物酶体形成中的作用、对过氧化物酶体相关生化代谢的影响,以及与植物病原真菌生长发育和致病性的关系进行了综述,以期为植物病原真菌致病机理研究和病害防控提供借鉴和参考。     

植物体中的过氧化物酶体

过氧化物酶体参与了包括氧化氢反应、长链脂肪酸的β-氧化等几乎所有的必需代谢途径。植物过氧化物酶体在植物体抗病和抗衰老过程中发挥作用。介绍了植物过氧化物酶体与亚硫酸盐氧化酶以及植物过氧化物酶体抗衰老、生物发生和动力学等方面的研究进展。     

植物的冷调节蛋白

冷害是世界范围内普遍存在的问题。冷驯化是通过低温诱导植物形成抗冷力的过程。冷调节蛋白是植物在冷驯化下产生的特异性蛋白质,与植物的抗冷力密切相关。随着分子生物技术的发展,成为近年来抗冷生理研究的热点之一。本文介绍了植物冷调节蛋白的分布、结构、性质、功能及诱导调控等方面的最新研究进展,并展望了将来的研究方向。     

植物的冷调节蛋白

冷害是世界范围内普遍存在的问题。冷驯化是通过低温诱导植物形成抗冷力的过程。冷调节蛋白是植物在冷驯化下产生的特异性蛋白质 ,与植物的抗冷力密切相关。随着分子生物技术的发展 ,成为近年来抗冷生理研究的热点之一。本文介绍了植物冷调节蛋白的分布、结构、性质、功能及诱导调控等方面的最新研究进展 ,并展望了将来的研究方向。     

植物蔗糖转运蛋白表达的调控因素与分子机制

植物光合作用的产物主要以蔗糖的形式在植物体内进行从源到库的运输.蔗糖转运蛋白是此过程的重要参与者,其表达和调控与植物中光合作用产物的分配紧密关联,从而调控着植物的生长发育、结果结实、抗逆抗病等性状.蔗糖转运蛋白的表达受到植物发育时期、外界环境条件及激素的影响.蔗糖转运蛋白的调控机制有转录因子的调节、基因内部序列调控、蛋...     

m6A修饰在植物生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中的功能

真核生物mRNA存在多种甲基化修饰,其中N⁶-腺苷酸甲基化(N⁶-methyladenosine, m⁶A)修饰是最为常见的一种动态内部修饰。m⁶A是指RNA腺嘌呤的第6位氮原子上发生甲基化修饰,它能够动态的被甲基转移酶添加,被去甲基化酶去除,以及被甲基化阅读蛋白识别。近年来,植物m⁶A修饰相关的酶被陆续鉴定,研究发现m⁶A修饰调控植物胚胎发育、茎尖分生组织分化、开花等生长发育过程,在植物抗逆境胁迫响应中也具有重要调控作用。本文就m⁶A修饰相关酶的组成及其在植物生长发育和植物抗逆境胁迫过程中的功能相关研究进展进行综述,并对甘蓝型油菜中m⁶A修饰相关的酶进行了生物信息学分析。     

植物冷驯化相关基因研究进展

摘要 冷驯化是与提高植物抗冷性有关的生物化学及生理学过程, 主要包括寒驯化(cool acclimation)和冻驯化(freezing acdimation)。在冷驯化过程中, 植物体内许多基因在转录水平上的表达受到影响, 已经克隆了大量的相关基因,它们组成复杂的分子调控网络。目前研究表明不依赖ABA的低温信号转导途径是植物冷驯化机制的重要组成部分, 其中CBF/DREB1是该调控过程的关键转录因子, 与植物通过冷驯化而提高冰冻耐受能力密切相关。进一步利用转基因技术, 可有效地改善作物的耐冷性状。     

植物冷驯化相关基因研究进展

冷驯化是与提高植物抗冷性有关的生物化学及生理学过程,主要包括寒驯化（cool acclimation）和冻驯化（freezing acdimation）。在冷驯化过程中,植物体内许多基因在转录水平上的表达受到影响,已经克隆了大量的相关基因,它们组成复杂的分子调控网络。目前研究表明不依赖ABA的低温信号转导途径是植物冷驯化机制的重要组成部分,其中CBF/DREB1是该调控过程的关键转录因子,与植物通过冷驯化而提高冰冻耐受能力密切相关。进一步利用转基因技术,可以有效地改善作物的耐冷性状。     

NaHCO3胁迫下紫杆柽柳一些基因的表达

应用差异显示技术研究了NaHCO3胁迫下紫杆柽柳(Tamarix androssowii)基因的表达.经Northern检测共获得了17个基因片段,BLASTX分析表明,有2个基因与编码F-box类蛋白家族成员的基因同源性较高(F-box蛋白的功能为调节细胞周期转变、转录调控和信号转换,在植物抗逆防御系统中起重要作用);1个基因与翻译起始因子eIF成员有高的同源性(eIF在植物和酵母的抗盐胁迫中起重要作用);2个与分泌型过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶基因同源性高的基因片段;5个与盐碱胁迫密切相关的新基因,它们在胁迫前后差异表达明显.另外7个与已知基因同源性较高或有一定相似性,它们在抗盐碱胁迫中的作用尚待研究.     

Detection and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization of Homologous Sequences for Mammalian Gene rb Related to Apoptosis in Maize

Human gene rb related to apoptosis was used as the probe for the Southern blot hybridization of the genomic DNA in both maize ( Zea mays L. ) and rice ( Oryza sativa L. ). The results indicated that the homologous sequences of rb were presented in the two species. The physical location of the rb homologous sequences was also carried out in maize chromosomes by fluorescence in sim hybridization (FISH). The gene rb was hybridized onto the long arms of the chromosomes 5 and 6, and the short ann of the chromosome 8. The detection rates of FISH were 7.58%, 16.16% and 10.10%, and percent distances from centromere to the detection sites were 86.17 + 3.22, 94.10 + 2.59 and 92.47 + 2.33 respectively. These results provided important clues to further research of plant apoptosis genes.     

Physical Mapping of the Sequences Homologous to Disease Resistance Genes myb1 and NDR1 in Maize

Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, the authors investigated the homology between three plant species, maize (Zea mays L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), maize and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. at cytogenetic level using two probes corresponding to functional disease resistance genes myb1 and NDR1 in Arabidopsis and tobacco respectively. The hybridization signals of the tested probes were detected in maize chromosomes 8 and 5 respectively, and the single location of each of the two probes showed only single copy of them in maize genome. The results provided a valuable insight into searching for genes associated with programmed cell death in plants using heterologous probe with comparative genetic approach. In addition, the improvements of FISH technique using heterologous probes were discussed.     

玉米中抗病基因myb1和NDR1同源序列的荧光原位杂交物理定位

以烟草和拟南芥中的单拷贝抗病基因ｍｙｂ１和ＮＤＲ１作探针,利用荧光原位杂交的方法分别对这两个基因在玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）和烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）、玉米和拟南芥（Ａｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓ ｔｈａｌｉａｎａ（Ｌ．）Ｈｅｙｎｈ．）中的同源性做了研究。杂交结果表明ｍｙｂ１和ＮＤＲ１的同源序列分别位于玉米第８、５染色体,单个信号位置表明０这两个基因的同源序列在玉米基因组中只有     

Chromosome Location of Two RFLP Markers umc22 and umc122 Tightly Linked to the Ht1 Gene in Maize

A biotin-labeled in situ hybridization technique was used in order to physically map two RFLP markers-umc22 and umc122-tightly linked to the Htl gene on the chromosomes of maize ( Zea mays L. ). The results showed that both markers located on the chromosomes 2,7 and umc22 also hybridized with chromosome 4, which demonstrated that the two markers were a duplicated or triplicated sequence. The average detection rate of in situ hybridization was 17.46%. The percent distances of umc22 and umc122 from centromere on the chromosome 2 were 58.36 ± 3.19 and 61.02 ± 4.32 respectively, and on the chromosome 7 were 44.70 ± 2.11 and 45.19 ± 2.27 respectively, which indicates that there are no differences between genetic and physical distances of two markers umc22 and umc122. It was deduced that the gene Htl should also have its homeologous sequence between the hybridization sites of umc22 and umc122 on 7 L besides its location between the two hybridization sites.     

拟南芥CBF1与植物对低温和干旱的抗性

对冷驯化过程中基因表达差异的认识,使抗冻基因(COR)的克隆及其功能的分析成为研究冷驯化过程的主要目标。在拟南芥和其他抗冻植物中,分离了许多COR基因,这些基因对植物抗冻起着非常重要的作用。在拟南芥COR调控的研究中,发现了CBF转录因子的基因家族,其中CBF1能调控一组COR基因的表达。近年来,在冷敏植物如番茄和玉米中也发现了CBF类似基因,拟南芥CBF1基因在转基因番茄中的过量表达提高了植株的抗寒和抗旱性。这一研究结果展示了拟南芥CBF1类似基因的应用可能为冷敏植物抗寒和抗旱性的品种改良提供一条新的途径。     

花青素合成基因bz1和bz2在莲藕染色体上的定位

Bronze 1(bz1)是编码UDP葡萄糖类黄酮葡糖基转移酶(UFGT)的基因,UFGT是种子糊粉层中的花青素生物合成酶。Bronze 2(bz2)是另一种花青素生物合成基因,与类黄酮的酰化、糖基化、转运、沉积等有关。以生物素标记的重组质粒pUC19中含有玉米bz1和bz2基因作为探针,与莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera L．)的有丝分裂染色体标本进行荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)。结果显示,bz1和bz2基因分别位于莲藕的第2和第4号染色体长臂上,与着丝粒的相对距离分别为79％和67％。这是首次提供莲藕染色体上的FISH杂交信息,从而为增加莲藕染色体组中的遗传标记和建立遗传图谱奠定基础。     

Modulation of gene expression in cold-induced sweetening resistant potato species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum berthaultii</Emphasis> exposed to low temperature

Cold-induced sweetening (CIS) is a crucial factor influencing the processing quality of potato tubers. To better understand the molecular events of potato CIS and different CIS-sensitivity among various potato species, a suppression subtractive hybridization library and cDNA microarray gene filters were developed. A total of 188 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DE) in Solanum berthaultii (ber) upon cold stimulation. These functional genes were mostly related to cell rescue, defense and virulence, metabolism, energy and protein fate, included in various processes of plant defense against abiotic stresses. Four expression patterns of these DE genes were profiled by qRT-PCR using the cold-stored tubers of both CIS-resistant (ber) and CIS-sensitive (E-potato 3, a variety of S. tuberosum) potatoes. The expression pattern and abundance of many DE genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism were different in these two potato tubers, especially genes associated with amylolysis, sucrose decomposition and glycolysis pathways, indicating distinct regulatory mechanisms between ber and E3 in response to cold stress, which may be crucial for potato CIS. Further investigation of these cold-regulated genes will deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of potato CIS and direct approaches for the genetic improvement of potato processing quality.