芍药组内不同类群间光合特性及叶绿素荧光特性比较

为了比较分析芍药组不同类群光合生理差异以及它们对各自不同光照环境的适应性, 测定了芍药组(Paeonia sect. Paeonia) 4种2变种的光合日变化、光响应曲线、CO₂响应曲线, 以及叶绿素荧光特性。结果显示, 芍药组中不同类群之间光合速率差异明显, 各个种类的“午休”程度不同, 芍药(Paeonia lactiflora )和毛果芍药(P. lactiflora var. trichocarpa)的强光抑制现象没有川赤芍(P. veitchii)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)和窄叶芍药(P. anomala)明显。叶绿素荧光特征能够反映芍药组不同类群光合生理的差异。芍药组内不同类群地理分布的差异能部分从光合生理特征的适应性方面得到解释。     

The Pollen Morphology and Exine Ultrastructure of Paeonia L in China

The pollen morphology of 9 species of Paeonia L. has been investigated with both light microscope and scanning electron microscope. In addition, the exine structure of pollen grains of Paeonia suffruticosa and P. lactiflora was examined by transmission electron microscope. Tricolporoidate aperture is an important character of the pollen grains of the Paeonia. The surface of the exine is characterized by reticulate, foveolate and irregularly tuberculate-foveolate sculpture under the SEM. Thin sections of the pollen of this genus shows that the layers of exine are complete i.e. a perforate rectum to semitectum, columellae and foot layers. The endexine is continuous, considerably thickened in the aperture areas and relatively thin or indistinct in the mesocolpia. Paeonia has been placed in Ranunculaceae. But since the beginning of this century many authors have suggested to separating Paeonia from Ranunculaceae. Pollen marphology supports such separation. In Ranunculaceae most pollen grains are tricolpate or have other types of aperture, and exine with spinules and perforations between them. In electron microscopy, the ektexine contains a foot layer, columellae, and perforate rectum, the columellar layer with two types of columellae; the endexine is generally thin. However, the columellar layer of Paeonia has only monomorphic columellae. Some authors considered that there is a close relationship between Paeonia and the Dilleniaceae, but these also differ in the characters of the pollen grains. In Paeonia the constriction of the colpus in equator is in some degree similar to that of Theaceae (Camellia sasanqua Thunb.), Guttiferae (Hypericum L.), Actinidiaceae and Rosaceae. But in the other respects they are quite different. In sum, the pollen morphology of Paeonia is unique. So the palynological information supports Takhtajan's view that Paeonia should be elevated to a family (Paeoniaceae) or order (Paeoniales).     

土壤铜对凤丹籽油含量和成分的影响

高含量不饱和脂肪酸,特别是高含量亚麻酸是牡丹籽油品质的主要体现,但到目前为止,在凤丹传统栽培区（铜矿区）土壤铜含量是否影响牡丹籽油品质并没有被调查。本研究通过调查安徽省凤凰山-丫山30个凤丹（Paeonia ostii）栽培区土壤Cu元素含量和凤丹籽油组成,显示凤丹栽培区土壤铜含量为18.98~298.82 mg·kg^-1,变异系数为83.06%;凤丹籽油中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸5种主要脂肪酸含量分别为5.62%、1.89%、24.59%、29.76%、38.13%,变异系数在5.66~9.72,其中亚油酸变异系数最高为9.72;土壤和叶片中Cu含量与亚油酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量均存在明显的负相关性,与亚麻酸含量没有显著相关性;土壤和叶片中Cu含量呈显著正相关,r=0.778。以上表明以油用为目的的凤丹栽培应该避免土壤中铜含量过高影响牡丹籽油品质。     

The Early Development of Embryo and Endosperm of Paeonia lactifiora

The present paper reports the early development of embryo and endosperm of Paeonia lactiflora. The main conclusions are as follows: 1 The zygote nucleus divides directly to form a coenocytic proembryo with different number of free nuclei. The result confirms the conclusion of Yakovlev[6] as well as Yakovlev and Yoffe[7] On the occurnce of coenocytic proembryo in Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (P. moutan Sims), P. albiflora Pall. (P. lactiflora Pall), P. officinalis L., P. tenuifolia L., P. anomala L., P. veitchii Lynch (P. beresowskii Komarov), P. wittmanniana, also it agrees with the report of Cave et al.[4] on the occurence of the coenocytie proembryo in Paeonia californica and P. brownii. From the result of our investigation, there is no basis to support Murgai's conclusion obtained in certain species of Paeonia, i.e., the first division of zygote nucleus is accompanied by wall formation and the coenocyte is a suspensor. The primary endosperm nucleus of P. lactiflora divides often earlier than zygote nucleus, or almost at the same time or later in a few cases; 2 Both mitosis and amitosis occur in the free nuclei in the coenocytic proembryo, and mitosis is dominant. In the later stage of development the amitosis occurs at the micropylar region of the coenocytic proembryo, in the free nuclear endosperm at the chalazal region and the appressed part of the chalazal end of the coenocytic proembryo. In addition, in the region of conenocytic proembryo and endosperm polyploid nuclei, irregular nuclei are also frequently met with; 3 Cell wall formation in the coenocyte and the endosperm initiates by means of both cell plate and freely growthing walls, but in the coenocyte wall formation is earlier than in the free nuclear endosperm. At first, wall formation of the coenocytic proembryo begins at the chalazal end, and then extends toward the micropylar region, and in endosperm it begins at the part appressed to the part of the chalazal end of coenocytic proembryo, and then extends toward the chalazal end. We support Cave’s suggestion of the parallel evolution for Paeonia possessed the coenocytic proembryo has no relation to the coenocytic proembryo of the gymnosperms. Further we consider the evolution tendency of the coenocytic proembryo of Paeonia toward a functional specialization.     

牡丹试管苗玻璃化的研究

以MS为基本培养基,研究品种、琼脂、6-BA、大量元素、蔗糖、光照等因素对牡丹试管苗玻璃化的影响。结果显示：不同品种的牡丹试管苗在组织培养的过程中,出现不同程度的玻璃化,增加培养基中琼脂浓度、降低细胞分裂素6-BA的浓度、降低大量元素的浓度和增加光照强度或采用自然光照均可以有效地降低试管苗玻璃化。     

Selection of reliable reference genes for gene expression analysis in seeds at different developmental stages and across various tissues in Paeonia ostii

Molecular Biology Reports - Paeonia ostii seeds have recently been identified as a new source of α-linolenic acid in China. Studying the gene expression patterns of unsaturated fatty...     

Constituents of flowers of Paeoniaceae plants,Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora

A new monoterpene glycoside, floralalbiflorin I (1), and a new flavonol glycoside, lactifloraoside I (2), were isolated from the flowers of Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora (Paeoniaceae) together with 28 known compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the major constituents of P. suffruticosa and P. lactiflora flowers, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (10) [inhibition: 42.4% at 1 μM] and flavonoids having the catechol moiety showed significant inhibitory effect on Cu²⁺-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation.     

Enzyme inhibition and radical scavenging activities of aerial parts of Paeonia emodi Wall (Paeoniaceae)

The ethanolic extract derived from aerial parts of an indigenous medicinal plant Paeonia emodi was screened for enzyme inhibition activities against Urease (jack bean and Bacillus pasteurii) and alpha-Chymotrypsin. The extract was also investigated for its radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay. The crude extract was found to possess significant enzyme inhibition activities against jack bean (74%) and Bacillus pasteurii (80%) urease and a moderate activity (54%) against alpha-Chymotrypsin. The extract also displayed excellent (83%) radical scavenging activity. On the basis of these results, the crude extract was subsequently fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions and tested independently for the aforesaid activities. Significant inhibitory activity against urease enzyme was observed for the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions while the n-hexane and chloroform fractions were devoid of any such activity. In the alpha-Chymotrypsin enzyme inhibition studies the activity was concentrated into the ethyl acetate fraction. All the fractions displayed potent radical scavenging activity. The crude extract and fractions thereof were also subjected to total phenolic content determination. A correlation between radical scavenging capacities of extracts and total phenolic content was observed in the majority of cases.     

Paeonia in Xinjiang,China

The present paper deals with the genus Paeonia in Xinjiang, whose taxonomy has been confused. Based on the field observation, population sampling and the examination of herbarium specimens, a taxonomical revision is made in this paper. Two species are recognized, i. e. Paeonia anomala L. and P. sinjiangensis K. Y. Pan. P. altaica K. M. Dai et T. H. Ying is reduced to P. sinjiangensis and P. hybrida (= P. anomala var. intermedia) is reduced to P. anomala. The diagnostic characters of the two species are described and illustrated, and a map of their distribution in Xinjiang is presented. A key to these two species is provided here. 1. Roots straight, not thickened; sepals all caudate, less frequently one or very rarely two non-caudate ................................................ 1. P. sinjiangensis K. Y. Pan. 2. Roots fusiform or tuberous; inner three sepals non-caudate, less frequently one of them caudate .............................................................. 2. P. anomala L. key words Xinjiang; Paeonia; P. anomala; P. sinjiangensis; revision     

Lipoxygenase inhibiting and antioxidant oligostilbene and monoterpene galactoside from Paeonia emodi

Paeoninol and paeonin C, oligostilbene and monoterpene galactoside, have been isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruits of Paeonia emodi. Their structures have been assigned on the basis of spectral analysis including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. In addition, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 3, gallic acid 4 and methyl gallate 5 have also been reported for the first time from this species. Compounds 1 and 2 have displayed potent inhibitory potential against enzyme lipoxygenase in a concentration-dependent fashion with the IC(50) values 0.77 and 99.5 microM, along with ABTS(.+) radical quenching activity with IC(50) values of 147.5 and 498.2 microM, respectively.     

牡丹籽的化学成分研究

从毛茛科芍药属牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa Andr．种子甲醇提取物中分离得到13个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱分析鉴定为齐墩果酸（oleanolic acid,1）、12,13-dehydromicromeficacid（2）、常春藤皂甙元（hederagenin,3）、山奈酚（kacmpferol,4）、木犀草素（luteolin,5）、芹菜素（apigenin,6）、柯伊利素（chrysoeriol,7）、反式葡根素（trans-ε-viniferin,8）、顺式葡根素（cis-β-viniferln,9）、反式白藜芦醇（trans-resveratrol,10）、β-谷甾醇（β—sitosterol,11）、豆甾醇（stigmasterol,12）和β-胡萝卜苷（β-daucosterol,13）。所有化合物均首次从该植物的种子部位中得到。     

赤芍中芍药苷提取工艺的优化

本文提出一条从赤芍中提取芍药苷的工艺,包括醇水溶液回流提取、液液分配、硅胶柱层析等工序,并对各工序的操作条件进行了优化。采用优化后的提取工艺,可得到纯度大于97.0%的芍药苷产品,总回收率超过87.0%。本工艺具有产品纯度高、操作简单、成本低、回收率高、易于工业化等优点。     

Further research on chemotaxonomy of paeonol and analogs in Paeonia (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper, the paeonol, paeoniflorin and their analogs were analyzed in the roots of 14 species and 2 subspecies of Paeonia L. The existence and content of these compounds were discussed in three sections, sect. Moutan, sect. Paeonia and sect. Onaepia. In sect. Moutan, paeonol and its analogs were high in content in all species. In sect. Paeonia, low content of paeonol and its analogs were found in plants of four taxa, P. lactiflora, P. anomala ssp. veitchii, P. mairei and P. intermedia. None of these compounds was found in sect. Onaepia. Paeonol has a simple structure and is distributed widely in plant; its decrease and loss may be the result of evolution. Therefore, it is deduced that the relationship among the three sections of Paeonia might be that woody sect. Moutan is the more primitive and derived from the ancestor of Paeonia first. For the herbaceous sections, sect. Paeonia is more closely related to sect. Moutan than to sect. Onaepia. In sect. Moutan, there are less paeonol and its analogs in the species of subsect. Vaginata than in those of subsect. Delavayanae. Thus, the former may be considered more advanced. In sect. Paeonia, the taxa with minor content of paeonol and its analogs are diploid except P. mairei. Among them, P. lactiflora and P. anomala ssp. veitchii are relatively primitive by morphology. None of paeonol and its analogs was detected in the species with specialized form.     

Microsatellite markers in the tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa (Paeoniaceae)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in the tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa, to perform paternity tests as well as assignment to variety in special Austrian collections. ? Methods and Results: Using SSR-enriched libraries and EST-mining, 8 polymorphic primer sets were identified in Austrian collections of Paeonia sect. Moutan DC. The primers amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with 2-6 alleles per locus. All primers also amplified in P. ostii, P. pontaninii var. trolloides, P. delavayi, and P. lutea, and in the herbaceous species P. peregrina and P. tenuifolia (Paeonia sect. Paeon). ? Conclusions: These results show the usefulness of primers in P. suffruticosa for population genetic studies and their ability to cross amplify in related taxa across the genus.     

濒危植物大花黄牡丹(Paeonia ludlowii)种群数量动态

运用种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了西藏特有的濒危植物大花黄牡丹种群数量动态过程。静态生命表和种群存活曲线反映出大花黄牡丹在树龄10a之前和20~25a之间分别经历了强烈的环境筛和竞争自疏,20a左右为其生理寿命,35a左右为极限寿命;大花黄牡丹种群的净增长率、内禀增长率和周限增长率较低,表现为衰退型种群;Leslie矩阵模型的模拟结果表明,在20a内种群幼苗数量和总数量呈现出下降趋势,下降了大约30%;大花黄牡丹种群存活表现为Deevey-Ⅰ型,早期个体死亡极高,幼龄苗木严重不足;现行种群数量主要是靠自身的萌蘖繁殖来维持。导致大花黄牡丹濒危的可能原因是大花黄牡丹的生物学特性以及人为干扰。     

濒危植物矮牡丹的生态位研究

矮牡丹 (ＰａｅｎｏｎｉａｓｕｆｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＡｎｄｒ .ｖａｒ .ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅａＲｅｈｄ .)属毛茛科 (Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌａｃｅａｅ)芍药属植物[1] ,为我国特有种 ,仅分布于山西稷山马家沟、永济水峪口 ,陕西延安万花山、华阴二仙桥等地 ,其花具有一定的观赏价值 ,根作“丹皮”入药 ,既是宝贵的花卉种质资源 ,又是优良的药材资源 ;且为栽培牡丹的原始种之一[2 ] 。由于自然植被的破坏和 2 0世纪 60年代的大量采掘 ,致使矮牡丹分布范围日益缩小。目前已被列为国家三级保护植物。生态位的概念自Ｇｒｉｎｅｌｌ的“生物在栖息地所占…     

Enzyme inhibition and radical scavenging activities of aerial parts of Paeonia emodi Wall. (Paeoniaceae)

The ethanolic extract derived from aerial parts of an indigenous medicinal plant Paeonia emodi was screened for enzyme inhibition activities against Urease (jack bean and Bacillus pasteurii) and α-Chymotrypsin. The extract was also investigated for its radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay. The crude extract was found to possess significant enzyme inhibition activities against jack bean (74%) and Bacillus pasteurii (80%) urease and a moderate activity (54%) against α-Chymotrypsin. The extract also displayed excellent (83%) radical scavenging activity. On the basis of these results, the crude extract was subsequently fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions and tested independently for the aforesaid activities. Significant inhibitory activity against urease enzyme was observed for the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions while the n-hexane and chloroform fractions were devoid of any such activity. In the α-Chymotrypsin enzyme inhibition studies the activity was concentrated into the ethyl acetate fraction. All the fractions displayed potent radical scavenging activity. The crude extract and fractions thereof were also subjected to total phenolic content determination. A correlation between radical scavenging capacities of extracts and total phenolic content was observed in the majority of cases.     

Studies on Paeonia cultivars and hybrids identification based on SRAP analysis

Plants of Paeonia are valuable for their ornamental and medicinal values. Genetic relations and hybrids identification among different sections of Paeonia were studied using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. A total of 29 cultivars including 2 intersectional hybrids, 13 sect. Moutan and 14 from sect. Paeonia were used. A total of 197 bands were produced using 24 primer combinations, among which 187 bands showed polymorphism. From the bands amplified, we can identify the peony cultivars using unique SRAP markers and specific primer combinations. Fourteen peony cultivars were distinguished among each other by using totally 35 SRAP markers, which were generated by 16 primer pairs. Two specific primer pairs of Me8/Em8 and Me8/Em1 can be used to identify cultivars from different sections. The mean genetic similarity coefficient (GS), the gene diversity (GD), and the Shannon's information index of peony cultivars were 0.45, 0.19 and 0.32, respectively. Both UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average) dendrogram and PCA (principle component analysis) analysis showed clear genetic relationships among the 29 peony cultivars, and within section and its intersectional hybrids. The above results are valuable for estimating and analyzing genetic background of Paeonia, parent selection in crossing breeding programs, molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) breeding for further germplasm innovation programs.