三种哺乳动物初乳乳汁氨基酸含量的比较

采用高效液相色谱法分析了人、牛、猪3种哺乳动物的初乳乳汁中氨基酸含量,结果表明:谷氨酸的含量在3种哺乳动物的初乳乳汁中是最高的,而蛋氨酸的含量最低;从3种动物比较来看,猪乳与牛乳的氨基酸含量比较接近,而人乳与其他两种动物有较大的差异.     

大熊猫乳汁中富含游离精氨酸

采用高效液相色谱法测定了8只圈养大熊猫20个乳样中游离氨基酸的含量。结果显示:大熊猫初乳和常乳中均含有丰富的游离精氨酸,并且是含量最高的游离氨基酸;泌乳2-10d的大熊猫初乳中总游离氨基酸含量约为82mg/100ml,其中游离精氨酸平均含量达61mg/100ml,常乳中游离精氨酸含量约为54mg/100ml,均明显高于人、牛和藏绵羊乳;游离精氨酸在大熊猫干乳期乳腺分泌物中含量显著下降。推测乳中高水平的游离精氨酸在大熊猫幼仔生长发育中可能发挥重要作用[动物学报52(2):309-315,2006]。     

圈养大熊猫乳中氨基酸组成的研究

为了认识大熊猫乳中氨基酸的组成特点,将大熊猫乳经6 mol/L盐酸水解后,用高效液相色谱测定了不同泌乳阶段的20个乳样的氨基酸组成.结果显示,大熊猫初乳中含量最高的氨基酸是谷氨酸,约为5.2 g/L;常乳和干乳期乳腺分泌物中含量最高的是脯氨酸;总氨基酸含量在泌乳2～10 d内变化不明显,平均值约为34 g/L;干乳期乳中氨基酸含量变化显著.     

大熊猫初乳和血清中免疫球蛋白的分离提纯及其抗血清的制备

大熊猫初乳中免疫球蛋白的种类和含量在全人工育幼技术中的重要性已越来越受到国内外专家的广泛关注。大量的研究已表明,大熊猫初生幼兽不食初乳很难成活,即便人工育幼也很易患呼吸道和消化道疾病难于治疗而最终死亡[1～4]。全人工育幼难究其原因,除大熊猫初生幼兽的自身免疫水平非常低外[5,6],主要由于大熊猫初乳尚远不能满足育幼需要,而人工初乳中特异性免疫物质还不能从根本上得到解决[4]。在人工初乳中首次加入一定剂量的免疫球蛋白,全人工育幼未食过母体初乳的大熊猫幼兽,取得了一定效果[7],间接证明了母体初乳中母源抗体的重要性,但所…     

初乳中主要组分的动态变化及产妇年龄和剖宫产的影响

测定了来自20位健康母亲(其中8位为剖宫产)的118份初乳(泌乳第1～7d)中乳糖和蛋白质浓度.通过线性模型,分析产妇年龄和剖宫产对乳糖和蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,乳糖在泌乳第1d最低,在泌乳1w内增加,其中泌乳第1d的乳糖浓度极显著低于第7d(P＜0.01).乳蛋白的浓度在泌乳第1d最高,泌乳1w内下降,其中前3d水平显著或极显著高于第7d(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).初乳中乳糖和乳蛋白含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.523,P＜0.01).剖宫产母亲初乳中乳糖含量显著低于顺产(P＜0.05),剖宫产与顺产母亲初乳中蛋白质含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).产妇年龄的大小与初乳中蛋白质和乳糖含量均无显著关系(P＞0.05).     

大豆黄酮的对母猪免疫功能和血清及初乳中GH,PRL,SS水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对妊娠母猪及其仔猪的免疫功能和血清,初乳中生长激素、催乳素、生长抑素水平的影响,结果表明：１）大豆黄酮能明显提高母猪血清和初乳中特异性抗体的水平,表明母猪整体乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强。２）通过对初乳的吸收,其新生仔猪血清中母源抗体水平明显对照组。３）母猪血清和初乳中ＧＨ、ＰＲＬ含量明显高于对照组,而血清ＳＳ含量显著低于对照组。本实验结果提示：垂体ＰＲＬ、ＧＨ和体内ＳＳ可能参与     

大熊猫乳汁蛋白组成

测定了2只大熊猫（ailuropoda melanoleuca)乳汁中蛋白含量,乳糖含量,乳蛋白组成,并与成都麻羊（Capra hircus)初乳和中国荷斯坦牛（Bos taurus)乳进行了比较,大熊猫乳蛋白含量平均为41．52g/L,与中国荷斯坦牛乳接近;乳糖平均含量为15．41g/L,极显著低于牛乳和成都麻羊初乳,乳蛋白SDS－PAGE分析表明,大熊猫乳中酪蛋白（CN）含量明显低于羊乳和牛乳;乳中存在3条蛋白含量的区带,而在成都麻羊和中国荷斯坦牛乳电泳图谱的相应位置未见明显的区带,乳中上皮粘蛋白MUC1仅存在1条分子量约为196kDa的区带,未发现多态现象。     

不同产地蜂胶中氨基酸含量的比较

选择国内外7种不同产地蜂胶,采用氨基酸自动分析仪分别测定其氨基酸含量。结果表明,所测蜂胶均含有17种以上氨基酸,其构成模式比较接近,但氨基酸含量差异较大,北京蜂胶总氨基酸含量最低,为26.96mg·100g-1,杭州蜂胶总氨基酸含量最高,为165.74mg·100g-1,谷氨酸为各产地蜂胶中含量最高的氨基酸,其中杭州蜂胶谷氨酸含量居首,为30.74mg·100g-1,大部分蜂胶中约30%的氨基酸为必需氨基酸。不同产地蜂胶氨基酸含量差异,可能是影响其生物活性的一个重要因素。     

灵芝富碘实验中氨基酸含量的探讨

在灵芝TW液体深层富碘培养过程中,碘元素能显著提高灵芝菌丝体中氨基酸的含量,不富碘的灵芝菌丝体氨基酸含量为26.95％,在培养基中添加0．1％碘化钾而获得的富碘灵芝菌丝体及富碘锌锗硒灵芝菌丝体氨基酸含量分别为35．37％、35．86％,另外其氨基酸的组成也相对发生了显著的变化,因而推测碘元素可能是灵芝中某些氨基酸含成过程中的辅基或是其激活因子。     

樟芝菌丝体的氨基酸成分分析

测定了樟芝发酵菌丝体中游离氨基酸和结合氨基酸的含量。结果表明,樟芝菌丝体中含有丰富的8种人体必需氨基酸、支链氨基酸和谷氨酸,其中8种必需氨基酸含量是FAO(联合国粮农组织)标准的5.55倍,而芳香族氨基酸的含量却很低。在测定过程中,由于采用了酸水解,菌丝体中的色氨酸被破坏,而其余17种氨基酸均被测出,含量极其丰富。尤其是支链氨基酸的含量远大于α-酪蛋白、卵蛋白和大豆球蛋白。     

A Simple Device for Assuring High Reproducibility in Fluorometric Measurement of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Yeast Cells

The heterogeneity and chemical composition were investigated in κ-casein from colostrum. The acid casein was obtained from four different Holstein cow colostra. The yield of acid casein from colostrum was higher than that from normal milk. κ-Casein from colostrum was prepared by the gel filtration method of Yaguchi et al. The gel filtration profiles differed among the four colostrum acid caseins.

Colostrum κ-casein was fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column into one nonadsorbed and six adsorbed fractions with increasing salt concentration. Six adsorbed fractions had the same molecular weight and stabilizing ability for α_s1-casein in the presence of calcium ion. The amino acid composition and the phosphorus content of the adsorbed fractions were identical, but fractions eluted with high salt concentrations had more carbohydrates (galactose, sialic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine). Colostrum κ-casein was characterized by a higher content of carbohydrate moiety in comparison with normal κ-casein. Also glucosamine which has not been found in normal κ-casein was detected in colostrum κ-casein. The κ-casein component from colostrum contained at least one molecule of carbohydrate, though the carbo hydrate-free component was detected in normal κ-casein.     

Compositional analysis of dairy products derived from clones and cloned transgenic cattle

Cloning technology is an emerging biotechnological tool that could provide commercial opportunities for livestock agriculture. However, the process is very inefficient and the molecular events underlying the technology are poorly understood. The resulting uncertainties are causing concerns regarding the safety of food products derived from cloned livestock. There are similar concerns for livestock produced by biotechnologies which enable the purposeful introduction of genetic modifications. To increase the knowledge about food products from animals generated by these modern biotechnologies, we assessed compositional differences associated with milk and cheese derived from cloned and transgenic cows. Based on gross composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles and mineral and vitamin contents, milk produced by clones and conventional cattle were essentially similar and consistent with reference values from dairy cows farmed in the same region under similar conditions. Whereas colostrum produced by transgenic cows with additional casein genes had similar IgG secretion levels and kinetics to control cows, milk from the transgenic cows had a distinct yellow appearance, in contrast to the white color of milk from control cows. Processing of milk into cheese resulted in differences in the gross composition and amino acid profiles; 'transgenic' cheese had lower fat and higher salt contents and small but characteristic differences in the amino acid profile compared to control cheese.     

Purification and characterization of the free secretory piece of human colostrum (author's transl)]

The free secretory piece is isolated from human colostrum by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography in high yield (200 mg/l colostrum). DEAE-Cellulose chromatography separates the free secretory piece in two fractions which are electrophoretically distinct, but otherwise have the same characteristics, like molecular weight, antigenic determinants, N-terminal sequence, peptide map and amino acid composition. It was therefore concluded that the protein part of the secretory piece is homogenous.     

The amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin II from horse colostrum (Equus caballus, Perissodactyla): beta-lactoglobulins are retinol-binding proteins

beta-Lactoglobulin isolated from horse colostrum is heterogeneous and contains two components: beta-lactoglobulin I and beta-lactoglobulin II. These two proteins are monomeric and show differences in their electrophoretic mobilities, chain lengths and primary structures. The complete amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin II was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and of the peptides derived from these by digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Unlike other beta-lactoglobulins which contain 162 amino acids, horse beta-lactoglobulin II is unique in that it contains 166 amino acids. The additional four amino acids represent an insertion between positions 116 and 117 of other beta-lactoglobulins so far sequenced, including horse beta-lactoglobulin I. Sequence comparison of beta-lactoglobulins I and II from horse colostrum reveals 48 amino acid substitutions (30%). Such a diversity between members of the beta-lactoglobulin gene family has not been encountered before. Sequence comparison with bovine beta-lactoglobulin A shows 85 amino acid replacements accounting for 53% of the residues. The structural homology with human retinol-binding protein may reveal similar biological functions and clues to the origin of milk proteins.     

Comparative studies of two types of bovine immunoglobulin G heavy chains

;Fingerprints' of bovine colostrum and serum immunoglobulin G1 heavy chains were extremely similar, but different from serum immunoglobin G2 heavy chains. Serum immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 heavy chains were treated with cyanogen bromide. The fractions from the C-terminal end of the heavy chains were isolated and the amino acid sequence of this fraction from immunoglobulin G2 was:His-Glx-Ala-Leu-His-Asx-His-Tyr-Met-Gln-Lys-Ser-Thr-Ser-Lys-Ser-Ala-GlyThe amino acid composition of this fraction from immunoglobulin G1 was the same except for the methionine, which in immunoglobulin G1 was replaced by threonine.     

Sequence and N-glycan diversity analysis of immunoglobulin G from buffalo milk using RP-UHPLC MS/MS

Amino Acids - Immunoglobulin G is the abundant antibody present in the colostrum and milk of major dairy animals. In the present study, buffalo milk IgG was characterized for its amino acid...     

Effect of treatment with formaldehyde and formic acid on immunoglobulin content of stored bovine colostrum

Colostrum was collected from the first postpartum milking of German Black Pied cows. Four independent pools of colostrum were made and the following preservation methods replicated in each pool, viz. formaldehyde treatment, 0.1% (F1) and 0.05% (F2); formic acid treatment, 0.5% (FA1) and 0.1% (FA2) and an untreated control (NF). All the colostrum batches were stored at an average incubation temperature of 28°C in 200-ml plastic bottles. Samples were collected from every batch on Day 0 (before incubation) and subsequently after every week for 4 weeks. All the samples collected were analysed for immunoglobulin (IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM) content of the whey fraction using the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method. pH was measured using a glass electrode pH meter.Formaldehyde treatment of colostrum maintained almost constant immunoglobulin levels under the conditions of this experiment. There were significant drops in the mean IgG1 (P < 0.0001) and IgM (P < 0.005) contents in the control (NF) and the formic acid treated (FA1 and FA2) colostrum. The levels of IgA and IgG2 remained fairly constant for all treatments and there was no observable trend with storage duration. The pH of formaldehyde treated colostrum remained above 4.8 for the 4 weeks of storage whereas that of the untreated control colostrum dropped to below pH 4.8 in the first 3 days and remained stable to the 4th week. This work has shown that inclusion of formaldehyde at levels as low as 0.05% (wt/vol.) preserves immunoglobulins of colostrum stored at high ambient temperature. The use of formic acid was not beneficial for preservation of colostral immunoglobulins. Thus colostrum preserved with formaldehyde may be of good feeding value for newborn calves whereas that preserved with formic acid may be useful only for older calves.