褪黑素对男性下丘脑一垂体一性腺轴的调节作用

褪黑素（Melatonin,Mel）对生殖调控有重要意义,本文主要介绍了褪黑素对男性下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴（HPG）三个水平的调节作用,同时探讨了褪黑素调节生殖活动的可能作用机制,并展望了其在男性生殖中的研究发展趋势及应用。     

一些因子对七星瓢虫咽侧体活性的影响(英文)

七星瓢虫(Coccmella septimpunctata)为了适应环境的变化,通过咽侧体产生保幼激素的活动调节其生殖作用。为了探索内外因素对咽侧体活动的影响,应用放射化学法及免疫电泳测定了食物、卵巢发育、脑神经肽、保幼激素类似物对卵黄发生期成虫保幼激素生物合成及血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白含量的影响。结果表明咽侧体活性受上述各种因子的影响。咽侧体活性与卵黄原蛋白含量及卵母细胞生长密切相关,说明有反馈作用。食物的质与量影响着咽侧体活性的变化。低剂量外源保幼激素类似物处理成虫则可促使咽侧体活性的变化。脑分泌的神经肽(allatotropin)可活化咽侧体。这些结果表明雌瓢虫保幼激素的生产主要是受起源于脑的促咽侧体信号的调节作用。     

昆虫生殖与激素的关系

昆虫生殖一般是通过两性来完成的。在生殖过程中,从精子、卵子发生、交配到产卵,除了受外界环境因素(光、温度、湿度、食物等)影响以外;还受内分泌器官的激素来调节控制。昆虫怎样通过外界环境因素诱导内分泌器官的激素来调节控制自身的生殖,这是昆虫生殖生理的一个重要问题。对这个问题的了解不仅在昆虫生殖方面有理论意义,而且在指导如何抑制害虫生殖和大量繁育益虫具有实际意义。     

植物性神经系统

一、概况植物性神经系统是支配心肌、平滑肌和腺组织的传出神经的总称。心肌、平滑肌和腺组织的活动与身体的营养、生殖等机能有关,这类机能常被称为身体的“植物性”机能,因此,支配心肌、平滑肌和腺组织的传出神经也就被称之为植物性神经系统。植物性神经系统对心肌、平滑肌和腺体的活动虽能起调节作用,但这种调节作用一般可以不受意志的影响,而“自主地”发生作用,因此     

一些多肽与蛋白质激素的化学结构和生物功能(上)

激素在生命活动过程中起着重要的调节作用。激素的种类很多,按化学结构的特征大致可将动物体内激素分成三大类:第一类是甾体激素,如各种性激素和肾上腺皮质激素等。第     

高三生物学教学纲要(5)

1)生殖是生物产生新个体的过程 两大类生殖方式对后代的遗传影响不同(有性生殖与无性生殖;简述各种微生物、植物和动物的主要生殖方式)。     

cAMP和卵丘细胞对大鼠卵母细胞的GVBD,p90rsk和MAPK磷酸化的调节作用

cAMP和卵丘细胞对大鼠卵母细胞的GVBD,p90rsk和MAPK磷酸化的调节作用@谭信$中国科学院动物研究所计划生育生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国北京100080北京师范大学生命科学学院　中国北京100875 @孙青原$中国科学院动物研究所计划生育生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国北京100080 @王永潮$北京师范大学生命科学学院!　中国北京100875 @彭安$北京师范大学生命科学学院!　中国北京100875 @陈大元$中国科学院动物研究所计划生育生殖生物学国家重点实验室!　中国北京100080 @何大澄$北京师范大学生命科学学院!　中国北京1008…     

6-苄氨基嘌呤和脱落酸对离体叶片过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

植物衰老的调控是农业生产中一个引人注意的重要问题。植物的衰老可以由高温、冷害、水分胁迫、土壤渍水和营养缺乏等环境因素诱导,而环境因子触发的许多生理生化变化可能是由植物激素间的相互作用调控的。激素的调节作用又往往是通过对酶的影响来实现的。在各种与植物体内降解过程有关的酶类中,过氧化物酶同工酶的分析作为植物遗传学研究中的一种重要手段受到广泛的重视。然而迄今,它在植物生命活动中的     

哺乳动物卵巢中的一氧化氮对卵巢功能的调节作用

一氧化氮（NO）是一种在生物体内具有双重作用的无机自由基,其在生殖活动中的作用逐渐受到人们的关注,而成为生殖生物学家研究的新领域。卵巢是雌性动物的重要器官,而NO在卵巢生理中起着多方面的调节作用,本文着重介绍NO在卵巢中的表达、卵泡发育、甾体激素生成、卵母细胞成熟、排卵,以及黄本的形成和退化等方面的研究进展。     

禾本科植物无融合生殖(综述)

禾本科植物包含了世界上最重要的农作物,也包含了最多的无融合生殖的种类,通过无融合生殖可将农作物的F1代杂种优势固定下来,这在固定农作物杂种优势的利用上具有巨大的潜力,然而禾本科植物无融合生殖作为其繁殖多样性的一种形式,在系统进化过程中的作用是非常复杂的,本文统计了禾本科无融合生殖的分布,概述了其无融合生殖的细胞学,遗传学和分子生物学研究进展。     

SYMMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS (BUTOMACEAE) AND LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA (LIMNOCHARITACEAE)

The prostrate rhizome of Butomus umbellatus produces branch primordia of two sorts, inflorescence primordia and nonprecocious vegetative lateral buds. The inflorescence primordia form precociously by the bifurcation of the apical meristem of the rhizome, whereas the non-precocious vegetative buds are formed away from the apical meristem. The rhizome normally produces a branch in the axial of each foliage leaf. However, it is unclear whether the rhizome is a monopodial or a sympodial structure. Lateral buds are produced on the inflorescence of B. umbellatus either by the bifurcation or trifurcation of apical meristems. The inflorescence consists of monochasial units as well as units of greater complexity, and certain of the flower buds lack subtending bracts. The upright vegetative axis of Limnocharis flava has sympodial growth and produces evicted branch primordia solely by meristematic bifurcation. Only certain leaves of the axis are associated with evicted branch primordia and each such primordium gives rise to an inflorescence. The flowers of L. flava are borne in a cincinnus and, although the inflorescence is simpler than that of Butomus umbellatus, the two inflorescences appear to conform to a fundamental body plan. The ultimate bud on the inflorescence of Limnocharis flava always forms a vegetative shoot, and the inflorescence may also produce supernumerary vegetative buds. Butomus umbellatus and Limnocharis flava exhibit a high degree of mirror image symmetry.     

SENSORY PROFILING AND PRODUCT POSITIONING OF ROASTED AND GROUND (BREW) COFFEE AND SOLUBLE (INSTANT) COFFEE WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FLAVOR

Coffee powders available commercially are of different qualities. The quality variations may be due to inherent quality of coffee beans, storage time and packaging materials used. Sensory profiles of brewed and soluble coffees were studied through profiling. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) used for positioning the different coffee samples showed that freshly made coffee from plantation arabica (PA), Pea berry (PB), PA with chicory (PAC), PB with chicory (PBC) and their blends viz. PA + PB and PAC + PBC occupied the quadrant where coffee aroma and overall quality rated higher. Other roasted & ground (R&G) coffee (market) samples were positioned where oily, fermented, musty, stale and caramelized notes dominated. In case of soluble coffee, the flavored coffee procured from the western market (S3, S6, S9 and S8) dominated the quadrant where other added flavor and oily notes dominated. The typical soluble (instant) coffee without any added flavor S10, S12 and S13 occupied another quadrant. The soluble coffee powder with spice incorporation took a separate quadrant where other added flavor and bitter taste dominated. The dominant quality attributes for the groups are different and are discussed in relation to the directional vectors.     

COPPER SORPTION AND RELEASE BY CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) AND CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Initial Cu⁺⁺ sorption by Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. (Cu⁺⁺-sensitive) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard (Cu⁺⁺-resistant) was rapid in the first 5 min of Cu⁺⁺ incubation with little sorption after 2 h. On a cell to cell basis, Cyclotella sorbed ca. five times more Cu⁺⁺ from the medium than Chlamydomonas. In MBL medium with EDTA Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 21.0 and 4.41 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells respectively in 6 h with 0.3 mg Cu⁺⁺/l in the medium. Proportionally similar quantities of Cu⁺⁺ were sorbed when the cells were Cu⁺⁺ incubated in MBL + citrate or filtered lake water. Cleaned cell walls of Cyclotella sorbed little Cu⁺⁺ (1.7 nM/10⁶ cells) as compared to living cells (17.5 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells) in 3 h. Therefore, in living Cyclotella most of the Cu⁺⁺ taken up must be absorbed by the protoplasm or perhaps by the organic layer surrounding the silica wall. Cleaned cell walls of Chlamydomonas sorbed 3.5 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells and living Chlamydomonas cells sorbed 2.6 nM Cu⁺⁺/10⁶ cells. This indicates that most of the Cu⁺⁺ sorbed by Chlamydomonas cells remained bound to the cell wall and probably did not readily enter into the protoplasm: When placed in Cu⁺⁺ free medium after Cu⁺⁺ incubation, Cyclotella and Chlamydomonas cells released 46 and 59% respectively of the Cu⁺⁺ sorbed.     

AUTOTROPHIC GROWTH AND PHOTOACCLIMATION IN KARLODINIUM MICRUM (DINOPHYCEAE) AND STOREATULA MAJOR (CRYPTOPHYCEAE)1

We compared autotrophic growth of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium micrum (Leadbeater et Dodge) and the cryptophyte Storeatula major (Butcher ex Hill) at a range of growth irradiances (E_g). Our goal was to determine the physiological bases for differences in growth–irradiance relationships between these species. Maximum autotrophic growth rates of K. micrum and S. major were 0.5 and 1.5 div.·d^?1, respectively. Growth rates were positively correlated with C‐specific photosynthetic performance (PP^C, g C·g C^?1·h^?1) (r²=0.72). Cultures were grouped as light‐limited (LL) and high‐light (HL) treatments to allow interspecific comparisons of physiological properties that underlie the growth–irradiance relationships. Interspecific differences in the C‐specific light absorption rate (E_a^C, mol photons·g C^?1·h^?1) were observed only among HL acclimated cultures, and the realized quantum yield of C fixation (φ_C(real.), mol C·mol photons^?1) did not differ significantly between species in either LL or HL treatments. The proportion of fixed C that was incorporated into new biomass was lower in K. micrum than S. major at each E_g, reflecting lower growth efficiency in K. micrum. Photoacclimation to HL in K. micrum involved a significant loss of cellular photosynthetic capacity (P_max^cell), whereas in S. major, P_max^cell was significantly higher in HL acclimated cells. We conclude that growth rate differences between K. micrum and S. major under LL conditions relate primarily to cell metabolism processes (i.e. growth efficiency) and that reduced chloroplast function, reflected in PP^C and photosynthesis–irradiance curve acclimation in K. micrum, is also important under HL conditions.     

美国白蛾与其相似种—奇特望灯蛾在形态学和生物学上的区别(鳞翅目,灯蛾科)

奇特望灯蛾与大害虫--美国白蛾侄幼虫形态及危害方式方而都极其相似,其雌成虫与美国白蛾的成虫也很相像,极易引起混淆.并且奇特望灯蛾分布广,容易与美国白蛾的分布区重叠,这对美国白蛾准确及时的预测预报及防治工作造成了一定的干扰.本文就天津蓟县发生的奇特望灯蛾与美国白蛾在成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态以及生活习性等方面进行了比较研究.     

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF SHELL SHAPE AND GROWTH OF VILLOSA VILLOSA (WRIGHT) AND ELLIPTIO ICTERINA (CONRAD) (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE)

Shell shape and growth of two unionacean species, Villosa villosaand Elliptio icterina, are analyzed with univariate and multivariatetechniques. The relationship of shape variables to size variablesis examined. Under the lognormal assumption, parametric testsof these allometric relationships are valid. Variables describingthe ventro-posterior region of the shell are shown to be thebest of those tested for discriminating between the sexes ofboth species regardless of statistical method. Neither speciesexhibits size sexual dimorphism. Shape sexual dimorphism ofV. villosa is constant during adult growth, but the more subtledimorphism of E. icterina changes as adults continue to grow. (Received 20 January 1986;     

PARASITISM AND THE UNIONACEA (BIVALVIA)

It is proposed that the incorporation of a unique parasitic stage in the life-cycle of unionaceans which involves an obligate relationship between a vertebrate host, usually a fish, and a highly modified larval stage, the glochidium, has had far-reaching consequences with respect to overall morphology, extent of species' geographic ranges, and rate of speciation in the group. Glochidia are separable into three main types with respect to overall shape and attachment features, and are retained in variously modified brood pouches. When mature, glochidia are released in several different ways which reflect various adaptations involved in either attracting the fish host and/or increasing the probability of attachment. Glochidia do not seem capable of host selection, and the reaction of the host to the parasite seems to be the main factor in determining specificity. Release of glochidia is synchronized to correspond to periods of predictable host availability, such as during spawing migrations and nesting behaviour. Other adaptations include modifications of glochidial conglutinates to mimic host food items, and modifications of the unionacean mantle edges to attract hosts. In all cases, a good correlation exists between the type of lure used and host food preferences, but, despite these adaptations, host specificity among unionaceans seems low. Parasitism among unionaceans is postulated to be mainly advantageous in terms of predictability of dispersal by habitat-specific hosts, but parasitism is hypothesized to entail constraints in terms of the degree to which shell shape and life-habit can be diversified among unionaceans. The type of host parasitized is considered to affect the rate of diversification among populations and speciation among unionaceans: those that parasitize strictly freshwater hosts are more likely to exhibit highly individualistic populations in different drainages with respect to molecular genetic and soft-part characters, while those that parasitize anadromous or saltwater-tolerant hosts show little differentiation among widely distributed populations.