人工圈养瓶鼻海豚的体重与体长的相关性分析

运用简单线性相关及回归分析方法，对人工圈养条件下20头太平洋瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops gilli)的体重与体长的相关性分析结果表明，海豚体重与体长呈显著正相关(r=0.960，P<0.01)，其体重随体长变化的回归方程为Ｙ=2.19X-368.65；体重与体长的比值随着体长的增加而增加，且呈直线趋势。依据海豚体重与体长的相关分析来控制其体重，从而提高科学饲养管理水平，使海豚的摄食量、训练行为与健康之间保持平衡，是很有必要的。     

自然种群唐鱼的耳石、日龄与生长

为了解唐鱼自然种群的年龄结构和生长特征,根据耳石结构于2005年6月—2006年4月每2个月1次对栖息于从化市鹿子田附近自然水体唐鱼的日龄组成进行了调查。2005年6月采集到的唐鱼日龄集中在40～70 d,8月和10月唐鱼种群既有较大个体,也有孵出不久的仔鱼,日龄分布在10～130 d。2005年12月和2006年2月大部分唐鱼日龄在50 d以上,2006年4月大部分唐鱼日龄则在50 d以下。与人工养殖的唐鱼相比,自然种群唐鱼耳石生长轮的清晰度和对比度高,但生长轮宽度规则性较低。自然种群唐鱼的耳石长径与体长呈显著的线性关系,与体质量呈显著的幂函数关系。自然种群唐鱼的生长符合幂函数方程,体长(L,mm)、体质量(M,mg)与日龄(D,d)的回归关系分别为L=1.4685D^0.5824(r=0.9081,P<0.001,n=266)和M=0.0048D^2.0122(r=0.8844,P<0.001,n=266)。该生长方程反映了自然种群唐鱼早期的生长。8—10月唐鱼种群年龄结构最为复杂,根据其年龄结构的季节变化可以推测自然条件下唐鱼的繁殖期为3—12月。     

椒江口滩涂大型底栖动物群落格局与多样性

为了解椒江口滩涂大型底栖动物群落格局与多样性, 揭示其对环境变化的响应规律, 作者于2007年10月、2008年1月、4月和7月在椒江口南岸和北岸潮间带, 沿河流到海洋方向共布设6条采样断面进行大型底栖动物调查。分析了大型底栖动物种类组成、栖息密度和生物量的时空变化特征, 在此基础上运用α, β和γ多样性测度方法对大型底栖动物多样性进行分析, 同时探讨了大型底栖动物群落结构对环境变化的响应方向及程度, 结果显示: (1) 6条断面共记录到大型底栖动物78种, 总种数随季节变化显著, 在空间上沿河流到海洋方向呈升高趋势; (2) 栖息密度的季节变化不显著(P=0.145>0.05), 但空间变化显著(P=0.017<0.05), 生物量的季节变化显著(P=0.012<0.05), 空间变化极显著(P=0.004<0.01); (3) β和γ多样性指数定量显示了椒江河口区域滩涂环境的多变性和大型底栖动物群落的多样性和更替性。     

昆明滇蛙的取食策略

目前国内研究两栖类食性选择或偏好多未考虑蛙胃内不同食物的丰盈程度与栖境不同食物资源是否存在相关性。在分析了采自昆明白龙寺和昆明石林西街口的494只滇蛙(Rana pleuraden)的食性的同时，分析了采自对应栖境中的食物资源组成。结果表明，滇蛙的食物成份与食物资源相具有稳定性，主要类群均为直翅目、同翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目和蛛形纲等8类。但又存在变异性，不同产地、不同年份和不同月份之间的蛙标本胃内的食物成分各类群的比例均不相同。主要食物成份与食物资源相的差异显著性分析、相关性分析和选择性分析等方面的结果均支持或证明：滇蛙对食物具有选择性或取食偏好。栖境的食物资源相与蛙胃内的食物成分不存在相关性 (白龙寺：r=0.077, P=0.575; 西街口：r=-0.086, P=0.500)。直翅目(Ei<-0.35)和同翅目(Ei<-0.37)昆虫是滇蛙取食时回避的食物，而对鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目和蛛形纲等4个类群(Ei>0.45)具有明显偏好。     

黑龙江省三江自然保护区狍对冬季卧息地的选择

研究黑龙江三江自然保护区狍冬季卧息地的选择性结果表明，狍昼间偏好选择位于岛状林和芦苇丛、覆盖度>10%、当年生枝条数>30枝、隐蔽级90%—99%、距水源距离<400 m、距农田距离<500 m、保温性>0.2 ℃、雪深>31 cm、人为干扰距离>1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地；狍夜间偏好选择位于岛状林、覆盖度>10%、当年生枝条数>30枝、隐蔽级为<90%、距水源距离<700 m、距农田距离>500 m、保温性>0.2 ℃、雪深>31 cm、人为干扰距离>1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地。狍昼间与夜间卧息地在是否刨走积雪等松软物质、距农田距离、雪深、人为干扰距离和卧息地宽度上差异显著(P<0.05)。与夜间卧息地相比，狍昼间偏爱的卧息地具有接近农田、雪覆盖深和卧息地宽度较小等特征。狍对昼间卧息地资源选择函数为：log it(P)=-13.999-0.446×植被类型-0.003×距水源距离-0.003×距农田距离+0.915×保温性+0.487×雪深+0.001×人为干扰距离，选择概率为P=e ^logit(P)／1+e ^{log it(P)} ，模型的正确预测率为90.9%；狍对夜间卧息地资源选择函数为：logit(P)=-0.009-1.863×植被类型-0.004×距水源距离+0.946×保温性+0.002×人为干扰距离，选择概率为P=e^logit(P)／1+e ^logit(P) ，模型的正确预测率为91.8%。     

大耳姬鼠对滇西北18种植物种子的捕食

2004年9月至10月在滇西北高海拔地区对18种植物种子进行了野外被捕食研究。选取高、低两种人为干扰程度的生境；高、低两种种子密度：3粒种子/塑料盘和15粒种子/塑料盘；3种试验设置：排除啮齿动物等大型捕食者、排除蚂蚁等小型捕食者，不作任何处理作为对照。其结果表明，种子捕食者主要为夜间活动的大耳姬鼠（Apodemus latronum）。种子在高人为干扰的生境中被捕食率要显著低于低人为干扰的生境（F_1,430=7.78, P<0.01）；种子在高密度状况下的被捕食率要显著高于低密度状况（F_1,430=13.16, P<0.001）。大耳姬鼠对于不同种类植物种子也有很强的选择性（F_17,414=106.69, P<0.001），如喜好取食华山松（Pinus armandi）、中甸乌头（Aconitum chungdianensis）、豆科一种（Leguminosae sp.）和大头续断（Dipsacus asper）的种子，而不喜好取食高山柏（Sabina squamata）、黄花木（Piptanthus concolor）、栒子（Cotoneaster sp.）和西南鸢尾（Iris bulleyana）的种子。18种植物中，种子大小与其被捕食率高低之间无显著相关性，不同硬度等级的种子与被捕食率也无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

体重和盐度对中国蛤蜊耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态方法研究了不同软体部干重((1.022 ±0.821)、(0.557±0.266)、(0.303±0.277) g)和盐度(13、18、23、28、33)对中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis Philippi)耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明:盐度、个体大小对中国蛤蜊耗氧率的影响极显著(P＜0.01),二者的交互作用对中国蛤蜊耗氧率影响显著(P＜0.05);中国蛤蜊单位体重耗氧率(R₀)与软体部干重(W)负相关,符合幂函数方程R₀=aW^-b, 其中a值的取值范围是0.695-1.762,平均值为1.449,b值的取值范围是0.446-0.587,平均值为0.542。盐度、个体大小对中国蛤蜊排氨率影响也极显著(P＜0.01);随着中国蛤蜊个体的增大,其单位体重排氨率逐渐降低;排氨率与其软体部干重呈负相关,它们之间可以用幂函数R_N=a₀W^-b₀表示。单位体重耗氧率和排氨率与盐度(S)、软体部干重(W)的二元线性回归方程分别为: R_O=2.111-1.817W+0.49S (R²=0.546, F=34.294, P＜0.001);R_N=168.186-120.589W+1.734S (R²=0.561, F=36.418, P＜0.001)。     

盐度对九孔鲍能量收支的影响

以海带为饵料,在不同盐度（21、25、29、33、37、41）条件下,对九孔鲍（Haliotis diversicolor aquatilis）进行了摄食-生长实验,测定了摄食能、排粪能、排泄能、粘液能、代谢能、壳能和软体部生长能,各组分占摄食能的比例、总生长效率（K₁）和净生长效率（K₂）,建立了九孔鲍能量收支方程。结果表明：从占摄食能的比例而言,排粪能、排粪能、排泄能、粘液能、代谢能在盐度21与其他盐度之间有显著差异（P<0.05）,而从占摄食能的比例而言,软体部能、K₁和K₂在盐度37时最大,在盐度21时最小,与其他盐度之间有显著差异（P<0.05）,而盐度25、29、33和37之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）,因此,从鲍摄食、代谢和生长三方面均衡考虑,盐度25～37为鲍适宜养殖的范围。     

五节芒定居对尾矿砂重金属形态与微生物的影响

在浙江三门尾矿砂堆积地上按定居程度选择4个五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）定居样地,同时以尾矿砂裸地为对照样地,分别研究了五节芒定居对尾矿砂重金属（铅、锌、铜和镉）形态转化、尾矿砂微生物参数以及二者之间关系的影响。结果表明：五节芒自然定居显著地提高了尾矿砂碳酸盐结合态和硫化物-有机物结合态重金属的含量（P<0.05）,降低了尾矿砂阳离子交换态、铁-锰氧化物结合态和残渣态重金属含量（P<0.05）;除了微生物呼吸熵显著下降（P<0.05）、生物量碳熵不规则变化以外,其他尾矿砂微生物参数均随着五节芒自然定居而显著提高（P<0.05）;典范相关分析表明,尾矿砂微生物参数的总体变化与尾矿砂碳酸盐结合态和硫化物-有机物结合态重金属的含量呈显著正相关（R²=0.9874,0.9939）,而与尾矿砂阳离子交换态、铁-锰氧化物结合态和残渣态重金属含量呈显著负相关（R²=0.9972,0.9964,0.9949）。     

地标对犬蝠空间记忆的影响

为了研究地标（landmarks）是否影响犬蝠（Cynopterus sphinx）的空间记忆,我们通过室内模拟试验研究犬蝠和地标在觅食过程中空间记忆形成的关系。实验组按照每天地标数分别为0、2、4、8、0的数目连续进行5天实验,对照组不设地标进行相同条件的实验。结果显示,两组犬蝠第一次取食所用的时间与实验天数之间极显著相关（Pearson Correlations: 实验组r=-0.593, P<0.01;对照组r=-0.581, P<0.01）;实验组取食成功率与实验天数之间无明显相关性（Pearson Correlations: r=0.177, P>0.05）;对照组取食成功率与实验天数之间显著相关（Pearson Correlations: r=0.445, P<0.05）。实验组与对照组犬蝠第一次取食的时间差异不显著（GLM: F_0.05,1=4.703, P>0.05）,两组间取食的成功率差异也不显著（GLM: F_0.05,1=0.849, P>0.05）。这些结果说明了随着时间增加,犬蝠对取食地的空间记忆逐渐形成,放置地标在犬蝠对取食地空间记忆形成的过程中无显著影响。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.