钠通道及其相关疾病综合征

钠通道是分布于可兴奋性细胞膜上的一种重要的阳离子通道,其开放控制着动作电位的去极化相,并积极参与了细胞的兴奋、收缩、分泌和突触传递等高度有序的特异性功能。最近研究表明许多困扰人类的家族性遗传病就是因为钠通道发生了基因突变而引起的。简要地综述了钠通道的结构及其目前已发现的相关疾病综合征。并描述了从动物毒素中获取治疗药物的应用前景。     

蛇毒系列药品的研究及开发产业化列为国家高技术产业化项目

动物毒素是一类高活性、生理功能特异的物质 ,动物毒素产品可用于防治多种疑难病症 ,使之成为当今生命科学研究的热点。中国科学院昆明动物研究所充分利用云南丰富的动物毒素自然资源 ,经过多年努力 ,完成了多种有毒动物伤害防治和蛇毒系列药品的研究和开发 ,获得了多个系列药品的新药证书和生产批文。经国家计委 2 0 0 0年 11月 1日批复 ,将“云南中科云龙药业股份有限公司蛇毒系列药品的研究及开发产业化”列为国家高技术产业化示范工程技术项目。由中国科学院昆明动物研究所、上海联合投资有限公司、厦门信达股份有限公司、中国科学院昆…     

常见的动物毒素诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的分子机制

常见的动物毒素如蛇毒、蟾蜍毒、蜂毒、蜘蛛毒等在体内和体外均具有诱导肿瘤细胞调亡的作用,通过对动物毒素的抗肿瘤机制进行综述,为研究开发新型抗肿瘤药提供思路和方法。     

动物离子通道毒素与药物开发

就离子通道和动物离子通道毒素的来源、种类、特性及其对新药开发的意义进行了综述。各种来源的动物毒素通常分子量较小,富含二硫键,是直接作用于分子靶标（如离子通道、受体及酶）的小分子蛋白质。很多动物毒素对电压门控离子通道具有高度的专一性和有效性,具有独特、简洁的三维空间结构。其对新药的发现、设计以及寻找潜在的治疗靶标具有重要的指导意义。     

生态生物化学(七):动物毒素及其防御作用

自然界栖息繁殖着种类繁多的动物。在自然选择和生存竞争中,动物发展了各种不同的手段,如咬斗、跑离、钻埋和飞走等来对付侵害者,使自身种群生存下来。在许多动物中,化学防御也有相当重要的作用。动物毒素(ani-     

基于核酸适配体的DNA纳米结构在肿瘤研究中的应用进展

DNA纳米结构具有强大的分子载带量、良好的稳定性、可编辑性和生物相容性等特点,是纳米材料领域的研究热点.核酸适配体是一段短的寡核苷酸序列(RNA或ssDNA),能够折叠成特定的三维结构与靶标高特异性、高亲和力的结合.将核酸适配体的分子识别特性和DNA纳米结构相结合,可将靶向识别、生物成像及药物递送等特点集于一体,在生命...     

SARS冠状病毒的Spike蛋白以及病毒的细胞侵入机制

严重急性呼吸系统综合征（SARS）是由SARS冠状病毒（SARS—CoV）引起的一种新型人类疾病,具有高致病性、高传染性、高死亡率的特点。Spike蛋白是冠状捅毒膜表面的糖蛋白突出,构成病毒的包膜子粒,在病毒与其受体结合、通过膜融合进入宿主细胞以及诱导机体产生中和性抗体的过程中发挥着重要的作用：目前利用Spike蛋白开发出的一些防治SARS的药物和疫苗在动物和体外实验中有良好的抗病毒作用。本文阐述了SARS—CoV Spike蛋白的结构与功能,为抗SARS药物及疫苗的研发提供一定的理论基础.     

骨质疏松症的药物治疗研究进展

骨质疏松症是一种全身性的骨代谢疾病,其主要特征是骨量减少、骨质微观结构退化,可导致各种脆性骨折,具有高发病率、高致 残率和高死亡率的特点,已日渐成为全球性公共健康问题。近年来,科研人员积极研究安全有效的抗骨质疏松的治疗新方法。对骨质疏松 症的药物治疗研究进展进行综述,为临床医务工作人员用药及相关药物研发提供参考。     

生物转化对天然药物进行结构修饰的研究进展

利用生物转化对天然药物进行结构修饰,是筛选活性化合物的有效途径之一。本文根据生物体系中酶的多样性和特异性以及生物转化具有副产物少、选择性和专一性强等特点,系统性的综述了近几年来在天然药物资源开发利用研究中生物转化进行结构修饰的常见反应类型:羟基化、糖基化、水解和环氧化反应等,并简述了生物转化法在开发具有活性的新药物和改变天然药物活性如改变细胞毒性、增强抗耐药性、减小毒副作用或提高生物利用率等方面的实际应用。     

抗凋亡蛋白Mcl-1及其抑制剂的研究进展

骨髓细胞白血病蛋白Mcl-1是Bcl-2家族蛋白中重要的抗凋亡蛋白成员,其在多种恶性肿瘤(急性细胞性白血病、多发性骨髓瘤等)中都具有高表达的特点,导致肿瘤细胞对传统化疗药物及Bcl-2抑制剂产生耐药性。Mcl-1作为抗肿瘤药物研发的重要靶点正日益受到相关研究人员的关注,其中Mcl-1新型抑制剂以及联合抑制剂的研究取得了较大进展。本文将对Mcl-1蛋白结构和功能以及相关抑制剂的研究做更深入的分析和总结。     

Natural toxins and their therapeutic potential

Plants have been extensively investigated for exploring their therapeutic potentials, but there are comparatively scanty reports on drugs derived from animal kingdom, except for hormones. During last decade, the toxins that are used for defense by the animals, have been isolated and found useful tools for physiological and pharmacological studies, besides giving valuable leads to drug development. Toxins with interesting results have been isolated from the venoms of snakes, scorpions, spiders, snails, lizards, frogs and fish. The present review describe about some toxins as drugs and their biological activities. Some fungal, bacterial and marine toxins have also been covered in this article.     

当前我国畜牧业抗菌药应用与耐药性应对趋势

抗菌药在现代农业和医学中发挥了举足轻重的作用,然而,随着民众对食品安全和生态环保意识的逐渐增强,抗菌药物的使用愈发受关注。如何科学合理使用抗菌药,确保动物安全健康,防止药物残留超标,进而实现畜牧业绿色发展是当前研究的重要课题。本文结合当前畜牧业抗菌药使用现状,从四个方面分析了滥用抗菌药的危害,并归纳总结了耐药机制研究进展,最后提出抗菌药替代策略,旨在为畜牧业抗菌药安全使用和抗菌药替代技术研发提供参考。     

The decline of antibiotic era--new approaches for antibacterial drug discovery

Infectious diseases still remain the main cause of human premature deaths; especially in developing countries. The emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria resistant to many antibiotics (multidrug-resistant strains) have created the need for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Only two new classes of antibiotics of novel mechanisms of action (linezolid and daptomycin) have been introduced into the market during the last three decades. The recent progress in molecular biology and bacterial genome analysis has had an enormous impact on antibacterial drug research. This review presents new achievements in searching a new bacterial essential genes, a potential targets for antibacterial drugs. Application of metagenomics strategy is also shown. Some recent technologies aimed at development of anti-pathogenic drugs such as inhibitors of quorum sensing process or histidine kinases are also discussed. Extensive research efforts have provided many details concerning structure of bacterial proteins playing an important role in pathogenesis such as adherence proteins or toxins, what allowed searching for antitoxin drugs or drugs interfering with bacterial adhesion. As an example, the review focuses on anthrax therapies under development. Additionally, the article presents the progress in phage therapy; using bacteriophages or their products such as lysins in antibacterial therapy.     

Animal experimentation: a rational approach towards drug development

Man's observation of animals as objects of study undoubtedly began in prehistoric times. The first recorded attempt involving the use of live animals for research was by Ersistratis in Alexandria in 300 B.C. Animal investigation has clearly made possible the enormous advances in drug development in this century. A cursory review of any modern text book of pharmacology or medicine will attest the many drugs currently available to benefit mankind in the struggle to eradicate and control diseases. The main purpose of this article is to describe some of the experimental work on animals which contributed to the discovery and development of drugs benefiting human beings and other animal species. Since animal experimentation has occupied a focal position in all the research leading to useful drugs, one will appreciate that it will be necessary to limit the discussion to certain aspects of this broad and interesting topic. With this in mind, an attempt is made to relate briefly the nature of animal investigations which were instrumental in the development of major classes of drugs. Some attention has also been focused on legislation's on animal experimentation of some developed countries with emphasis on India and to views on animal experimentation. We hope this article will stimulate the minds of the scientists for a rational debate on the future of animal experimentation.     

Rho GTPase-activating bacterial toxins: from bacterial virulence regulation to eukaryotic cell biology

Studies on the interactions of bacterial pathogens with their host have provided an invaluable source of information on the major functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell biology. In addition, this expanding field of research, known as cellular microbiology, has revealed fascinating examples of trans-kingdom functional interplay. Bacterial factors actually exploit eukaryotic cell machineries using refined molecular strategies to promote invasion and proliferation within their host. Here, we review a family of bacterial toxins that modulate their activity in eukaryotic cells by activating Rho GTPases and exploiting the ubiquitin/proteasome machineries. This family, found in human and animal pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, encompasses the cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) from Escherichia coli and Yersinia species as well as dermonecrotic toxins from Bordetella species. We survey the genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology of these bacterial factors from the standpoint of the CNF1 toxin, the paradigm of Rho GTPase-activating toxins produced by urinary tract infections causing pathogenic Escherichia coli. Because it reveals important connections between bacterial invasion and the host inflammatory response, the mode of action of CNF1 and its related Rho GTPase-targetting toxins addresses major issues of basic and medical research and constitutes a privileged experimental model for host-pathogen interaction.     

RNA药物的发展及其在水产上的应用

基于RNA的RNA干扰和基因组编辑技术被应用于许多领域.由于其作用的特异性,使RNA成为靶点药物的候选分子.基于RNA的疾病治疗药物的研发近年来有了迅速的发展.随着养殖业的发展,病害引起的损失日益严重.运用小分子RNA药物有效保护水产动物抵抗病毒、寄生虫等的危害的研究也取得了一些成果.综述了RNA干扰和CRISPR的作...     

人胚胎干细胞优化培养的进展

人胚胎干细胞(humanembryonicstemcell,hEScell)是来源于着床前人囊胚内细胞团(innercellmass,ICM)的、具有自我更新能力和分化全能性的细胞。由于hES细胞能在一定条件下分化成三个胚层来源的各种细胞,所以它具有重要的基础研究价值和巨大的临床应用前景,可应用于人早期胚胎发育过程的研究、药物毒物筛选、细胞移植治疗、基因治疗等领域。目前,世界上已经建立了多株hES细胞系,最早建立的hES细胞系是生长在小鼠胚胎成纤维(mouseembryonicfibroblast,MEF)细胞上的,培养体系中含血清等动物源性成分,这些成分可能引起动物源性病原体或支原体的污染,从而限制了hES细胞的临床应用。近年来,科学家们在优化hES细胞的体外培养体系方面做出了很大的努力并取得了长足进展,已经开始采用无血清、无饲养层细胞、无外源性蛋白、成分明确的培养体系进行hES细胞建系及培养,从而在一定程度上解决了上述问题。本文主要从饲养层细胞、无饲养层培养体系、培养基质、细胞因子等方面综述了hES细胞建系和维持其未分化状态的优化培养所取得的最新进展和存在的问题。     

Microbial toxins and the glycosylation of rho family GTPases

Large clostridial cytotoxins act on cells by glycosylating low molecular mass GTPases using nucleotide-sugars as the sugar donor. These toxins are important virulence factors in human and animal diseases, but are also valuable cell biology tools. Recent findings shed some light on their mode of action and provide new insights into the structure/activity relationship of these bacterial toxins.     

Detoxifying effect of antibiotics and their effectiveness in experimental plague at the stage of explicit intoxication]

The effect of antibiotics such as amikacin, rifampicin, doxycycline, polymyxin B and cefotaxime on the toxins of the plague microbe (lipopolysaccharide + fraction II according to Beiker) was studied in vitro and in vivo. The study on the antibiotic neutralization of plague toxins revealed that only polymyxin had toxin neutralizing capacity which depended on the dose. Investigation of the polymyxin effect at various stages of plague infection showed that when polymyxin in a dose of 1250 units and a mixture of plague toxins in lethal doses were administered simultaneously to albino mice, the positive effect amounted to 100 per cent. When the antibiotic was administered 30 or 60 minutes later, the antibiotic efficacy proved to be lower by 90 or 76.6 per cent, respectively. The intoxication in later periods (in 90-120 minutes) resulted in a decrease in animal survival up to 40-15 per cent. It was demonstrated on the model of the plague infection in albino mice that the use of amikacin, cefotaxime, rifampicin or doxycycline during polymyxin therapy at the stage of marked generalization of the infection provided a significant increase in the animal survival (60 to 80 per cent) as compared to that after the use of the same drugs alone (0 to 20 per cent).