上皮–间质转化在肿瘤侵袭、转移及化疗耐药中的研究进展

肿瘤细胞转移是造成癌症患者死亡的主要原因,上皮–间质转化(epithelialmesenchymal transition,EMT)使肿瘤细胞由上皮细胞转化为间质细胞,维持上皮细胞黏附的E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)表达下调,破坏细胞间连接、获得侵袭与转移的能力,此过程受多种生长因子的调节。最新研究发现,肿瘤细胞发生EMT使其获得抗凋亡与耐受化疗药物的能力。该文旨在概述EMT在肿瘤转移与耐药性中的作用。     

上皮间充质转化促进肿瘤细胞干性获得的研究进展

上皮间充质转化是上皮细胞丢失细胞极性和细胞黏附,而获得间充质细胞迁移和侵袭特性的生物学过程.肿瘤干细胞是存在于肿瘤中具有自我更新和异质性分化能力的一小群细胞,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起重要的作用.上皮间充质转化(EMT)与肿瘤的转移密切相关,而近几年的研究表明,EMT也可以促进肿瘤细胞获得干细胞的特性,因此使肿瘤治疗更困难,本文对EMT促肿瘤干细胞形成机制及其对临床治疗意义的研究进展作一综述.     

白藜芦醇抑制上皮肿瘤细胞侵袭和迁移的机制

白藜芦醇是一种多酚类的植物抗毒素,具有多种生物学活性,其中,抗肿瘤作用受到人们越来越多的关注。大量实验表明,白藜芦醇具有靶向抑制癌细胞侵袭和迁移的能力。EMT过程使上皮细胞获得间充质表型,从而促进癌细胞的侵袭和迁移。Micro RNAs可靶向EMT的转录因子以及上皮和间充质标志物来调节EMT过程。MMP-2和MMP-9是细胞外基质的两个重要成分,均参与肿瘤细胞的转移。白藜芦醇通过影响EMT过程、调控micro RNAs家族的表达以及抑制MMPs的蛋白表达和酶活性来影响上皮肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移。现对白藜芦醇抑制上皮肿瘤细胞侵袭、迁移的机制进行综述。     

上皮间质转化在肿瘤侵袭转移中的研究进展

上皮-间质转化（epithelial-mesenchymal transitions,EMT）是上皮细胞向间质细胞转化的现象,不仅参与胚胎发育和正常生理,还参与许多病理过程。同样EMT也参与肿瘤的发生与发展,尤其在促进肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥着重要作用。研究表明,肿瘤细胞借助EMT方式增强肿瘤细胞迁移和运动能力,促进肿瘤的侵袭与转移。在肿瘤侵袭转移历程中,关于EMT发生的分子调控机制研究已取得了良好的进展,但其详细机制仍然不是十分清楚。本文主要介绍生长因子、转录因子、miRNAs、甲基化及其他调控因子在肿瘤EMT中的调控功能,进一步综述EMT在肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用。     

长链非编码RNA在调控EMT及肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用

上皮–间充质转化(EMT)是指在某些因素的作用下,上皮细胞失去极性,细胞紧密连接性丧失,转变成具有迁移能力的间充质细胞的生物学过程。EMT在肿瘤的侵袭转移过程中发挥着重要的作用。长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)在许多癌症中异常表达,在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥了重要的作用, lncRNA亦参与肿瘤侵袭转移,近年来越来越多的研究发现, lncRNA参与调控EMT进程,进而影响肿瘤的侵袭转移,逐渐成为临床肿瘤诊断及治疗的潜在靶点。该文将对lncRNA在调控EMT及肿瘤侵袭转移中的作用机制及相关临床治疗研究进行综述。     

上皮间质转化和细胞衰老在肿瘤发生中的共同调节分子

上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)和细胞衰老是与肿瘤发生密切相关的两个重要事件。在肿瘤发展过程中,上皮间质转化是促进迁移和侵袭的重要机制。细胞衰老作为一个重要的细胞自主的肿瘤预防机制,可以抑制细胞转化和肿瘤发生。虽然EMT和细胞衰老发生在肿瘤发展过程中的不同时间段,但众多研究发现,多种介导EMT发生的关键信号通路和转录因子能调节细胞衰老过程;同时,参与细胞衰老的经典信号通路也影响着EMT进程。就联系这两种细胞生物学事件的调控因素作一综述。     

YAP参与调控细胞上皮-间充质转化的研究进展

上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是上皮来源细胞在各种理化因素作用下经历表型转化获得间充质样细胞表型的过程.研究表明,有多种信号分子参与EMT的发生,并在胚胎发育、器官损伤修复和肿瘤的发生发展过程中起着关键作用.Yes相关蛋白(yes-associated protein,YAP)作为Hippo信号通路的下游效应分子,被广泛报道参与EMT的进程,调控多种基因的表达,起到调节细胞增殖、凋亡、器官发育和修复等作用.最新研究表明,YAP活性的变化直接介导肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭等能力的变化,而这些变化都伴随着EMT的发生.因此,YAP蛋白跟EMT的发生密切相关.本文就近年来关于YAP调控组织发育、器官纤维化及在肿瘤发生发展中的作用,以及相关分子机制的研究进行综述,并将阐明其与EMT之间的相互关系,以期为EMT的研究提供新的视角,进而为相关疾病的治疗提供新的分子靶点和诊断治疗策略.     

沉默FOXQ1可逆转SW480细胞的上皮-间质转化

FOXQ1是FOX家族的的重要成员之一,其参与了多种人类肿瘤的上皮间质转化(epithelial- mesenchymal transition,EMT).本研究设计合成了FOXQ1基因的shRNA（short hairpin RNA）,用此转染SW480细胞,通过显微镜观察细胞形态,Transwell小室、细胞黏附试验检测转移能力及黏附能力,以探索FOXQ1与结直肠癌细胞EMT的关系.结果显示,沉默FOXQ1后,SW480细胞顶底极性及细胞间紧密连接增加,侵袭、迁移的细胞数目减少,同种黏附能力增加,异种黏附能力降低.进一步的机制研究表明,沉默FOXQ1基因可以导致SW480细胞的上皮标志因子E-cadherin表达显著增高,而间质细胞标志因子N-cadherin、Vimentin及MMP2表达均降低.以上结果表明,沉默FOXQ1基因可以逆转SW480细胞EMT,其机制可能与E-cadherin的上调和N cadherin、Vimentin、MMP2的下调有关,这为进一步研究FOXQ1在结直肠癌发生发展中的作用提供实验基础.     

EMT在癌症转移中的作用：内环境依赖的调控过程

上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)发生在胚胎发生和肿瘤进展过程中,是一个动态的、受到高度调控的过程。EMT和其反过程间质-上皮转化(mesenchymal-epithelial transition,MET)不仅参与了机体的正常发育过程,在肿瘤的侵袭和转移等方面也起着重要的作用。越来越多的证据表明,在不同的肿瘤类型或同一肿瘤的不同发展阶段中,EMT发生的驱动因素不同,导致它在肿瘤转移中的作用也不尽相同,即呈现出内环境依赖特性。另外,部分EMT是EMT在肿瘤中的一种常见的表现形式,可以赋予细胞更高的可塑性,从而获得更强的侵袭能力。本综述将总结EMT在肿瘤细胞中的生物学特性以及多层级的调节机制,对不同的癌症内环境条件下,EMT与癌症转移的关系以及EMT作为潜在治疗靶点的临床意义进行探讨。     

上皮间质转化介导肿瘤转移的分子机制

上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)是上皮细胞上皮样特征减少并获得间充质细胞特性的生理过程。EMT是肿瘤细胞侵袭转移所必要的初始步骤, EMT过程中上皮细胞失去细胞极性和细胞黏附能力,并获得迁移和侵袭性。在EMT过程中,肿瘤细胞频繁出现E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)功能的丧失, N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)及基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs)表达水平的上调,β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)从细胞膜到细胞核的重新定位。EMT相关转录因子Twist、Snail及Zeb家族的异常高表达均经促进EMT而介导肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移。     

上皮间质转化与干细胞自我更新和分化

上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是指上皮细胞失去连接和极性转变为间质细胞的过程,这一现象普遍存在于胚胎发育、创伤愈合、器官纤维化以及肿瘤转移.在胚胎早期发育和晚期发育过程,例如着床、原肠运动、心血管发育等事件中有EMT和间质上皮转化(mesenchymal-ep...     

EphA2、E-钙黏素在肿瘤中的研究

Eph受体激酶是受体酪氨酸激酶(RTKs)家族中最大的一个亚族.EphA2是Eph受体中的一员,可以调节细胞生长、迁移和血管生成.EphA2受体广泛过表达于上皮来源的肿瘤细胞,导致正常细胞恶性转化,增强肿瘤细胞的侵袭性、浸润性和转移性.E-cadherin是一种常见的上皮黏附分子,可以介导细胞之间的黏附,细胞向正常及肿瘤组织的移动并定位,同时可以影响其它蛋白的定位和转化,进一步促进肿瘤的恶型性.研究证明:许多上皮性肿瘤中,包括食管癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌等都发现EphA2和E-cadherin均有异常表达,且与肿瘤的恶性程度和疾病的预后有密切的关系.本文从EphA2、E-cadherin的结构、功能、相互关系以及在肿瘤中的研究加以综述.     

Connective tissue growth factor is a positive regulator of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and promotes the adhesion with gastric cancer cells in human peritoneal mesothelial cells

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is involved in human cancer development and progression. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in many biological processes. In this study, we wished to investigate the role of CTGF in EMT of peritoneal mesothelial cells and the effects of CTGF on adhesion of gastric cancer cells to mesothelial cells. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were cultured with TGF-β₁ or various concentrations of CTGF for different time. The EMT process was monitored by morphology. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of vimentin, α-SMA , E-cadherin and β-catenin. RNA interference was used to achieve selective and specific knockdown of CTGF. We demonstrated that CTGF induced EMT of mesothelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. HPMCs were exposed to TGF-β₁ also underwent EMT which was associated with the induction of CTGF expression. Transfection with CTGF siRNA was able to reverse the EMT partially after treatment of TGF-β₁. Moreover, the induced EMT of HPMCs was associated with an increased adhesion of gastric cancer cells to mesothelial cells. These findings suggest that CTGF is not only an important mediator but a potent activator of EMT in peritoneal mesothelial cells, which in turn promotes gastric cancer cell adhesion to peritoneum.     

E-cadherin's dark side: Possible role in tumor progression

In the context of cancer, E-cadherin has traditionally been categorized as a tumor suppressor, given its essential role in the formation of proper intercellular junctions, and its downregulation in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial tumor progression. Germline or somatic mutations in the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) or downregulation by epigenetic mechanisms have been described in a small subset of epithelial cancers. However, recent evidence also points toward a promoting role of E-cadherin in several aspects of tumor progression. This includes preserved (or increased) E-cadherin expression in microemboli of inflammatory breast carcinoma, a possible "mesenchymal to epithelial transition" (MET) in ovarian carcinoma, collective cell invasion in some epithelial cancers, a recent association of E-cadherin expression with a more aggressive brain tumor subset, as well as the intriguing possibility of E-cadherin involvement in specific signaling networks in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus. In this review we address a lesser-known, positive role for E-cadherin in cancer.     

Formation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion activates AKT and mitogen activated protein kinase via phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and ligand-independent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor in ovarian cancer cells

E-cadherin is a well characterized adhesion molecule that plays a major role in epithelial cell adhesion. Based on findings that expression of E-cadherin is frequently lost in human epithelial cancers, it has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in carcinogenesis of most human epithelial cancers. However, in ovarian cancer development, our data from the current study showed that E-cadherin expression is uniquely elevated in 86.5% of benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian carcinomas irrespective of the degree of differentiation, whereas normal ovarian samples do not express E-cadherin. Thus, we hypothesize that E-cadherin may play a distinct role in the development of ovarian epithelial cancers. Using an E-cadherin-expressing ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3, we have demonstrated for the first time that the establishment of E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesions leads to the activation of Akt and MAPK. Akt activation is mediated through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and both Akt and MAPK activation are mediated by an E-cadherin adhesion-induced ligand-independent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. We have also demonstrated that suppression of E-cadherin function leads to retarded cell proliferation and reduced viability. We therefore suggest that the concurrent formation of E-cadherin adhesion and activation of downstream proliferation signals may enhance the proliferation and survival of ovarian cancer cells. Our data partly explain why E-cadherin is always expressed during ovarian tumor development and progression.     

N-Cadherin Promotes Adhesion Between Invasive Breast Cancer Cells and the Stroma

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules (cadherins) are involved in maintaining the epithelial structure of a number of tissues including the mammary gland. In breast and other tumor types, loss of E-cadherin expression has been seen in high grade tumors and correlates with increased invasiveness. Here we show high levels of expression of N-cadherin in the most invasive breast cancer cell lines which was inversely correlated with their expression of E-cadherin. A stromal cell line also expressed N-cadherin in accordance with its fibroblastic morphology. N-cadherin localized to areas of cell-cell contact in all cells that expressed it. Calcium-dependent intercellular adhesion of N-cadherin-expressing breast cancer and stromal cells was specifically inhibited by an anti N-cadherin monoclonal antibody. In addition, N-cadherin promoted the interaction of invasive breast cancer cells with mammary stromal cells: in contrast, E-cadherin expressing cell lines did not co-aggregate with stromal cells. The combined results suggest a functional role for N-cadherin in cohesion of breast tumor cells which, in addition promotes their interaction with the surrounding stromal cells, thereby facilitating invasion and metastasis.