果蝇在肿瘤学研究中的优势及应用前景

果蝇作为研究人类疾病的模式生物, 与哺乳动物不仅在基本的生物学、生理学和神经系统机能等方面比较相似, 而且果蝇有其作为模式生物的独特优势。近年来的研究表明, 果蝇和人类在肿瘤发生信号通路等方面的保守性很高, 而且果蝇具有很强的遗传学可操作性, 是肿瘤学研究有效的模型之一, 可用于研究人类肿瘤发生、发展、转移等分子机制。文章综述了果蝇在肿瘤学研究中的优势、已建立的用于研究特定癌症的果蝇模型, 并对其在未来肿瘤学的研究方向进行展望, 以期为国内肿瘤学研究和抗肿瘤药物的研发提供参考。     

激光捕获显微切割技术在肿瘤研究中的进展

激光捕获显微切割技术(LCM,Laser Capture Microdissection)是目前最先进的组织纯化技术,LCM结合各种基于细胞、DNA、RNA、及蛋白质的分子生物学技术成功运用于肿瘤学研究的各个方面,通过对切割后细胞的基因组,转录组,蛋白组等分析研究后得到了大量有用的结论.本文就其在肿瘤学研究中的应用进行综述.     

Ⅰ型干扰素免疫应答作用机制研究进展

I型干扰素(IFN-Ⅰ)是机体固有免疫应答的一类重要的细胞因子,具有广谱的抗病毒及抗肿瘤等作用。近年来IFN-Ⅰ成为病毒学、疫苗学及肿瘤学等研究的热点,对干扰素诱导基因(ISGs)的功能研究进一步揭示了其抗病毒以及抗肿瘤的作用机制。麻疹病毒、流感病毒和肠道病毒71型等病毒均可通过与IFN-Ⅰ或其上、下游调节因子结合阻断IFN-Ⅰ信号通路,从而逃逸IFN-Ⅰ的抗病毒作用,这对病毒性疾病的防治是新的挑战。近期研究发现IFN-Ⅰ是疫苗诱导抗体产生的必要信号,同时参与调节T、B细胞的活化过程,在免疫应答过程中发挥关键作用。对IFN-Ⅰ免疫应答作用机制研究进行了综述。     

序贯免疫策略用于结核疫苗研究的进展

序贯免疫策略目前是结核疫苗研究领域的又一新趋势,拓展了结核疫苗研究的思路和方法。序贯免疫策略的疫苗形式称为初免-加强疫苗,其用于预防结核病前景广阔。本文就近年来序贯免疫策略在结核疫苗研究中的组合方式及其优势等方面进行综述。     

脓毒性休克治疗新进展

本文回顾了脓毒性休克的治疗三大关键因素：早发现并诊断、早使用抗生素和早期液体复苏,并就抑制炎症因子的释放、抗生素的使用、液体复苏、免疫调理、中医药参与、实施代谢复苏疗法和器官功能的支持治疗等方面进行了系统综述,提出了包括超声在内的组合优化评估和治疗策略仍是目前最为有效,也是明显降低病死率的治疗方式,从而提高救治效果。     

卡介苗对癌症和白血病的应用(续一)

<正> 三、免疫系统在肿瘤学 上的作用现状 免疫系统在癌症和白血病上的作用现状已在近来(1972～76)的七个肿瘤学会议上作了综述,作者出席: Temesse,Gatlinburg,癌症病因免疫学会,1972年5月8～11日;纽约,癌症化疗国家会议,1972年6月1-3日;巴黎,癌症周会,1972年,6月19～23日;Maryland,Bethesda,癌症疗法中BCG的应用,1972年,10月5-7日;澳大利亚,Sahbung,细胞学和癌症予防欧洲联席会,1973、7月20-23日;巴黎,癌症周会,1975年6月19～23日和加拿大,蒙特利尔,癌症免疫疗法中BCG现状,1976年4月22-23日。会上都强调治疗癌症和白血病中免疫系统的成功作用和对肿瘤予防的作用。     

激光技术在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

本文就激光治疗肿瘤的三种途径：激光外科疗法,光动力疗法和低能激光照射抗肿瘤免疫抑制效应作了简要的综述。     

肿瘤基因治疗的研究进展

肿瘤是严重影响人类身体健康的重大疾病之一,肿瘤的发生发展是一个复杂的涉及到众多基因的过程,肿瘤的基因治疗也已经成为肿瘤治疗的研究热点之一。目前,肿瘤基因治疗的策略主要包括以下几个方面:基因沉默治疗、抑癌基因治疗、免疫基因治疗、自杀基因疗法、抑制肿瘤血管生成基因治疗、肿瘤多药耐药基因治疗、抗端粒酶疗法和多基因联合疗法等。我们简要地对上述策略及相关研究进展进行综述。     

肿瘤表观基因组学、生物芯片和生物信息学

肿瘤的分子生物学研究一直是生命科学和医学研究的热点,随着科学技术的发展,高通量的分析方法在分子生物学研究中的广泛应用,使其成为肿瘤研究的一种高效手段,同时表观基因组学和生物信息学也促进了肿瘤学的发展,本文就表观基因组学、生物芯片和生物信息学方法在肿瘤研究中的应用进行综述,并对未来的发展和展望进行了讨论。     

噬菌体抗体库技术的应用现状

噬菌体抗体库是抗体组合文库技术和噬菌体表面展示技术相结合形成的一项新技术,近年来已经逐渐成为基因工程抗体研究的关键技术,被广泛应用于生命科学的许多方面,本文着重对该在医学微生物学,自身免疫性疾病,肿瘤研究以及疾病诊治等方面的应用情况进行综述,同时也对其应用前景进行预测。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.