肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化的研究进展

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞是肿瘤组织局部浸润的巨噬细胞,在肿瘤组织微环境中,这些巨噬细胞发生M2型极化,从而发挥免疫抑制效应,促进肿瘤增殖。而M2型极化的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞也能够被再次诱导逆向极化形成具有抗肿瘤效应的M1型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞,激发机体产生特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答。促进肿瘤相关巨噬细胞M1型极化由此成为当前抗肿瘤免疫防治研究的热点。将对有关肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化的新进展进行综述,为抗肿瘤免疫研究提供新的思路。     

MiRNA与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞CSCD

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)是由血液循环中的单核细胞募集进入肿瘤微环境后分化而成的巨噬细胞,它与肿瘤的形成、发展、侵袭和转移密切相关。miRNA是一种内源性非编码小分子RNA,参与多种肿瘤的发生、发展进程。研究表明,特定miRNA在控制TAM的极化方向和功能表型中发挥重要作用,有可能成为抗肿瘤靶向治疗的潜在分子靶点。本文综述了本领域的研究新进展。     

EZH2作为抗肿瘤免疫治疗靶点研究进展

多梳蛋白复合体(PcG)的核心亚基zeste基因增强子同源物2(Enhancer of zeste homolog2,EZH2)是一种组蛋白甲基转移酶,参与维持细胞密度、干细胞多能性、细胞周期调节等重要的生理作用。研究发现,EZH2在多种肿瘤组织中高表达,是促进肿瘤发生和发展的致癌因子。由于EZH2在正常组织中低表达或者不表达,使其新近被鉴定为一种肿瘤相关抗原。已经在EZH2蛋白分子中鉴定出多条特异性抗原肽,这些抗原肽能激发机体免疫细胞对EZH2表达异常增高肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。上述研究提示,EZH2可能是一种新的抗肿瘤治疗分子靶点,并在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。就该领域的最新研究进展作一简要综述。     

巨噬细胞游走抑制因子在肿瘤中的作用研究进展

巨噬细胞游走抑制因子是一种具有多种生物学效应的糖蛋白,可以调节不同的下游信号如ERK/AKT、NF-κB等通路参与肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、转移、血管形成和自噬等生物学过程。临床相关研究表明巨噬细胞游走抑制因子与肿瘤发生发展关系密切,且在乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、甲状腺癌、结肠癌等多种肿瘤中高表达,因此以巨噬细胞游走抑制因子为靶点的相关肿瘤治疗逐渐受到重视。有关巨噬细胞游走抑制因子拓扑异构酶活性抑制剂及巨噬细胞游走抑制因子中和抗体在肿瘤治疗中的研究越来越多。本文对巨噬细胞游走抑制因子在肿瘤发生发展中的作用以及针对巨噬细胞游走抑制因子进行的肿瘤治疗研究作一综述。     

肿瘤干细胞与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的相互作用

肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)不仅促进了肿瘤的早期形成和远处转移,而且随着肿瘤的进展,其自身也不断地发生变化。作为TME的重要组成部分,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor associated macrophages,TAMs)可通过分泌多种细胞因子激活IL-6/STAT3、TGF-β、Wnt/β-catenin等信号通路促进肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)的存活、自我更新和化疗耐药等。同时,CSCs也可通过分泌多种细胞因子和趋化因子等募集巨噬细胞,并将其诱导为TAMs重塑CSCs特定的生态位,维持CSCs表型并促进肿瘤进展。TAMs与CSCs的相互作用在促进肿瘤生长、转移及化疗耐药等方面发挥了重要作用。本文对TME中CSCs与TAMs相互作用的研究进行综述,并总结了以CSCs与TAMs相互作用为靶点在新型癌症治疗以及增强化疗效果等方面的重要潜力。     

查尔酮类化合物抗肿瘤作用靶点的研究进展

查尔酮是一种天然化合物,为多种药用植物的有效成分,国内外已经陆续报道了其抗肿瘤活性。查尔酮类化合物抗肿瘤作用靶点较为广泛,但缺乏系统性的文献综述。因此,该文将针对查尔酮类化合物作为潜在的抗肿瘤药物靶向抑制IκB激酶、硫氧还蛋白还原酶、微管蛋白、血管表皮生长因子、p53通路来发挥抗肿瘤作用的研究进行综述,以期为肿瘤的治疗提供更多的理论参考。     

靶向肿瘤相关巨噬细胞免疫治疗的研究进展

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)存在于肿瘤微环境中,分为经典活化的M1型和交替活化的M2型。M1型巨噬细胞通过释放促炎细胞因子来抑制肿瘤的生长,而M2型巨噬细胞通过促进肿瘤的增殖、血管生成和转移来促进肿瘤的进展。由于巨噬细胞对肿瘤的影响具有双重性,TAMs一直是肿瘤研究的热点。本文就TAMs的异质性和可塑性、TAMs与其他免疫细胞之间的串扰和TAMs对肿瘤的作用等问题进行了综述,并对TAMs的多种靶向治疗策略进行了总结和讨论。这些治疗策略包含抑制TAMs的招募、消耗TAMs以及调控TAMs的极化等方法和手段。这些研究有助于深入理解TAMs与肿瘤相互作用的机理,并为肿瘤的联合治疗提供借鉴和参考。     

综述与专论：肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的线粒体调控

肿瘤免疫微环境是肿瘤发生发展的重要微生态,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞是肿瘤免疫微环境中最丰富的免疫细胞,具有高度可塑性和异质性。受各种环境因素的调控,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞可分化为肿瘤促进或肿瘤抑制的不同亚群。这些环境因素复杂多变,但最终都是通过影响细胞内部组分、结构和功能的时间以及空间异质性来调控肿瘤相关巨噬细胞。线粒体是重要的细胞器,负责能量产生、物质代谢,也是多种信号传导的中枢。越来越多的研究发现,线粒体可以通过形态改变、代谢重编程、中间代谢产物或线粒体遗传物质等多种机制调控细胞功能。本文综述了线粒体调控巨噬细胞极化、重塑肿瘤免疫微环境的机制,并针对巨噬细胞线粒体相关肿瘤免疫治疗的现状进行了讨论和展望。     

肿瘤免疫治疗新兴靶点

近年来,肿瘤免疫治疗领域发展迅速,围绕肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制、表观遗传修饰和能量代谢等多种机制涌现出诸多新靶点.这些新兴靶点为药物临床前研究及临床应用提供了更多参考,有望改善现有肿瘤免疫疗法的不足,具有潜在的应用前景及临床价值.该文对当前肿瘤免疫新兴靶点的特性及其药物开发情况进行综述.     

Autophagy-mediated regulation of macrophages and its applications for cancer

Autophagy is a highly conserved homeostatic pathway that plays an important role in tumor development and progression by acting on cancer cells in a cell-autonomous mechanism. However, the solid tumor is not an island, but rather an ensemble performance that includes nonmalignant stromal cells, such as macrophages. A growing body of evidence indicates that autophagy is a key component of the innate immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in the control of macrophage production at different stages (including hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, monocyte/macrophage migration, and monocyte differentiation into macrophages) and polarization and discuss how modulating autophagy in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may represent a promising strategy for limiting cancer growth and progression.     

Immunological Properties of TtT/M-87 Cell Line Established from Murine Pituitary Tumor-Associated Macrophages

TtT/M-87 cell is a macrophage cell line established from thyrotropic pituitary tumor tissues in mouse. In this paper, we report the immunological properties of M-87 cells as a model of tumor-associated macrophage. Contrasting with resident peritoneal macrophages, M-87 cells constitutively secreted small but significant amounts of TNF-α and IL-1α, which were detectable in both biological assays (cytotoxic activity for L929 and co-mitogenic activity for Con A-induced T cell proliferation, respectively) and ELISA, and produced larger amounts of these cytokines upon stimulation with LPS. They expressed MHC class II molecules on their cell surface without stimulation by IFN-γ. The accessory or antigen-presenting cell activity in antibody-producing response of spleen lymphocytes to sheep red blood cells was shown to be much higher in M-87 cells than normal peritoneal macrophages. In addition, when normal spleen lymphocytes were cultured with allogeneic tumor cells, such as EL-4 and S-180, in the presence of M-87 cells, lymphocytes reactive to stimulator cells were activated to manifest inhibitory effect on the tumor cell growth and also to manifest specific cytotoxic effect on the allogeneic tumor cells. These results show that M-87 cells derived from tumor-associated tissue are activated macrophages and that they are inhibitory to tumor cell growth and augmentative in the induction of T-cell-mediated immune responses.     

Periostin Limits Tumor Response to VEGFA Inhibition

1. Download high-res image (420KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

Role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system on macrophages in the tumor microenvironment

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment, and their different polarization states play multiple roles in tumors by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and so on, which are closely related to tumor development. In addition, the enrichment of TAMs is often associated with poor prognosis of tumors. Thus, targeting TAMs is a potential tumor treatment strategy, in which therapeutic approaches such as reducing TAMs numbers, remodeling TAMs phenotypes, and altering their functions are being extensively investigated. Meanwhile, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), an important mechanism of protein hydrolysis in eukaryotic cells, participates in cellular processes by regulating the activity and stability of key proteins. Interestingly, UPS plays a dual role in the process of tumor development, and its role in TAMs deserve to be investigated in depth. This review builds on this foundation to further explore the multiple roles of UPS on TAMs and identifies a promising approach to treat tumors by targeting TAMs with UPS.