铜陵铜尾矿植被重建的调查研究

这次调查旨在研究铜尾矿堆置地理化性质与植被重建的关系,为铜矿的治理提供理论依据。     

自然演替过程中铜尾矿土壤酶活性的变化

铜陵矿区堆放了大量不同时期的铜尾矿,形成大量铜尾矿废弃地,其中的大部分铜尾矿废弃地处于自然生态恢复状态。并形成典型的原生演替系列。为探讨废弃地自然生态恢复中不同演替阶段植物群落变化与土壤酶活性变化的关系,对铜陵3处不同时期弃置的尾矿废弃地进行了调查。随着自然生态系统演替的进行,尾矿中土壤酶活性逐步提高,维管植物群落下尾矿中土壤酶活性〉隐花植物结皮下尾矿中土壤酶活性〉裸地处土壤酶活性;位于植物群落下的尾矿废弃地中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性从表层至下层逐渐降低。不同植物群落对尾矿中土壤酶活性影响有很大差异,位于木贼群落下的尾矿中几种土壤酶的活性高于位于白茅群落和中华结缕草群落下的尾矿中酶的活性。相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与有机质、总N表现出显著的正相关。     

铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物多样性特征

土壤动物的恢复、群落演替及其多样性对于铜尾矿废弃地的生态重建具有重要意义.为了解铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物群落多样性特征,在铜陵市铜尾矿区设置4个样地23采样点,共捕获土壤动物4622只个体,隶属5门10纲18目29类.结果表明,铜尾矿自然废弃地与其对照组土壤动物多样性差异明显,自然废弃地土壤动物丰富度指数d、大型土壤动物密度、中小型土壤动物密度、多样性指数H'和D·G指数均小于其对照组且存在显著差异.而复垦废弃地中小型土壤动物密度和D·G指数小于其对照组且存在显著差异,多样性指数H'大于其对照组且差异极显著,其他土壤动物群落指标与其对照组均无显著差异.相似系数q表明,外围林地间土壤动物群落相似性最大,其次是复垦废弃地与外围林地间,自然废弃地与其它3个样地间相似性最小.从垂直分层来看,复垦废弃地土壤动物表聚性强于自然废弃地,尾矿废弃地表聚性强于外围林地.灰色关联分析表明,铜尾矿区土壤理化性质与土壤动物群落结构指标关系密切,其中最重要的因素是土壤含水量和总钾含量,重金属全镉含量也不容忽视,植被因素和土壤全铜含量对土壤动物的影响相对较小.由此可见,土壤含水量、土壤基质的优劣、土壤有机质与营养元素的含量等因素限制了铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物的恢复与重建,而这些因素的改善主要归功于尾矿废弃地的土地复垦和作物种植.所以,尾矿废弃地的复垦与利用有利于土壤动物的恢复与重建.     

喀斯特高原峡谷石漠化治理过程中土壤理化性质的变化

采用时序研究法,对2006—2013年喀斯特高原峡谷石漠化治理过程中5种石漠化阶段的土壤理化性质进行动态监测,研究土壤理化性质的时空演变规律,为石漠化的进一步治理提供科学依据。结果表明:随着治理时间增加,土壤理化性质整体上得到改善,主要体现在土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、田间-毛管持水量、渗透速率、pH值、全K、速效K及全P含量增加;随着时间增加,土壤理化性质表现出前期(2006—2010年)平稳、波动甚至恶化,后期(2010—2013年)大幅改善的非线性变化特点,说明一方面土壤质量对植物群落结构优化和小气候改善的响应存在滞后效应,另一方面也受到2009—2010年西南大旱的影响;空间尺度上,无石漠化环境土壤理化性质表现最好,其余4种石漠化阶段之间的理化性质多年均值差异不明显,说明经过长期治理,不同石漠化阶段之间的土壤理化性质差异缩小,同时"空间指示时间"手段在此并不适用;潜在-轻度石漠化环境部分土壤理化指标表现不佳,应成为今后石漠化防治的工作重点。     

山地河流壶穴生态系统研究进展

壶穴是河流生态系统中的特殊生境之一,具有结构简单、边界明确、食物链简短、生境易控制等特点,常被作为生态学理论、进化理论和生物气候学等相关研究的模式系统.本文概述了山地河流壶穴的生境特点(水文、理化性质)、生物群落(生物多样性、环境因子)、食物链(竞争、捕食、寄生等)等,分析了壶穴生态系统与河流生态系统在水文特征、生物群落和食物链等方面的差异,指出了我国对壶穴的水文特征、理化性质、食物链以及环境因子对壶穴内生物多样性和功能群影响的研究尚存在不足或空白,最后提出了壶穴生态系统未来研究的方向和建议.     

铜尾矿复垦地土壤动物群落的恢复

土壤动物在退化生态系统的恢复与重建中发挥着重要作用.为了解铜尾矿复垦地区土壤动物群落特征的变化规律,采用样带法和陷阱法对安徽铜陵市林冲铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林灌地土壤动物群落进行调查.样带法共获得土壤动物3 154只,隶属5门10纲,共计27个类群,优势类群为线虫纲、弹尾目和蜱螨目,常见类群为猛水蚤目和鞘翅目幼虫;陷阱法共获得土壤动物2 160只,主要有弹尾目、膜翅目、双尾目、蜘蛛目、倍足纲和寡毛纲等12类群.自铜尾矿复垦地中心到外围林灌地,土壤动物密度和丰度呈递增趋势;与外围林灌地相比,铜尾矿复垦地土壤动物群落多样性DG指数较低而Shannon-Wiener指数较高;与外围林灌地距离越大,与外围林灌地群落相似性系数越小;表聚性越明显.地表土壤动物从外围林灌地迁入铜尾矿复垦地的多度和丰富度随间隔距离的增加而不断减少,随调查时间的延长而增加,随外围林灌类型的变化而变化.上述结果表明,铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林灌地土壤动物群落之间具有明显的时空差异性和渐变性,这为外围林灌地土壤动物迁入铜尾矿复垦地定居提供了证据.     

不同植物群丛下铜尾矿复垦地土壤线虫的分布特征

对铜陵市凤凰山铜尾矿复垦地禾本科(矛叶荩草AL、白茅IC)和豆科(野豌豆GS)等3类典型植物群丛及外围对照禾本科(毛马唐)植物群丛下的土壤线虫群落进行调查.共分离得到1277 条土壤线虫,隶属于51属,平均密度590条·100 g^-1干土.采用多样性指数和土壤食物网结构指数等分析铜尾矿复垦地土壤线虫群落的分布特征.结果表明： 铜尾矿复垦地3类植物群丛下土壤线虫群落的类群总数和Shannon〖KG-*4〗多样性指数明显小于毛马唐对照组.对比铜尾矿复垦地和邻近自然栖息地不同植物群丛下的土壤线虫群落生态指数,发现野豌豆群丛下土壤食物网结构较成熟,土壤有机质分解以细菌分解通道为主;生态系统较不稳定,低度干扰;表明该豆科植物群丛下的土壤食物网具有较大的发展潜力,从而提高铜尾矿复垦地的生态稳定性.白茅与矛叶荩草群丛下土壤食物网处于结构化状态,土壤有机质分解以真菌分解通道为主;生态系统较稳定,无干扰;表明禾本科植物群丛下的土壤食物网处于较低层次的发展状态.     

狮子山铜尾矿植物对铜的吸收及土壤特性的影响

我国铜矿储藏丰富,铜矿开采带来巨大经济利益的同时,也对生态环境造成极大的破坏,这种恶劣的环境严重阻碍了植物的定居,但是自然界物种繁多,总有一些植物能适应这种环境而生存下来。本文通过对狮子山优势植物吸收和积累铜的分析,发现这些植物均能富集较多的铜,在土壤铜含量很高的情况下,依然生长旺盛,没有出现受害症状,成为尾矿上的优势种,并形成了单优群落或多优小群落。这些植物的存在改变了土壤的理化特性,降低了土壤中的重金属的含量,提高了土壤的全N、全P、全K和有机质含量,一定程度上改善了土壤的不良环境,在尾矿的植被恢复和土壤修复中起着非常重要的作用。     

铜陵铜尾矿库植被状况分析

通过野外调查和实验分析 ,铜陵市几个铜尾矿场自然定居的高等植物共有 89种 ,隶属于 30个科 73个属 ,主要包括菊科、禾本科、豆科 ,但蕨类植物节节草在尾矿库中也占据了重要位置。尾矿库植物形成了一些相对稳定的单种斑块和小群落 ,这些小群落组成、结构简单 ,物种多样性水平偏低。狗牙根、白茅、三叶草、天蓝苜蓿、中华胡枝子、节节草等可在铜尾矿库上成功定居 ,并具有较大综合优势比 ,可作为良好的铜尾矿库治理的优先选用物种     

狮子山铜尾矿植物对铜的吸收及土壤特的影响

我国铜矿储藏丰富,铜矿开采带来巨大经济利益的同时,也对生态环境造成极大的破坏,这种恶劣的环境严重阻碍了植物的定居,但是自然界物种繁多,总有一些植物能适应这种环境而生存下来.本文通过对狮子山优势植物吸收和积累铜的分析,发现这些植物均能富集较多的铜,在土壤铜含量很高的情况下,依然生长旺盛,没有出现受害症状,成为尾矿上的优势种,并形成了单优群落或多优小群落.这些植物的存在改变了土壤的理化特性,降低了土壤中的重金属的含量,提高了土壤的全N、全P、全K和有机质含量,一定程度上改善了土壤的不良环境,在尾矿的植被恢复和土壤修复中起着非常重要的作用.     

模拟池塘微生态系统研究尾矿砂中重金属吸附及其生物有效性

利用模拟池塘微生态系统开展长期暴露毒性实验,研究了铜矿尾矿砂中重金属在各个环境介质中的迁移及其生物有效性,实验结果较好地反映尾矿库湿地系统中重金属的生物毒性作用与生物可利用性,结果表明的重金属浓度会刺激生物生长与繁殖,而过高的重金属浓度则对生物的生长繁殖具有明显的毒性作用。微生态系统各组份间的重金属含量与尾矿砂中重金属含量具有良好的相关性,生物体内重金属累积与底泥尾矿砂中重金属浓度,种类和生物类属有关,试验研究为矿山生态修复过程的湿地利用提供重要的科学依据。     

Remediation of Copper from Copper Mine Wastes and Contaminated Soils Using (S,S)-Ethylenediaminedisuccinic Acid and Acidophilic Bacteria

The biodegradable chelating agent (S,S)-Ehylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), autochthonous acidophilic bacteria, and a combination of the two means were investigated for the removal of pseudo-total and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-available content of Cu from surface layers of three soil categories in the Bor copper mining area. Their efficiencies were compared at mine overburden, flotation tailings, and agricultural land sites in order to determine the potential role of these approaches in the soil remediation process. The most effective removal of Cu was achieved on flotation tailings, where combined treatment showed significant reduction of pseudo-total and EDTA-available concentrations of Cu (40.5?±?27.3% and 99.6?±?0.2%, respectively). Acidophilic bacteria treatment showed high efficiency on flotation tailings, removing 94.1?±?1.2% of EDTA-available Cu. EDDS treatment showed discernible results in the removal of EDTA-available Cu from agricultural land soil (44.4?±?13.9%). In the case of overburden soil material, selected agents did not have statistically significant results in the removal of pseudo-total or EDTA-available fraction of Cu. Chosen remediation approaches showed diverse efficiency for soil categories on investigated sites. Combined approach showed synergistic results in the case of EDTA-available Cu removal from flotation tailings soils, suggesting that this combination deserves further attention as a potentially promising environmentally friendly remediation option.     

Isolation and Characterization of Pseudomonas stutzeri Capable of Reducing Fe(III) and Nitrate from Skarn-type Copper Mine Tailings

Nitrate and Fe(III) are two terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration by microorganisms growing in the anoxic soil or sediment environment. In the current paper a facultative anaerobic dissimilatory Fe(III)- and nitrate-reducing bacterium was isolated from the Linchong tailings, a skarn-type copper mine tailings, located in Anhui. Skarn often formed at the contact zone between intrusions of granitic magma bodies into contact with carbonate sedimentary rocks. This made the tailings possessed strong acid neutralizing capacity and pH of the pore water was 6.8–8.6. The isolate, which was designated strain CW (CCTCC AB 2013114), was a gram-negative rod bacterium and belonged to the gamma subgroup p of the proteobacteria, closely (99.0%) related to Pseudomonas stutzeri. In defined medium, strain CW was shown to grow anaerobically with the acetate using the ferric iron or nitrate as the electron acceptors. Results also showed that strain CW could not grow in the presence of ferrous iron and nitrite.     

Extremely High Phosphate Sorption Capacity in Cu-Pb-Zn Mine Tailings

Elevated inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations in pore water of amended tailings under direct revegetation may cause toxicity in some native woody species but not native forbs or herb species, all of which are key constituents in target native plant communities for phytostabilizing base metal mine tailings. As a result, Pi sorption capacity has been quantified by a conventional batch procedure in three types of base metal mine tailings sampled from two copper (Cu)-lead (Pb)-zinc (Zn) mines, as the basis for Pi-fertiliser addition. It was found that the Pi-sorption capacity in the tailings and local soil was extremely high, far higher than highly weathered agricultural soils in literature, but similar to those of volcanic ash soils. The Langmuir P-sorption maximum was up to 7.72, 4.12, 4.02 and 3.62 mg P g^-1 tailings, in the fresh tailings of mixed Cu-Pb-Zn streams (MIMTD7), the weathered tailings of mixed Cu-Pb-Zn streams (MIMTD5), EHM-TD (fresh Cu-stream, high magnetite content) and local soil (weathered shale and schist), respectively. Physicochemical factors highly correlated with the high Pi-sorption in the tailings were fine particle distribution, oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable Fe (Fe_O and Fe_d), oxalate-extractable Al and Mn, and the levels of soluble Cd and Zn, and total S and Fe. Large amounts of amorphous Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides may have been formed from the oxidation of pyritic materials and redox cycles of Fe-minerals (such as pyrite (FeS₂), ankerite (Ca(Fe Mg)(CO₃)₂ and siderite (FeCO₃), as indicated by the extractable Fe_O values. The likely formation of sparingly soluble Zn-phosphate in the Pb-Zn tailings containing high levels of Zn (from sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S, ZnS, (Zn,Cd)S)) may substantially lower soluble Zn levels in the tailings through high rates of Pi-fertiliser addition. As a result, the possibility of P-toxicity in native plant species caused by the addition of soluble phosphate fertilizers would be minimal.     

中小型土壤动物组成对复垦铜尾地土壤养分的影响

通过盆钵生物试验研究了中小型土壤动物不同类群的组成对复垦铜尾矿废弃地土壤养分的影响。整个培养试验根据需求对不同中小型土壤动物组合设置四个处理措施,每种措施分为有无凋落物两种水平,即:(1)无土壤动物(Re),无土壤动物+凋落物(Re+Li)(2)跳虫(Co),跳虫+凋落物(Co+Li)(3)跳虫+蜱螨类(Co+Ac),跳虫+蜱螨类+凋落物(Co+Ac+Li)(4)中小型土壤动物(剔除大型土壤动物Me),中小型土壤动物+凋落物(Me+Li)。另设一组对照(CK)处理,并于培养实验开始前完成测定,作为本底值。分析表明,土壤p H随着中小型土壤动物类群的增加而降低,最低值出现在Me和Me+Li处理,且二者之间无显著性差异;对照(CK)处理下的各养分含量均显著低于其他各处理,各处理中有机质、有效磷和水解性氮的含量的最大值均出现Me+Li处理,且与其他各处理呈极显著差异(P0.01);土壤全磷含量最大值出现在Re和Me+Li处理,最低值出现在Co+Li处理且之间呈显著差异(P0.05);土壤全氮含量最大值出现在Co+Ac和Me+Li处理,最低值出现在Co+Ac+Li处理且彼此间也呈显著差异(P0.05)。相关分析表明,有机质与有效磷以及全氮与水解性氮之间相关性达到极显著正相关关系(r=0.886,r=0.898),有机质与全氮及水解性氮分别呈现显著正相关关系(r=0.735,r=0.780),全氮与有效磷(r=0.782)以及有效磷与水解性氮(r=0.755)也呈现显著正相关关系。p H与有机质呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.782),全磷与有机质、全氮、有效磷、水解性氮均无相关关系。     

Abundance and Activity of 16S rRNA,AmoA and NifH Bacterial Genes During Assisted Phytostabilization of Mine Tailings

Mine tailings in semiarid regions are highly susceptible to erosion and are sources of dust pollution and potential avenues of human exposure to toxic metals. One constraint to revegetation of tailings by phytostabilization is the absence of microbial communities critical for biogeochemical cycling of plant nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate specific genes as in situ indicators of biological soil response during phytoremediation. The abundance and activity of 16S rRNA, nifH, and amoA were monitored during a nine month phytostabilization study using buffalo grass and quailbush grown in compost-amended, metalliferous tailings. The compost amendment provided a greater than 5-log increase in bacterial abundance, and survival of this compost-inoculum was more stable in planted treatments. Despite increased abundance, the activity of the introduced community was low, and significant increases were not detected until six and nine months in quailbush, and unplanted compost and buffalo grass treatments, respectively. In addition, increased abundances of nitrogen-fixation (nifH) and ammonia-oxidizing (amoA) genes were observed in rhizospheres of buffalo grass and quailbush, respectively. Thus, plant establishment facilitated the short term stabilization of introduced bacterial biomass and supported the growth of two key nitrogen-cycling populations in compost-amended tailings.     

Occurrence of sulfate-reducing bacteria under a wide range of physico-chemical conditions in Au and Cu-Zn mine tailings

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been observed in mining environments, but their presence has not been linked to specific physico-chemical and mineralogical factors. The present study was undertaken to assess the presence of SRB in several Au and Cu-Zn mine tailings located near Timmins, Ont., Canada, and determine the factors responsible for their presence. Vegetated and non-vegetated mine tailings were sampled for SRB enumeration, pH, Eh, water content, total carbon content and sequential chemical extraction. Results first showed that SRB populations were present at all sites and that their distribution varied with depth. Populations were recovered from neutral pH and slightly anoxic tailings and from highly acidic (pH 2) and oxic tailings. The total carbon content of the tailings was generally low and not related to the presence of vegetation. In addition, the carbon content did not affect SRB population distribution and appeared to be more related to the type of tailings, i.e., oxidized and acidic Cu-Zn tailings contained on average more carbon than Au tailings. Results also indicated that the water content of the tailings varied greatly with depth and was not related to the presence of SRB populations. The sequential chemical extraction showed that the pyrite content of the tailings was lower in Au tailings than in Cu-Zn tailings, and that some oxidized Cu-Zn sites were depleted in pyrite due to microbial and chemical oxidation. Our results indicate that SRB could be cultured from a variety of sites and sample types, and that factors such as pH, Eh, water content and carbon content at the collection sites did not exert control on their presence.     

Natural Revegetation of a Boreal Gold Mine Tailings Pond

Understanding the natural revegetation of forests disturbed by the dumping of mine wastes is vital for the success of reclamation strategies. The Gunnar gold mine tailings pond in southeast Manitoba has remained largely unvegetated since the mine was closed in 1942, with limited vegetation developed on one side of the pond. We examined the natural Picea mariana/Larix laricina forest that has developed on the pond to determine how the plant community develops and what changes in the tailings are associated with this development. Vegetation sampled along transects showed a consistent pattern of succession from Equisetum palustre to Salix spp., and Populus balsamifera, to Larix laricina and finally to P. mariana. Larix laricina and P. mariana are moving into the site at the rate of 1.5 m per year with L. laricina invading 4 years ahead of P. mariana. Both tree species show a similar pattern of annual growth, showing positive correlations with spring precipitation, a pattern also occurring on L. laricina growing on a nearby site. The establishment of E. palustre was accompanied by initially rapid decreases in compaction and conductivity of the tailings, and an increase in inorganic nitrogen. Surface organic matter depth, coarse organic matter mass, and soil organic carbon increased at a constant rate, whereas subsurface coarse organic matter had an initial rapid increase followed by a gradual increase. As fern allies (and specifically members of the Equisetaceae family) have a number of properties that facilitate succession on mine wastes, their use should be explored further.     

浦东滩涂中型土壤动物群落结构及土质酸碱度生物评价分析

1999年,对上海浦东滩涂4类不同酸碱度土壤中的中型土壤动物进行了调查。应用物种丰富度,个体数多度,多样性指数和均匀度4个群落参数,并结合种类研究,讨论了土壤动物群落结构与不同酸碱度土壤的关系。结果表明,土壤中弹尾目和蜱螨目对不同酸碱度土壤反应敏感。弹尾目的3个群落参数和蜱螨目的4个参数均很好地反映与土壤反应敏感。弹尾目的3个群落参数和蜱螨目的4个参数均很好地反映与土壤pH的关系,相关系数分别在0．9以上和0．85左右,在pH相差较大的情况下,可以区分不同酸碱度的土壤。弹尾目的符Tao(Paranura sp.)可用于评价酸碱度较接近的土壤,球角Tao(Hypogastrura sp.）可用于评价酸碱度相差较大,高pH或环境条件较恶劣的土壤。     

GROWTH OF CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS AND VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES ON Cu MINE TAILINGS AMENDED WITH CHICKEN MANURE AND MANURE-SOIL MIXTURES: A POT SCALE STUDY

The Rakha Cu mines are located at East Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India and their activities ceased in 2001. The tailings (residue) were permanently stored in tailings ponds that require vegetation to reduce their impact on the environment. A pot scale study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Ex Nees and Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash for the reclamation of Cu tailings and to evaluate the effects of chicken manure and soil-manure mixtures on the revegetation of such tailings. Application of manure and soil-manure mixtures resulted in significant increase in pH, EC, OC, CEC and nutritional status of Cu tailings. The environmentally available and DTPA extractable Cu and Ni concentration reduced in amended tailings, while Mn and Zn content increased significantly. Plants grown on amended tailings accumulated lesser Cu and Ni but higher Mn and Zn. Plant biomass increased proportionally to manure and soil-manure mixtures application rates. Lemon grass produced more biomass than vetiver grass in either of the amended tailings. From the pot experiment, it can be suggested that application of chicken manure @ 5% (w/w) and in combination with lemon grass, could be a viable option for reclamation (phytostabilization) of toxic tailings.