经脂多糖(LPS)处理免疫应答大鼠离体脑片视上核神经元对细胞因子敏感性的变化

实验采用离体脑片全细胞膜片箝记录方法 ,观察了细胞因子白介素 1β(IL 1β)和IL 2对大鼠离体脑片视上核神经元膜电位及自发放电的影响 ,以期探明免疫应答大鼠视上核神经元对细胞因子敏感性的变化。结果显示 ,用 10 0U/mlIL 1β灌流脑片 ,正常对照的 (n =15 )和脂多糖 (lipopolysaccharideLPS)腹腔注射 9d的大鼠视上核神经元 (n =2 0 )超极化 ,同时伴有自发放电频率的下降 ;应用 10 0U/mlIL 2 ,大部分正常对照视上核神经元 (n =14)表现为超极化 ,自发放电减少 ,剩余部分 (n =3)变化不明显 ;在LPS免疫 9d大鼠离体脑片上的 45个视上核神经元中 ,10 0U/ml的IL 2使其中 19个表现为去极化并伴有自发放电频率增加 ,16个变化不明显 ,其余 10个表现为超极化伴放电频率下降。以上结果表明 ,在免疫应答中 ,视上核神经元对细胞因子IL 2的敏感性 ,在一定的程度上发生了改变 ,细胞因子IL 2可能参与了视上核神经元的功能调节 ,进而在免疫应答过程中发挥了调节作用。     

大鼠下丘脑离体脑薄片视上核神经元的全细胞记录

在大鼠下丘脑薄片标本上对52例视上核神经元进行了全细胞膜片箝记录。膜被动及主动电生理参数测量如下：静息电位,59±8mV;输入阻抗,535±129MΩ;时间常数,32±9ms;动作电位幅度,99±11mV;超射值,37±13mV（n＝39）。大多数神经元在接受去极化刺激时出现明显的慢后超极化电位或电流。我们发现,在电压箱状态下几乎所有的视上核神经元均接受兴奋性和／或抑制性突触传λ（n=13）。药理学实验表明,兴奋性突触后电流是由non－NMDA亚型谷氨酸受体介导,而抑制性突触后电流由GABAA受体介导。     

大鼠视上核神经元自发放电节律的确定性机制

利用非线性动力学的方法,在多种生物数据中找到了确定性机制。大鼠下丘脑视上核（ｓｕｐｒａｏｐｔｉｃ ｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,ＳＯＮ）神经元自发产生不规则的放电。为了研究这些不规则放电是否含有确定性机制,用电流钳对大鼠ＳＯＮ神经元进行全细胞纪录,取动作电位峰峰间期序列（ｉｎｔｅｒｓｐｉｋｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｖａｌ,ＩＳＩ）作为研究对象。采用一种新的检测时间序列非稳定周期轨道的方法分析ＩＳＩ序列,发现ＩＳＩ含有非稳定     

腹腔内注射LPS和SEB诱发Ⅰ型IL-1受体在大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核的表达增强

目的　为揭示脑内参与神经免疫调节过程的部位和核团。方法　大鼠腹腔内给予细菌内毒素脂多糖 (LPS)或葡萄球菌肠毒素B (SEB) ,用免疫组织化学方法观察了Ⅰ型IL 1受体在脑内表达的变化。结果　Ⅰ型IL 1受体在正常成年大鼠脑内有广泛的表达 ,隔区、视前内侧区、新皮质、海马、下丘脑室旁核、视上核、下丘脑腹内侧核、弓状核和正中隆起等部位有较多Ⅰ型IL 1受体阳性细胞。与生理盐水对照组和非免疫应激对照组 (强迫游泳 )比较 ,LPS或SEB腹腔注射后大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核中表达Ⅰ型IL 1受体的细胞数量显著增加 ,染色加深 (P <0 0 5 )。阳性细胞的胞浆染色面积增大 ,突起染色的长度延长。结论　下丘脑室旁核和视上核在神经免疫调节过程中可能具有重要的作用。     

大鼠下丘脑薄片视上核神经元的细胞内生物电记录

从成年Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ大鼠用振动切片机制备含有视上核的下丘脑冠状薄片（５００μｍ厚）,并对视上核神经元（ｎ＝１７）进行常规细胞内生物电记录。测得静息电位－６０±８ｍＶ,膜输入电阻１７３±５８ＭΩ,时间常数１０．２±３．９ｍｓ,动作电位幅度６５±１２ｍＶ,阈电位－４４±７ｍＶ,由Ｉ─Ｖ曲线测得斜率电阻１５８±６２ＭΩ,大部分细胞还显示内向整流特性。在静息电位状态下,５７％细胞保持静息,４３％有自发锋电位发放。细胞的锋电位发放模式７８％为时相型,２２％为持续型。外源性去甲肾上腺素（ｎ＝７）或谷氨酸钠（ｎ＝５）可引起伴有膜电阻减小的去极化反应,并可导致锋电位的串发放。     

大鼠视上核神经元自发放电节律的确定性机制

利用非线性动力学的方法 ,在多种生物数据中找到了确定性机制。大鼠下丘脑视上核(supraopticnucleus,SON)神经元自发产生不规则的放电。为了研究这些不规则放电是否含有确定性机制 ,用电流钳对大鼠SON神经元进行全细胞纪录,取动作电位峰峰间期序列(interspikeinterval,ISI)作为研究对象。采用一种新的检测时间序列非稳定周期轨道的方法分析ISI序列 ,发现ISI含有非稳定周期轨道族 ,即周期1 ,周期2 ,和周期3存在。结果表明 ,SON神经元的自发放电序列存在确定性的动力学机制。     

烫伤对大鼠下丘脑视上核、室旁核AVP神经元的影响──免疫电镜观察及形态计量分析

为研究加压素与应激的关系,我们曾应用免疫细胞化学（ＰＡＰ）方法结合图像分析技术观察到烫伤应激后２小时视上核、室旁核加压素神经元免疫反应阳性物质的总体积减小最明显。本文采用免疫电镜技术,进一步观察了烫伤后２小时视上核、室旁核加压素神经元超微结构的变化,并运用体视学方法定量分析了对照组及烫伤后２小时组视上核、室分校加压素神经元各２４０张照片的粗面内质网、高尔基复合体及线粒体的体积密度（Ｖｖ）、面积密度（Ｓｖ）、面数密度（Ｎａ）等。结果显示：烫伤后２小时组视上核、室旁核加压素神经元的粗面内质网的Ｖｖ．Ｓｖ显著增大,说明合成功能已开始增强,但是,高尔基复合体的Ｖｖ、Ｓｖ及阳性分泌颗粒却显著减少,因而引起总体积的缩小。从超微结构水平进一步证实加压素参与应激过程。     

白藜芦醇抑制大鼠下丘脑脑片室旁核神经元放电

本文旨在研究白藜芦醇(resveratrol)对下丘脑脑片室旁核神经元放电的影响.应用玻璃微电极细胞外记录单位放电技术,在下丘脑脑片上观察白藜芦醇对静息状态下室旁核神经元放电的影响.结果如下:(1)在29张下丘脑脑片室旁核神经元放电单位给予白藜芦醇(O.05,0.5,5.0 μmol/L)2 min,有28张脑片(96.6%)放电频率显著降低,且呈剂量依赖性;(2)预先用0.2mmol/L的L.glutamate灌流8张下丘脑脑片,8张脑片(100%)放电频率显著增加,表现为癫痫样放电,该放电可被白藜芦醇(5.0 μmol/L)灌流2 min抑制:(3)预先用L型钙通道开放剂Bay K8644(0.1μmol/L)灌流8张下丘脑脑片,8张脑片(100%)放电频率显著增加,该放电可被白藜芦醇(5.0 μmol/L)灌流2 min抑制;(4)用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂Nω-nitro.L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)50μmol/L灌流8张下丘脑脑片,7张脑片(87.5%)放电频率显著增加,该放电可被白藜芦醇(5.0 μmol/L)灌流2 min抑制.以上结果提示,白藜芦醇抑制下丘脑室旁核神经元自发放电,可能通过降低心血管中枢的活动性而产生中枢保护作用.这种抑制作用可能与白藜芦醇抑制L型钙通道、减少钙内流有关,与NO释放无关.     

Modifications of neuronal activity in the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus after long-lasting vibrational stimulation

We analyzed the background impulse activity (BIA) generated by neurons of the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in the norm and under conditions of long-lasting vibrational stimulation (exposure 5, 10, or 15 days). Distributions of neurons by the level of regularity, dynamics of discharge trains, form of histograms of interspike intervals (ISIs), as well as distributions of neurons by the BIA frequency ranges, were studied. We also calculated the mean frequency of impulsation of the neurons under study and the coefficient of variation of ISIs. After vibrational influences, we found modifications of both the internal structure of the recorded spike trains and the mean frequency of impulsation within the entire studied group and different frequency subgroups. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 224–230, May–June, 2006.     

Electrical properties of neurons recorded from the rat supraoptic nucleus in vitro

The electrical properties of neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (so.n.) have been studied in the hypothalamic slice preparation by intracellular and extracellular recording techniques, with Lucifer Yellow CH dye injection to mark the recording site as being the so.n. Intracellular recordings from so.n. neurons revealed them to have an average membrane potential of -67 +/- 0.8 mV (mean +/- s.e.m.), membrane resistance of 145 +/- 9 M omega with linear current-voltage relations from 40 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction to the level of spike threshold in the depolarizing direction. Average cell time constant was 14 +/- 2.2 ms. So.n. action potentials ranged in amplitude from 55 to 95 mV, with a mean of 76 +/- 2 mV, and a spike width of 2.6 +/- 0.5 ms at 30% of maximal spike height. Both single spikes and trains of spikes were followed by a strong, long-lasting hyperpolarization with a decay fitted by a single exponential having a time constant of 8.6 +/- 1.8 ms. Action potentials could be blocked by 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin. Spontaneously active so.n. neurons were characterized by synaptic input in the form of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, the latter being apparently blocked when 4 M KCl electrodes were used. Both forms of synaptic activity were blocked by application of divalent cations such as Mg2+, Mn2+ or Co2+. 74% of so.n. neurons fired spontaneously at rates exceeding 0.1 spikes per second, with a mean for all cells of 2.9 +/- 0.2 s-1. Of these cells, 21% fired slowly and continuously at 0.1 - 1.0 s-1, 45% fired continuously at greater than 1 Hz, and the remaining 34% fired phasically in bursts of activity followed by silence or low frequency firing. Spontaneously firing phasic cells showed a mean burst length of 16.7 +/- 4.5 s and a silent period of 28.2 +/- 4.2 s. Intracellular recordings revealed the presence of slow variations in membrane potential which modified the neuron's proximity to spike threshold, and controlled phasic firing. Variations in synaptic input were not observed to influence firing in phasic cells.     

Investigating the role of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in nociception in the rat

We investigated the role of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) in nociception in the rat. Electrical stimulation of the SON or microinjection of a small dose of L-glutamate sodium into the SON elevated the nociceptive threshold in a dose-dependent manner, while cauterization of the SON decreased the nociceptive threshold. Pituitary removal did not influence the antinociceptive effect of L-glutamate sodium in the SON. The data suggested that the neurons and not the nervous fibers in the SON played an important role in antinociception.     

Baroreceptor sensitivity of rat supraoptic vasopressin neurons involves noncholinergic neurons in the DBB

Previous studies suggest that cholinergic neurons in the diagonal band of Broca (DBB) participate in the baroreceptor-mediated inhibition of phasic vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). To test this hypothesis, extracellular recordings were obtained from putative vasopressin SON neurons of anesthetized rats injected with the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin (0.8 microg/microl) in the DBB. Baroreceptor sensitivity of neurons was tested with brief phenylephrine-induced (10 microg/10 microl iv) increases in blood pressure of at least 40 mmHg. In rats injected with vehicle or unconjugated saporin, 19 of 21 and 18 of 20 phasic neurons, respectively, were inhibited by increased blood pressure. In rats injected with 192 IgG-saporin, which significantly reduced the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive DBB neurons, 33 of 36 phasic neurons were inhibited. Normal rats and rats with DBB saporin injections received rhodamine bead injections into the perinuclear zone (PNZ) to retrogradely label DBB neurons, and their brains were stained for ChAT. ChAT-positive DBB neurons were not retrogradely labeled from the PNZ. Together, these results indicate that the pathway relaying baroreceptor information to the SON involves noncholinergic DBB neurons.     

褪黑素对大鼠下丘脑薄片视交叉上核神经元放电昼夜节律性的调制

先用持续光照和松果腺切除预处理大鼠,然后制成下丘脑薄片,记录其视交叉上核（ＳＣＮ）神经元自发放电,观察其昼夜变化和褪黑素（ＭＥＬ）对它的影响。实验结果表明：⑴在正常光照（光照：黑暗＝１２：１２）条件下,ＳＣＮ神经元自发放电频率呈现昼夜低的节律性。在昼夜时间（ＣＴ）６－８出现放电高峰,频率约为８．３Ｈｚ;在ＣＴ１８－２０出现低谷,频率约为３．８Ｈｚ。松果腺切除后,ＳＣＮ神经元自发放电的昼夜节律性基本     

Response of rat hypothalamic perinuclear supraoptic neurons to stimulating the pituitary stalk and hippocampus

Orthodromically activated neurons (OAN) are found in the hypothalamic supraoptic area under pituitary stalk stimulation, differing in their dependence on pattern of orthodromic activation and recording site. More than a half of OAN responded to stimulation of the ventral hippocampus and response was consistently excitatory initially. Some similarity was found between the pattern of response of most OAN to pituitary stalk stimulation. Aspects of hippocampal influence on OAN taking account of their location within the supraoptic nucleus area and the perinuclear zone are examined, as well as their presumed morphofunctional connections with antidromically identified neurosecretory cells.A. A. Ukhtomskii Institute of Physiology, State University, Leningrad. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 596–604, September–October, 1990.