1981—2000年中国陆地生态系统碳通量的年际变化

应用一个生物地球化学模型(CEVSA)估算了中国陆地净初级生产力(NPP)、土壤异养呼吸(HR)和净生态系统生产力(NEP)在1981—1998年期间对气候和大气CO2浓度变化的动态响应。结果显示,全国NPP总量波动于2．89—3．37Gt／a之间,平均值为3．09Gt C／a,年平均增长趋势约为0．32％。HR总量变化范围为2．89—3．21Gt C／a,平均值为3．02Gt C／a,年均增长0．40％。NEP总量变动于-0．32和0．25Gt C／a之间,在统计上没有明显的年际变化趋势。在研究时段内,年平均NEP约为0．07Gt C／a,表明中国陆地生态系统在气候与大气CO2浓度变化的条件下吸收了碳,为碳汇,总的吸收量为1．22Gt C,约占全球碳吸收总量的10％,与同期内美国由大气CO2和气候变化所产生的碳吸收量大致相当。尽管由于较高的年际变率,NEP在统计上没有明显的变化趋势,但NPP的增长率低于HR的增长率,说明在研究时段内,中国陆地生态系统的吸碳能力由于气候变化降低了。全国大多数地区年平均NEP接近零,明显的NEP正值区(即碳汇)出现在东北平原、西藏东南部和黄淮平原等地区,而大小兴安岭、黄土高原和云贵高原等地区NEP为负值(即碳源)。研究认为,1981～1998年期间中国气候温暖、干旱,因此估算的NEP可能低于其他时段。如果气候进入一个比较湿润的时期,碳吸收量可显著增加,但若当前干旱和暖化趋势以此为继,中国的NEP可能会变成一个负值。     

1981～2000年中国陆地生态系统碳通量的年际变化

应用一个生物地球化学模型(CEVSA)估算了中国陆地净初级生产力 (NPP)、土壤异养呼吸(HR)和净生态系统生产力 (NEP) 在1981～1998年期间对气候和大气CO2浓度变化的动态响应.结果显示,全国NPP总量波动于2.89～3.37 Gt C/a之间,平均值为3.09 Gt C/a,年平均增长趋势约为0.32%.HR总量变化范围为2.89～3.21 Gt C/a,平均值为3.02 Gt C/a, 年均增长0.40%.NEP总量变动于 -0.32和0.25 Gt C/a之间,在统计上没有明显的年际变化趋势.在研究时段内,年平均NEP约为0.07 Gt C/a,表明中国陆地生态系统在气候与大气CO2浓度变化的条件下吸收了碳,为碳汇,总的吸收量为1.22 Gt C,约占全球碳吸收总量的10%,与同期内美国由大气CO2和气候变化所产生的碳吸收量大致相当.尽管由于较高的年际变率,NEP在统计上没有明显的变化趋势,但NPP的增长率低于HR的增长率,说明在研究时段内,中国陆地生态系统的吸碳能力由于气候变化降低了.全国大多数地区年平均NEP接近零,明显的NEP正值区(即碳汇)出现在东北平原、西藏东南部和黄淮平原等地区,而大小兴安岭、黄土高原和云贵高原等地区NEP为负值(即碳源).研究认为,1981～1998年期间中国气候温暖、干旱,因此估算的NEP可能低于其他时段.如果气候进入一个比较湿润的时期,碳吸收量可显著增加,但若当前干旱和暖化趋势以此为继,中国的NEP可能会变成一个负值.     

Carbon Sequestration in Two Alpine Soils on the Tibetan Plateau

Soil carbon sequestration was estimated in a conifer forest and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau using a carbon-14 radioactive label provided by thermonuclear weapon tests (known as bomb-¹⁴C). Soil organic matter was physically separated into light and heavy fractions. The concentration spike of bomb-¹⁴C occurred at a soil depth of 4 cm in both the forest soil and the alpine meadow soil. Based on the depth of the bomb-¹⁴C spike, the carbon sequestration rate was determined to be 38.5 g C/m² per year for the forest soil and 27.1 g C/m² per year for the alpine meadow soil. Considering that more than 60% of soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored in the heavy fraction and the large area of alpine forests and meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, these alpine ecosystems might partially contribute to "the missing carbon sink".     

Carbon Sequestration in Two Alpine Soils on the Tibetan Plateau

Soil carbon sequestration was estimated in a conifer forest and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau using a carbon- 14 radioactive label provided by thermonuclear weapon tests （known as bomb-^14C）. Soil organic matter was physically separated into light and heavy fractions. The concentration spike of bomb-^14C occurred at a soil depth of 4 cm in both the forest soil and the alpine meadow soil. Based on the depth of the bomb-^14C spike, the carbon sequestration rate was determined to be 38.5 g C/m^2 per year for the forest soil and 27.1 g C/m^2 per year for the alpine meadow soil. Considering that more than 60% of soil organic carbon （SOC） is stored in the heavy fraction and the large area of alpine forests and meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, these alpine ecosystems might partially contribute to ＂the missing carbon sink＂.     

Carbon Sequestration Efficiency of Organic Amendments in a Long-Term Experiment on a Vertisol in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving soil fertility of cropland and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The efficiency of SOC sequestration depends on the quantity and quality of the organic matter, soil type, and climate. Little is known about the SOC sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in Vertisols. Thus, we conducted the research based on 29 years (1982–2011) of long-term fertilization experiment with a no fertilizer control and five fertilization regimes: CK (control, no fertilizer), NPK (mineral NPK fertilizers alone), NPK+1/2W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with half the amount of wheat straw), NPK+W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with full the amount of wheat straw), NPK+PM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with pig manure) and NPK+CM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined cattle manure). Total mean annual C inputs were 0.45, 1.55, 2.66, 3.71, 4.68 and 6.56 ton/ha/yr for CK, NPK, NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM and NPKCM, respectively. Mean SOC sequestration rate was 0.20 ton/ha/yr in the NPK treatment, and 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.97 ton/ha/yr in the NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM, and NPKCM treatments, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between annual C input and SOC sequestration rate (SOCsequestration rate  = 0.16 Cinput –0.10, R = 0.95, P<0.01), suggesting a C sequestration efficiency of 16%. The Vertisol required an annual C input of 0.63 ton/ha/yr to maintain the initial SOC level. Moreover, the C sequestration efficiencies of wheat straw, pig manure and cattle manure were 17%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The results indicate that the Vertisol has a large potential to sequester SOC with a high efficiency, and applying cattle manure or wheat straw is a recommendable SOC sequestration practice in Vertisols.     

Early Postnatal BMI Adaptation Is Regulated During a Fixed Time Period and Mainly Depends on Maternal BMI

In the present study, we investigated whether there are critical time periods which influence the course of BMI during the first 6 years of life. From 5,433 children who participated in preschool examinations those 212 children were selected who crossed the BMI percentiles as a result of an extreme postnatal BMI rise (from <10th to 90th percentile) or fall (from >90th to <10th percentile) or who have persistently low or high BMI both at birth and at the age of 6 years. Forty children with a BMI close to the 50th percentile both at birth and age 6 years were selected to serve as controls. The courses of weight and height during the first 6 years of age were assessed and BMI was calculated. To identify influences connected with BMI development, we investigated genetic, social, nutritional, and other factors proceeding from the mother during pregnancy. Finally completed data sets of 57 children were available. Our study shows that during two critical time periods a significant move toward low or high BMI takes place among the groups: in early infancy from ～0.5 to 1.5 years and again from 5 to 6 years. At the age of 1.5 years the final state of BMI is already fixed in all study groups. Mothers of overweight 6‐year‐old children are overweight, whereas mothers of underweight 6‐year‐old children have a below‐normal BMI. All other investigated factors only had a minor influence on postnatal BMI development. We conclude that postnatal BMI development follows a fixed genetic program and is mainly programmed by maternal metabolism.     

Nitrogen Management Affects Carbon Sequestration in North American Cropland Soils

Agricultural soils in North America can be a sink for rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations through the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) or humus. Humification is limited by the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N). Recommended management practices (RMPs) that optimize N availability foster humus formation. This review examines the management practices that contribute to maximizing N availability for optimizing sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ into soil humus. Farming practices that enhance nutrient use, reduce or eliminate tillage, and increase crop intensity, together, affect N availability and, therefore, C sequestration. N additions, from especially, livestock manure and leguminous cover crops are necessary for increasing grain and biomass yields and returning crop residues to the soil thereby increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration. Conservation tillage practices enhance also the availability of N and increase SOC concentration. Increase in cropping intensity and/or crop rotations produce higher quantity and quality of residues, increase availability of N, and therefore foster increase in C sequestration. The benefit of C sequestration from N additions may be negated by CO₂ and N₂O emissions associated with production and application of N fertilizers. More studies need to be conducted to ascertain the benefits of adding N via manuring versus N fertilizer additions. Furthermore, site specific adaptive research is needed to identify RMPs that optimize soil N use efficiency while improving crop yield and C sequestration thereby curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to the wide range of climate in North America, there is a large range of C sequestration potential in agricultural soils through N management. Humid croplands may have the potential to sequester 8–298 Tg C yr^?1 while dry croplands may sequester 1–35 Tg C yr^?1. These estimates, however, are highly uncertain and wide-ranging. Clearly, more research is needed to quantify, more precisely, the C sequestration potential across different N management scenarios especially in Mexico and Canada.     

Variation in Yield Gap Induced by Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer in North China Plain

A field experiment was conducted under a wheat-maize rotation system from 1990 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) to determine the effects of N, P and K on yield and yield gap. There were five treatments: NPK, PK, NK, NP and a control. Average wheat and maize yields were the highest in the NPK treatment, followed by those in the NP plots among all treatments. For wheat and maize yield, a significant increasing trend over time was found in the NPK-treated plots and a decreasing trend in the NK-treated plots. In the absence of N or P, wheat and maize yields were significantly lower than those in the NPK treatment. For both crops, the increasing rate of the yield gap was the highest in the P omission plots, i.e., 189.1 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for wheat and 560.6 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for maize. The cumulative omission of P fertilizer induced a deficit in the soil available N and extractable P concentrations for maize. The P fertilizer was more pivotal in long-term wheat and maize growth and soil fertility conservation in NCP, although the N fertilizer input was important for both crops growth. The crop response to K fertilizers was much lower than that to N or P fertilizers, but for maize, the cumulative omission of K fertilizer decreased the yield by 26% and increased the yield gap at a rate of 322.7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The soil indigenous K supply was not sufficiently high to meet maize K requirement over a long period. The proper application of K fertilizers is necessary for maize production in the region. Thus, the appropriate application of N and P fertilizers for the growth of both crops, while regularly combining K fertilizers for maize growth, is absolutely necessary for sustainable crop production in the NCP.     

Impacts of Agricultural Management and Climate Change on Future Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in North China Plain

Dynamics of cropland soil organic carbon (SOC) in response to different management practices and environmental conditions across North China Plain (NCP) were studied using a modeling approach. We identified the key variables driving SOC changes at a high spatial resolution (10 km×10 km) and long time scale (90 years). The model used future climatic data from the FGOALS model based on four future greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration scenarios. Agricultural practices included different rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization, manure application, and stubble retention. We found that SOC change was significantly influenced by the management practices of stubble retention (linearly positive), manure application (linearly positive) and nitrogen fertilization (nonlinearly positive) – and the edaphic variable of initial SOC content (linearly negative). Temperature had weakly positive effects, while precipitation had negligible impacts on SOC dynamics under current irrigation management. The effects of increased N fertilization on SOC changes were most significant between the rates of 0 and 300 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. With a moderate rate of manure application (i.e., 2000 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), stubble retention (i.e., 50%), and an optimal rate of nitrogen fertilization (i.e., 300 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), more than 60% of the study area showed an increase in SOC, and the average SOC density across NCP was relatively steady during the study period. If the rates of manure application and stubble retention doubled (i.e., manure application rate of 4000 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and stubble retention rate of 100%), soils across more than 90% of the study area would act as a net C sink, and the average SOC density kept increasing from 40 Mg ha⁻¹ during 2010s to the current worldwide average of ∼55 Mg ha⁻¹ during 2060s. The results can help target agricultural management practices for effectively mitigating climate change through soil C sequestration.     

华北平原农田CO2浓度变化特征

旨在了解农田CO2浓度长期动态变化特征、趋势、浓度增量分布模式等,收集了2007—2018年中国气象局固城生态与农业气象试验站开路式涡相关CO2浓度观测数据。研究了华北平原农田CO2浓度的年际、年内、昼夜和CO2通量等动态变化特征,对比分析了华北平原农田CO2浓度与城市站和大气本底站CO2浓度变化趋势及差异。结果表明,近十多年来华北平原农田CO2年平均浓度显著升高31.0 μmol/mol（r=0.263, P<0.01）,年均增幅(2.58 μmol/mol)与全球和瓦里关本底站大气CO2浓度增幅接近,但农田CO2浓度年际和年内季节变化波动巨大,日平均浓度和逐时平均浓度标准差分别为33.7和33.5 μmol/mol。夜间CO2平均浓度395.8 μmol/mol,比白天高36.2 μmol/mol（10.1%）,8月最高差值达到74.4 μmol/mol（20.6%）。在作物生长季节,5月和8—9月白天CO2浓度出现的两个谷值准确地对应了CO2通量动态变化的两个峰值,表明4—9月昼间CO2浓度和通量动态变化很好地反映了华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米生长过程、农事活动和农田碳交换的关系。农田CO2浓度动态变化与城市、湿地和大气本底站的变化特征不同,表明其动态变化的形成机制有差异。农田CO2浓度昼夜及季节变化特征为研究和评估CO2浓度升高影响作物生长和产量提供指导依据。     

Recharge and Groundwater Use in the North China Plain for Six Irrigated Crops for an Eleven Year Period

Water tables are dropping by approximately one meter annually throughout the North China Plain mainly due to water withdrawals for irrigating winter wheat year after year. In order to examine whether the drawdown can be reduced we calculate the net water use for an 11 year field experiment from 2003 to 2013 where six irrigated crops (winter wheat, summer maize, cotton, peanuts, sweet potato, ryegrass) were grown in different crop rotations in the North China Plain. As part of this experiment moisture contents were measured each at 20 cm intervals in the top 1.8 m. Recharge and net water use were calculated based on these moisture measurement. Results showed that winter wheat and ryegrass had the least recharge with an average of 27 mm/year and 39 mm/year, respectively; cotton had the most recharge with an average of 211 mm/year) followed by peanuts with 118 mm/year, sweet potato with 76 mm/year, and summer maize with 44 mm/year. Recharge depended on the amount of irrigation water pumped from the aquifer and was therefore a poor indicator of future groundwater decline. Instead net water use (recharge minus irrigation) was found to be a good indicator for the decline of the water table. The smallest amount of net (ground water) used was cotton with an average of 14 mm/year, followed by peanut with 32 mm/year, summer maize with 71 mm/year, sweet potato with 74 mm/year. Winter wheat and ryegrass had the greatest net water use with the average of 198 mm/year and 111 mm/year, respectively. Our calculations showed that any single crop would use less water than the prevalent winter wheat summer maize rotation. This growing one crop instead of two will reduce the decline of groundwater and in some rain rich years increase the ground water level, but will result in less income for the farmers.     

Stratification and Storage of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen as Affected by Tillage Practices in the North China Plain

Tillage practices can redistribute the soil profiles, and thus affects soil organic carbon (SOC), and its storage. The stratification ratio (SR) can be an indicator of soil quality. This study was conducted to determine tillage effects on the profile distribution of certain soil properties in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) systems in the North China Plain (NCP). Three tillage treatments, including no till (NT), rotary tillage (RT), and plow tillage (PT), were established in 2001 in Luancheng County, Hebei Province. The concentration, storage, and SR of SOC and soil total nitrogen (TN) were assessed in both the wheat and maize seasons. Compared with RT and PT, the mean SRs for all depth ratios of SOC under NT increased by 7.85% and 30.61% during the maize season, and by 14.67% and 30.91% during the wheat season, respectively. The SR of TN for 0–5:30–50 cm increased by 140%, 161%, and 161% in the maize season, and 266%, 154%, and 122% in the wheat season compared to the SR for 0–5:5–10 cm under NT, RT and PT, respectively. The data indicated that SOC and TN were both concentrated in the surface-soil layers (0–10 cm) under NT but were distributed relatively evenly through the soil profile under PT. Meanwhile, the storage of SOC and TN was higher under NT for the surface soil (0–10 cm) but was higher under PT for the deeper soil (30–50 cm). Furthermore, the storage of SOC and TN was significantly related to SR of SOC and TN along the whole soil profile (P<0.0001). Therefore, SR could be used to explain and indicate the changes in the storage of SOC and TN. Further, NT stratifies SOC and TN, enhances the topsoil SOC storage, and helps to improve SOC sequestration and soil quality.     

Variation in Plumage Microbiota Depends on Season and Migration

Migratory birds can be efficient dispersers of pathogens, yet we know little about the effect of migration and season on the microbial community in avian plumage. This is the first study to describe and compare the microbial plumage community of adult and juvenile migratory birds during the annual cycle and compare the plumage community of migrants to that of resident birds at both neotropical and nearctic locations. We used length heterogeneity PCR (16S rRNA) to describe the microbial assemblage sampled from the plumage of 66 birds in two age classes and from 16 soil samples. Resident birds differed significantly in plumage microbial community composition from migrants (R ≥ 0.238, P < 0.01). Nearctic resident birds had higher plumage microbial diversity than nearctic migrants (R = 0.402, P < 0.01). Plumage microbial composition differed significantly between fall premigratory and either breeding (R ≥ 0.161, P < 0.05) or nonbreeding stages (R = 0.267, P < 0.01). Six bacterial operational taxonomic units contributed most to the dissimilarities found in this assay. Soil microbial community composition was significantly different from all samples of plumage microbial communities (R ≥ 0.700, P < 0.01). The plumage microbial community varies in relation to migration strategy and stage of the annual cycle. We suggest that plumage microbial acquisition begins in the first year at natal breeding locations and reaches equilibrium at the neotropical wintering sites. These data lead us to conclude that migration and season play an important role in the dynamics of the microbial community in avian plumage and may reflect patterns of pathogen dispersal by birds.     

华北平原冬小麦农田蒸散量

以华北平原冬小麦农田为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术和热红外遥感技术,研究了不同环境条件下土壤含水量与农田蒸散量及作物冠层温度的关系.结果表明,冬小麦在农田郁闭(LAI≥3)、晴天和土壤相对含水量低于田间持水量65%的情况下,蒸发比值日变化正午前后出现相对较低且平稳的变化趋势.在晴天情况下,农田潜热通量与作物冠层温度日变化和季节变化均呈极显著的非线性相关关系,而冠气温差、农田相对蒸散量则与0～100 cm土层的土壤相对含水量密切相关.以13:30～14:00的平均冠层温度值T_c、日最高气温T_{a max}和日净辐射总量Rn_d为统计数据,确立了冬小麦农田日蒸散量ET_d （mm）估算简化模式参数.     

华南热带人工林土壤有机碳含量及其稳定性特征

研究华南热带多雨地区小良人工森林生态系统定位站不同人工林的碳固持特征,测定了林地表土有机碳含量、有机碳随土层深度的变化以及有机碳在不同粒级团聚体上的分布。结果表明：无植被覆盖的光裸地储存了极低水平的有机碳,在光裸地上种植桉树林后,如果地表枯落物长期人为取走,则土壤有机碳积累大大低于未受干扰桉林。当桉林进一步改造为阔叶混交林后,30-40a林龄混交林土壤有机碳含量均高于16.5gkg^-1,但仍只有邻近天然林土壤有机碳水平的76%,因而,这些人工混交林土壤具有进一步积累碳的潜力。光裸地在1m剖面上的含碳量均极低,并无显著的深度变化,约2-3gkg^-1,未保护的桉林含量水平在4-5gkg^-1,同样表土与心土层没有明显差别,通过地表输入的凋落物对土壤有机碳的影响主要集中在表层0.5m范围内。以豹皮樟Litsea rotundifolia,阴香Cinnamomum burmanni,潺槁木姜子Litsea glutinosa,陈氏钓樟Lindera chuni等为优势种的混交林,深层土壤含碳量显著高于其它混交林,并与村边林相似。土壤有机碳储量与土壤团聚体发育有一定的相关性,非水稳性团聚体以最小粒径（〈0.25mm）的含碳浓度最高,其它粒级的有机碳浓度相似,未成熟人工林,小团聚体的碳浓度较高,成熟林则在不同粒级中较均匀地分配有机碳,但实际碳储量于最大粒级的非水稳性团聚体中最多。成熟森林土壤水稳性团聚体含碳浓度大大高于非水稳性团聚体,水稳性团聚体在0.25-0.5mm及0.5-1.0mm两个粒级上有最大的碳积累量。结果表明,建立特定类型的混交林是增加林地碳汇功能的一个有效途径,非水稳性的大团聚体与水稳性的小团聚体的有效发育可能是成熟森林高固碳量的重要机理。     

Carbon Sequestration Potential in Stands under the Grain for Green Program in Southwest China

The Grain for Green Program (GGP) is the largest afforestation and reforestation project in China in the early part of this century. To assess carbon sequestration in stands under the GGP in Southwest China, the carbon stocks and their annual changes in the GGP stands in the region were estimated based on the following information: (1) collected data on the annually planted area of each tree species under the GGP in Southwest China from 1999 to 2010; (2) development of empirical growth curves and corresponding carbon estimation models for each species growing in the GPP stands; and (3) parameters associated with the stands such as wood density, biomass expansion factor, carbon fraction and the change rate of soil organic carbon content. Two forest management scenarios were examined: scenario A, with no harvesting, and scenario B, with logging at the customary rotation followed by replanting. The results showed that by the years 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060, the expected carbon storage of the GGP stands in Southwest China is 139.58 TgC, 177.50–207.55 TgC, 196.86–259.65 TgC, 240.45–290.62 TgC and 203.22–310.03 TgC (T = 10¹²), respectively. For the same years, the expected annual change in carbon stocks is 7.96 TgCyr⁻¹, −7.95–5.95 TgCyr⁻¹, −0.10–4.67 TgCyr⁻¹, 4.31–2.24 TgCyr⁻¹ and −0.02–1.75 TgCyr⁻¹, respectively. This indicates that the stands significantly contribute to forest carbon sinks in this region. In 2060, the estimated carbon stocks in the seven major species of GGP stands in Southwest China are 4.16–13.01 TgC for Pinus armandii, 6.30–15.01 TgC for Pinus massoniana, 11.51–13.44 TgC for Cryptomeria fortunei, 15.94–24.13 TgC for Cunninghamia lanceolata, 28.05 TgC for Cupressus spp., 5.32–15.63 TgC for Populus deltoides and 5.87–14.09 TgC for Eucalyptus spp. The carbon stocks in these seven species account for 36.8%–41.4% of the total carbon stocks in all GGP stands over the next 50 years.     

华北平原地区麦田土壤呼吸特征

2008年4-6月利用LI-8100及LI-6400-09测定了华北平原典型冬小麦田土壤CO_2通量,并分析了麦田土壤呼吸变化规律及其影响机制.结果表明:土壤呼吸日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,最高值出现在12:30-14:30,最低值出现在5:00-6:30;在不同的天气条件下,土壤呼吸速率晴天最高,多云其次,阴天最小;观测期间冠层内各高度CO_2浓度与麦田土壤呼吸速率白天呈显著线性负相关,夜间正相关;土壤呼吸速率与5 cm地温的季节变化趋势基本一致,二者显著指数相关;在田间持水量范围内,土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度正相关,当土壤相对湿度低于30%时,土壤呼吸受到抑制而通量降低;综合考虑土壤温度与湿度的双因素指数回归模型能较好地解释土壤呼吸的变化情况,土壤温度低于15 ℃时效果更好.

Abstract：

By using LI-8100 and LI-6400-09, the soil CO_2 flux of a winter wheat field in North China Plain was determined from April to June 2008, with its change patterns and affecting fac-tors analyzed. The soil respiration had a single-peak diurnal variation, with the maximum at 12: 30-14:30 and the minimum at 5:00-6:30, and the respiration rate was higher in sunny days than in cloudy or overcast days. There was a significant negative correlation between the CO_2 con-centrations at all canopy heights and the soil respiration rate at daytime, but a significant positive correlation at night. The soil respiration rate presented a seasonal variation similar to the soil tem-perature at 5 cm depth, and had a significant exponential relationship with the soil temperature. Significant correlation was also found between the soil respiration rate and soil humidity when the soil moisture content was within the range of field capacity. Soil humidity less than 30% would limit the soil respiration, inducing a decrease of soil CO_2 flux. A multiple exponential regression model of soil temperature and moisture could better explain the variation of soil respiration, espe-cially when the soil temperature was below 15 ℃.     

Rate of Carbon Sequestration at Two Thicket Restoration Sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Ecosystem carbon storage in intact thicket in the Eastern Cape, South Africa exceeds 20 kg/m², which is an unusually large amount for a semiarid ecosystem. Heavy browsing by goats transforms the thicket into an open savanna and can result in carbon losses greater than 8.5 kg/m². Restoration of thicket using cuttings of the dominant succulent shrub Portulacaria afra could return biodiversity to the transformed landscape, earn carbon credits on international markets, reduce soil erosion, increase wildlife carrying capacity, improve water infiltration and retention, and provide employment to rural communities. Carbon storage in two thicket restoration sites was investigated to determine potential rates of carbon sequestration. At the farm Krompoort, near Kirkwood, 11 kg C/m² was sequestered over 27 years (average rate of 0.42 ± 0.08 kg C m^?2 yr^?1). In the Andries Vosloo Kudu Nature Reserve, near Grahamstown, approximately 2.5 kg C/m² was sequestered over 20 years (0.12 ± 0.03 kg C m^?2 yr^?1). Slower sequestration in the Kudu Reserve was ascribed to browsing by black rhinoceros and other herbivores, a shallower soil and greater stone volumes. Planting density and P. afra genotype appeared to affect sequestration at Krompoort. Closely‐packed P. afra planting may create a positive feedback through increased infiltration of rainwater. The rate of sequestration at Krompoort is comparable to many temperate and tropical forests. Potential earnings through carbon credits are likely to rival forest‐planting schemes, but costs are likely to be less due to the ease of planting cuttings, as opposed to propagating forest saplings.     

华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量贡献区

利用2013—2014年涡度相关系统观测的华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量数据,结合通量贡献区模型FSAM,分析华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量贡献区的时空分布特点,对比研究不同大气稳定层结条件和生长期内通量贡献区的分布差异.结果表明: 在主风风向上,冬小麦整个生育期内大气稳定条件下的通量贡献区范围大于不稳定条件下的贡献区范围.在0°～90°主风风向上,生长初期稳定条件下通量贡献区范围比不稳定条件下大17.8 m左右,生长末期稳定条件下的通量贡献区范围比不稳定条件下大11 m左右.生长初期的通量贡献最大值点位置比生长末期距观测点位置远15 m(大气稳定条件)和12.4 m(大气不稳定条件);通量贡献最大值点在稳定条件下比不稳定条件下距观测点位置远5 m(生长初期)和2.4 m(生长末期).在非主风风向上,当风向为90°～180°时,生长初期和生长末期不同大气条件下的最大通量值分别位于距观测点的67.8、53.4和47.0、30.8 m.当风向为270°～360°时,生长初期和生长末期不同大气条件下的最大通量值位于距观测点的58.8、42和41.1、33.1 m.在整个生育期尺度上,观测塔的通量信息主要来自东北、西南和东南方向,其所占比例分别为35.4%、32.5%和19.4%.冬小麦整个生育期内通量贡献区的主要变化发生在观测点东北方向16.0～173.8 m和西南方向14.7～209 m,通量信息全部来源于农田生态系统.两个典型日期的通量贡献区日变化特征明显,通量贡献区范围随大气稳定条件和风向改变而发生变化.夜晚通量信息全部来源于农田生态系统,白天少部分通量信息来源于居民区和果园.本文的定量化结果可为农田生态系统通量贡献区的研究提供依据.     

Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Extremely-Late Sown Winter Wheat Cultivars under Two Irrigation Regimes in the North China Plain

Wheat production is threatened by water shortages and groundwater over-draft in the North China Plain (NCP). In recent years, winter wheat has been increasingly sown extremely late in early to mid-November after harvesting cotton or pepper. To improve water use efficiency (WUE) and guide the extremely late sowing practices, a 3-year field experiment was conducted under two irrigation regimes (W1, one-irrigation, 75 mm at jointing; W2, two-irrigation, 75 mm at jointing and 75 mm at anthesis) in 3 cultivars differing in spike size (HS4399, small spike; JM22, medium spike; WM8, large spike). Wheat was sown in early to mid-November at a high seeding rate of 800–850 seeds m⁻². Average yields of 7.42 t ha⁻¹ and WUE of 1.84 kg m⁻³ were achieved with an average seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) of 404 mm. Compared with W2, wheat under W1 did not have yield penalty in 2 of 3 years, and had 7.9% lower seasonal ET and 7.5% higher WUE. The higher WUE and stable yield under W1 was associated with higher 1000-grain weight (TGW) and harvest index (HI). Among the 3 cultivars, JM22 had 5.9%–8.9% higher yield and 4.2%–9.3% higher WUE than WM8 and HS4399. The higher yield in JM22 was attributed mainly to higher HI and TGW due to increased post-anthesis biomass and deeper seasonal soil water extraction. In conclusion, one-irrigation with a medium-sized spike cultivar JM22 could be a useful strategy to maintain yield and high WUE in extremely late-sown winter wheat at a high seeding rate in the NCP.