Pin1与肿瘤关系

蛋白质脯氨酸前的丝氨酸／苏氨酸磷酸化修饰在细胞的生命过程中起重要作用,参与多种细胞信号转导通路的调节。Pin1是一种高度保守的、特异的多肽脯氨酰基顺反异构酶（Peptldyl prolyl cistrans isomerase,PPIase）．能特异性地催化磷酸化的丝／苏-脯氨酸基序发生顺反异构,影响磷酸化蛋白的功能。     

Tau and GSK3β Dephosphorylations are Required for Regulating Pin1 Phosphorylation

Pin1 binds mitotically phosphorylated Thr231–Pro232 and Thr212–Pro213 sites on tau, and a Pin1 deficiency in mice leads to tau hyperphosphorylation. The aim of this study was to determine if the dephosphorylation or inhibition of tau and GSK3β phosphorylation induces the Pin1 phosphorylation. To test this, human SK-N-MC cells were stably transfected with a fusion gene containing neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-controlled APPsw gene(NSE/APPsw), to induce Aβ-42. The stable transfectants were then transiently transfected with NSE/Splice, lacking human tau (NSE/Splice), or NSE/hTau, containing human tau, into the cells. The NSE/Splice- and NSE/hTau-cells were then treated with lithium. We concluded that (i) there was more C99-β APP accumulation than C83-βAPP in APPsw-tansfectant and thereby promoted Aβ-42 production in transfectants. (ii) the inhibition of tau and GSK3β phosphorylations correlated with increase in Pin1 activation in NSE/hTau- cells. Thus, these observations suggest that Pin1 might have an inhibitive role in phosphorylating tau and GSK3β for protecting against Alzheimer’s disease.     

Pin 1酶破坏tau蛋白緾结

科学家报道 ,有一种酶阻止老年小鼠的脑细胞发生蛋白质结 ,而这种蛋白质结正是阿耳茨海默病的标志之一 .该酶称为Pin 1,其可形成记忆丧失疾患的新疗法的基础 .Pin 1是在 1995年发现的 ,研究者后来证明Pin 1与一种称为tau的蛋白质相互作用 ,tau是阿耳茨海默病中两种脑损害中一种     

Structure-guided design of α-amino acid-derived Pin1 inhibitors

The peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 is a promising molecular target for anti-cancer therapeutics. Here we report the structure-guided evolution of an indole 2-carboxylic acid fragment hit into a series of α-benzimidazolyl-substituted amino acids. Examples inhibited Pin1 activity with IC₅₀ <100 nM, but were inactive on cells. Replacement of the benzimidazole ring with a naphthyl group resulted in a 10–50-fold loss in ligand potency, but these examples downregulated biomarkers of Pin1 activity and blocked proliferation of PC3 cells.     

Pin1促进肿瘤发展相关机制的研究进展

脯氨酰顺反异构酶1(peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1,Pin1)为细胞内主要起信号传导作用的小分子蛋白。Pin1在肿瘤中的异常表达和信号调控促进肿瘤的发展,包括诱导耐药、辅助致肿瘤性病毒感染、参与肿瘤的缺氧代谢和其它信号调控等。本文对于Pin1的促肿瘤发展特点进行简要总结。     

Synthesis of methyl O-(3-deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-β-d-galactopyranoside and methyl O-(3-deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-galactopyranoside

Condensation of 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide (3) with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (4) gave a fully acetylated (1→6)-β-d-galactobiose fluorinated at the 3′-position which was deacetylated to give the title disaccharide. The corresponding trisaccharide was obtained by reaction of 4 with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide (5), dechloroacetylation of the formed methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)- 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside to give methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (14), condensation with 3, and deacetylation. Dechloroacetylation of methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, obtained by condensation of disaccharide 14 with bromide 5, was accompanied by extensive acetyl migration giving a mixture of products. These were deacetylated to give, crystalline for the first time, the methyl β-glycoside of (1→6)-β-d-galactotriose in high yield. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed by 500-MHz, 2D, ¹H- and conventional ¹³C- and ¹⁹F-n.m.r. spectroscopy.     

hDaxx的克隆及其与Pin1之间的相互作用

克隆了hDaxx全长的cDNA,并证实hDaxx与肽基脯氨酰异构酶Pin1之间存在相互作用,它们共定位于细胞核内。同时发现它们能够协同激活p53的转录活性,揭示Pin1可能在hDaxx调节细胞凋亡的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

最新病毒研究国外信息(1-3)

根据NS1蛋白是一种多功能促进病毒复制的组分,并有拮抗干扰素的作用,应用基于酵母的测定方法,筛选获得了抑制NS1功能的化合物。这一化合物有反转抑制干扰素mRNA的功能,不仅可作为药物开发,还可用于探讨NS1生物功能（J Virol,2009,83（4）：1881—1891）。     

Pin1在动脉粥样硬化及血管平滑肌细胞衰老中的作用

血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell, VSMC)的衰老与动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展有密切关联,但研究者对其潜在机制所知甚少。肽基脯氨酰异构酶(peptidyl-proplyl isomerase,Pin1)在人类癌细胞中普遍过表达,参与调节细胞的生长与凋亡。然而,到目前为止, Pin1在VSMC衰老调节中的作用还是未知。该研究运用蛋白质印迹实验证实了在人体动脉粥样硬化的VSMC中Pin1蛋白水平下调(P0.05),同时, p53、p21、Gadd45a以及p65的表达水平增加(P0.05)。经β-半乳糖苷酶染色法证实,动脉粥样硬化的VSMC衰老增加。腺病毒介导的Pin1过表达下调p53、p21、Gadd45a以及p65的表达。研究结果表明, Pin1介导的VSMC衰老是多信号因子参与的反应,提示Pin1是VSMC衰老调节机制中的关键因子。同时,该研究可能提供了一个调控动脉粥样硬化病理过程的新靶点。     

Prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates neuronal differentiation via β-catenin

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway promotes proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at early stages and induces neuronal differentiation from NPCs at late stages, but the molecular mechanisms that control this stage-specific response are unclear. Pin1 is a prolyl isomerase that regulates cell signaling uniquely by controlling protein conformation after phosphorylation, but its role in neuronal differentiation is not known. Here we found that whereas Pin1 depletion suppresses neuronal differentiation, Pin1 overexpression enhances it, without any effects on gliogenesis from NPCs in vitro. Consequently, Pin1-null mice have significantly fewer upper layer neurons in the motor cortex and severely impaired motor activity during the neonatal stage. A proteomic approach identified β-catenin as a major substrate for Pin1 in NPCs, in which Pin1 stabilizes β-catenin. As a result, Pin1 knockout leads to reduced β-catenin during differentiation but not proliferation of NPCs in developing brains. Importantly, defective neuronal differentiation in Pin1 knockout NPCs is fully rescued in vitro by overexpression of β-catenin but not a β-catenin mutant that fails to act as a Pin1 substrate. These results show that Pin1 is a novel regulator of NPC differentiation by acting on β-catenin and provides a new postphosphorylation signaling mechanism to regulate developmental stage-specific functioning of β-catenin signaling in neuronal differentiation.     

RNA Modified Uridines VI: Conformations of 3-[3-(S)-Amino-3-Carboxypropyl]Uridine (acp3U) from tRNA and 1-Methyl-3-[3-(S)-Amino-3-Carboxypropyl]Pseudouridine (m1acp3Ψ) from rRNA

Abstract

The conformation of chemically synthesized acp³U is 60& 3′-endo, gauche⁺, whereas that of m¹acp³Ψ is 60& 2′-endo, gauche⁺. We conclude that the difference in conformation probably imparts important local structures to their respective tRNA and rRNA.     

甲1(H1N1)和甲3(H3N2)型流感病毒在小鼠体内诱导细胞免疫反应的研究

比较了甲型流感病毒A/HK/123/77(H1N1)和A/Qld/6/72(H3N2)及其具有相应表面抗原的两个冷适应基因重分配株(Cold-Adapted Reassortant)的子代毒株CR35和CR6,在小鼠体内诱导初次细胞毒性T细胞(简称Tc)反应的能力。静脉注射相同剂量病毒后第6天,甲3型A/QLd和CR6所诱导的脾细胞Tc活性均比甲1型A/HK和CR35者高100倍。编码内部蛋白的基因相同而表面抗原的基因不同的CR6与CR35所诱导的Tc活性也不同,说明了表面抗原决定着初次Tc反应的强度。用无关的流感病毒A/SW/72(H6N5)攻击已用低剂量(10~4EID_(?))病毒致敏的小鼠表明,对A/Qld和CR6致敏者所诱导的第二次Tc活性,比A/HK和CR3S致敏者的稍高;但对用大剂量病毒致敏者,则均能产生同样好的第二次Tc活性。对Tc识别感染靶细胞上的病毒成份进行了讨论。     

模型系统(HONH_3HOH)~(-1)中的质子传递研究

本文提出了一个包含两个氢键涉及单质子和双质子传递的简化模型系统(HONH_3HOH)~(-1),并用MINDO/3方法研究了质子传递过程,得到了有关两质子传递的势能面,其每一步都选择性地进行了几何优化.单质子传递的两个势阱是不对称的,它的位垒随着氢键变长而急剧增高.α质子的转移导致体系电荷的不均匀堆积,因此其位阻较大,通过β质子传递可大大降低它的位垒,在这种意义上双质子传递比单质子传递更可能.最后讨论了它和丝氨酸蛋白酶体系催化机理的关系.     

1-Bromo-3-(1',1'-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinols: New selective ligands for the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor

Δ(8)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (26), 3-(1',1'-dimethylbutyl)- (12), 3-(1',1'-dimethylpentyl)- (13), 3-(1',1'-dimethylhexyl)- (14) and 3-(1',1'-dimethylheptyl)-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (15) have been converted into the corresponding 1-bromo-1-deoxy-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinols (25, 8-11). This was accomplished using a protocol developed in our laboratory in which the trifluoromethanesulfonate of a phenol undergoes palladium mediated coupling with pinacolborane. Reaction of this dioxaborolane with aqueous-methanolic copper(II) bromide provides the aryl bromide. The affinities of these bromo cannabinoids for the cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors were determined. All of these compounds showed selectivity for the CB(2) receptor and one of them, 1-bromo-1-deoxy-3-(1',1'-dimethylhexyl)-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (10), exhibits 52-fold selectivity for this receptor with good (28nM) affinity.     

TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding proteins (TAB) 2 and 3 negatively regulate autophagy

Transforming growth factor β-activated protein kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein 2 (TAB2) and its close homolog TAB3 are initially characterized as adapter proteins essential for TAK1 activation in response to interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α. However, the physiological roles of TAB2 and TAB3 are still not fully understood. Here we report that TAB2 and TAB3 bind to Beclin1 and colocalize in the cytoplasm. TAB2 also interacts with ATG13 and is phosphorylated by ULK1. Overexpression of TAB2 or TAB3 induces punctate localization of ATG5 under the normal culture condition. Knockdown of TAB2 and TAB3 results in the decrease in endogenous protein level of p62/SQSTM1 under the normal culture condition, while overexpression of TAB2 results in the accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 independently of TAK1. The decrease of p62/SQSTM1 induced by the knockdown of TAB2 and TAB3 is largely dependent on ATG5. These results suggest that TAB2 and TAB3 negatively regulate autophagy independently of TAK1 activity.     

问题解答(1)

问:绿色植物在有阳光时行光合作用吸二氧化碳放出氧气,在晚上没阳光时只有呼吸作用吸氧气放二氧化碳,为什么总说早晨到树林中散步空气好呢? 答:因为空气流动得很厉害,所以在一般树林中白天夜晚O_2及CO_2含量的改变是极小的.说早晨空气好,并不是植物起了什么作用,而是因为夜间人们的活动停止了,车马不在路上奔驰了,工厂的烟囱不冒烟了.加上树林中的湿度较大,尘土都降落在地上,空气就更为清洁了.我们夜间睡在屋中,屋中温度较高,不好气味的有机物(器物中发出或人呼出)空气中也很多,所以一到树林中,凉爽而清洁的空气,眼界的开朗就使我们心神为之一振.(吴相钰、董愚得答)