New Record of the Genus Metablastothrix Sugonjaev （Hymenoptera： Encyrtidae） to China

The genus Metablastothrix Sugonjaev is recorded to China for the first time. Metablastothrix isomorpha isomorpha Sugonjaev is reported. The specimens examined here are deposited in Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing （IZCAS）.     

四节金小蜂科在我国的首次发现并记述一新种(膜翅目:小蜂总科)

四节金小蜂科Tetracampidae是小蜂总科中的1个小科。1968年统计,全世界只有2亚科6属18种(Boucek and Askew,1968)。1971年,苏联的Sugonjaev根据在蒙古和苏联的哈萨克加盟共和国采到的标本描述了3新属1新亚科。Boucek于1988年又记述了澳大利亚的1个新属。这样,四节金小蜂科现在共包括3亚科10属31种(不含化石种)。我国迄今还未见有本科昆虫分布的报道。     

中国花角跳小蜂属一新种一新纪录(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

花角跳小蜂属(Blastoihrix Mayr,1875)属于跳小蜂科,跳小蜂亚科,迷仁跳小蜂族。 此属目前世界已记录20种,主要分布在全北区的欧洲、亚洲、北美洲和非洲北部,均寄生蚧虫,是蚧虫类的重要天敌,该属在我国有记录的仅2种:分布于新疆的球蚧花角跳小蜂Blastothrix sericea(Dalman)及分布于四川的白蜡虫花角跳小蜂Blastothrix eri-ceri Sugonjaev。     

Environmental friendly nitrogen fertilization

With the huge intensification of agriculture and the increasing awareness to human health and natural resources sustainability, there was a shift towards the development of environmental friendly N application approaches that support sustainable use of land and sustain food production. The effectiveness of such approaches depends on their ability to synchronize plant nitrogen demand with its supply and the ability to apply favored compositions and dosages of N-species. They are also influenced by farming scale and its sophistication, and include the following key concepts: (i) Improved application modes such as split or localized ("depot") application; (ii) use of bio-amendments like nitrification and urease inhibitors and combinations of (i) and (ii); (iii) use of controlled and slow release fertilizers; (iv) Fertigation-fertilization via irrigation systems including fully automated and controlled systems; and (v) precision fertilization in large scale farming systems. The paper describes the approaches and their action mechanisms and examines their agronomic and environmental significance. The relevance of the approaches for different farming scales, levels of agronomic intensification and agro-technical sophistication is examined as well.     

Effects of N on Plant Response to Heat-wave: A Field Study with Prairie Vegetation

More intense, more frequent, and longer heat-waves are expected in the future due to global warming, which could have dramatic ecological impacts. Increasing nitrogen (N) availability and its dynamics will likely impact plant responses to heat stress and carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. This field study examined the effects of N availability on plant response to heat-stress (HS) treatment in naturally-occurring vegetation. HS (5 d at ambient or 40.5 ℃) and N treatments (±N) were applied to 16 1 m2 plots in restored prairie vegetation dominated by Andropogon gerardii (warm-season C4 grass) and Solidago canadensis (warm-season C3 forb). Before, during, and after HS, air, canopy, and soil temperature were monitored; net CO2 assimilation (Pn), quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ (φPsⅡ), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf water potential (Ψw) of the dominant species and soil respiration (Rsolf) of each plot were measured daily during HS. One week after HS, plots were harvested, and C% and N% were determined for rhizosphere and bulk soil, and above-ground tissue (green/senescent leaf, stem, and flower). Photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) and N resorption rate (NRR) were calculated. HS decreased Pn, gs, Ψw, and PNUE for both species, and N treatment generally increased these variables (±HS), but often slowed their poat-HS recovery. Aboveground biomass tended to decrease with HS in both species (and for green leaf mass in S. canadensis), but decrease with N for ,4. gerardii and increase with N for S. canadensis. For A. gerardii, HS tended to decrease N% in green tissues with N, whereas in S. canadensis, HS increased N% in green leaves.Added N decreased NRR for A. gerardii and HS increased NRR for S. canadensis. These results suggest that heat waves,though transient, could have significant effects on plants, communities, and ecosystem N cycling, and N can influence the effect of heat waves.     

Chronic intermittent hypoxia accelerates liver fibrosis in rats with combined hypoxia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via angiogenesis rather than endoplasmic reticulum stress

In the present study,we aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)and its related inflammation and angiogenesis in liver fibrosis in a rat model of combined hypoxia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)and to confirm whether the intervention of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF1α)can improve fibrosis.Liver histological changes and biochemical indices,HIF1α,inflammatory factors,ERS-related parameters(GRP78,CHOP,caspase-3,and caspase-12),and angiogenesis indices(VEGFA,VEGFR2,and CD34)were evaluated.Compared with the control rats,the liver tissue of rats with hypoxia and NASH had obvious NASH characteristics and hepatic fibrosis was significantly aggravated,including bridging fibrosis in some rats.The mRNA expression levels of HIF1α,VEGFA,and VEGFR2 and total immunohistochemical staining scores of VEGFR2 and CD34 were significantly increased.In addition,HIF1α silencing significantly decreased HIF1α,biochemical indices(ALT,AST,and TG),inflammatory factors(TNFα,IL6,and IL1β),and angiogenesis indices(CD34 and VEGFR2),consequently,improved the hepatic fibrosis score in the rat model of combined hypoxia and NASH.Taken together,chronic intermittent hypoxia accelerates liver fibrosis in rats with combined hypoxia and NASH via angiogenesis rather than ERS and HIF1α intervention can improve liver fibrosis,angiogenesis,inflammatory factors,and biochemical indices.Therefore,HIF1α is a key regulatory factor of liver fibrosis in rats with combined hypoxia and NASH.     

Association between serum somatostatin levels and glucose-lipid metabolism in the Jino ethnic minority and Han Chinese population

We aim to investigate the relationship between serum somatostatin(SST) levels and glucose-lipid metabolism at various stages of glucose tolerance in the Jino ethnic minority(n=111) and Han population(n=113) of Yunnan Province, southwest China.Anthropometric parameters and biochemical traits were measured. Serum SST and plasma glucagon levels were tested. Participants were divided into three subgroups: isolated fasting hyperglycemia(IFH), isolated post challenge hyperglycemia(IPH)and normal glucose tolerance(NGT). SST levels were found lower while glucagon levels were significantly higher in the Jino ethnic with IPH(P=0.0026 and P=0.0069, respectively). Fasting glucose and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C)levels were higher(P=0.0055 and P=0.0021, respectively) and fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessments β-cell function were lower(P=0.0479 and P=0.0007, respectively) in the Jino population. After adjusting for confounding factors, the serum SST level was associated with glucagon(P0.0001) in both populations. The SST level was correlated with fasting Cpeptide(P=0.0267) in Jino and HDL-C levels in Han(P=0.0079). Our findings suggest that serum SST levels and plasma glucagon levels may vary in subjects with IPH between two ethnics.     

Potassium and phosphorus transport and signaling in plants

Nitrogen(N), potassium(K), and phosphorus(P) are essential macronutrients for plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the relatively low availability of K and P in soils limits crop production and thus threatens food security and agricultural sustainability. Improvement of plant nutrient utilization efficiency provides a potential route to overcome the effects of K and P deficiencies. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants sense, absorb, transport, and use K and P is an important prerequisite to improve crop nutrient utilization efficiency. In this review, we summarize current understanding of K and P transport and signaling in plants, mainly taking Arabidopsis thaliana and rice(Oryza sativa) as examples. We also discuss the mechanisms coordinating transport of N and K, as well as P and N.     

Regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in cultured rat Sertoli and Leydig cells

New data are provided to show that (i) rat Sertoli cells produce two types of plasminogen activators, tissue type (tPA) and urokinase type (uPA), and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1); (ii) both tPA (but not uPA) and PAI-1 secretion in the culture are modified by FSH, forskolin, dbcAMP, GnRH, PMA and growth factors (EGF and FGF), but not by hCG and androstenedione (△4); (iii) in vitro secretion of tPA and PA-PAI-1 complexes of Sertoli cells are greatly enhanced by presence of Leydig cells which produce negligible tPA but measurable PAI-1 activity;(iv) combination culture of Sertoli and Leydig cells remarkably increases FSH-induced PAI-1 activity and decreases hCG- and forskolin-induced inhibitor activity as compared with that of two cell types cultured alone. These data suggest that rat Sertoli cells, similar to ovarian granulosa cells, are capable of secreting both tPA and uPA, as well as PAI-1. The interaction of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells is essential for the cells to response to     

Survey of natural populations of Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) in the vineyards of Alsace (France)

Activity of Trichogramma , assessed by trapping with host-eggs, was observed as early as April and continued until October in the vineyards and their surrounding biotops. Trichogramma showed the greatest activity in April-May, July and September. Parasitized eggs were found before the main laying period of the first generation of the grapevine moths Lobesia botrana Den. and Schiff. and Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. Four native species, Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal, Trichogramma daumalae Dugast and Voegelé, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and Trichogramma principium Sugonjaev and Sorokina were found.     

Genetic divergence of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) individuals based on ITS2 and AFLP analysis

Taxonomy and phylogeny of members of the genus Trichogramma is often critical because of the fact that proper species discrimination can only be achieved by male morphology. Cryptic species, particularly when only females are available (in case of parthenogenetic species or strains), are common in this genus with consequences for practical purposes like biocontrol, unless males can be obtained after antibiotic treatment. The internally transcribed spacer 2 region of the ribosomal DNA was used to assess the identity of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina individuals collected on eggs of Nematus tibialis Newman (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from different locations in Middle Europe. Amplified products were identical in length (ca. 450bp), sequences showed a high percent similarity (>96%), and no cryptic species could be detected in the samples. In contrast, a comparison with T. aurosum populations from the USA showed values between 86% and 90%. Additional studies are needed to clarify the relationship between US and European populations. Furthermore, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted with T. aurosum wasps collected at 25 different European locations. One hundred and twenty‐three AFLP fragments could be detected using three different AFLP primer combinations of which 98% were polymorphic in more than one individual. An analysis of genetic distances based on the obtained AFLP markers indicated the existence of some genetic variability between the European T. aurosum individuals and allowed a grouping according to their geographic origin. This study represents the first successful application of the AFLP marker technique to such tiny insects as Trichogramma species.     

Comparison of different European strains of Trichogramma aurosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) using fertility life tables

Life table parameters were assessed for seven strains of Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) collected in different European countries, in order to compare their performance when reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a potential factitious host for mass-rearing. The average number of progeny per female, cumulative fertility and emergence rate did not differ significantly, whereas female longevity and sex ratio significantly differed between the seven parasitoid strains. The Danish strain survived the longest (6.05 days) and the Dutch strain survived the shortest (2.75 days). Progeny was always female-biased with varying proportions (57.7-96.7%). Survival rates started to decrease after 3 days for some of the strains studied. The mean cohort generation duration (T_c) was 11.40, 10.15, 10.62, 10.63, 9.28, 9.70 and 11.30 days for the Austrian, Luxemburgian, Belgian, French, Dutch, Danish and German strains, respectively. Population doubling time (D_t) was 4.50, 7.96, 3.56, 5.30, 5.23, 7.36 and 3.30 days, respectively. Daily intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) and finite rate of increase (exp. r_m) ranged between 0.087 and 0.210 and 1.091-1.233, respectively. The German strain might be a potential candidate for mass rearing and releases against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), due to its high net reproduction rate (R₀=10.65 female), a high intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m=0.210), a high finite rate of increase (exp. r_m=1.23), and a short population doubling time (D_t=3.3 days). The relevance of intra- and interstrain variability as well as the usefulness of fertility life tables for pre-introductory research is discussed.     

The Oak-silkworm Egg Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Anthelidae) as a Mass Rearing Host for Parasitoids of the Genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The acceptance of 40 different strains of 24 Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species for oak-silkworm host eggs, Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville (Lepidoptera: Anthelidae) was tested in laboratory experiments. The oak-silkworm, which is commercially used in China to mass produce Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura on a large scale, was accepted for egg laying by 10 out of the 24 species tested but only 3 species (four strains of T. dendrolimi, three strains of T. chilonis Ishii and one strain of T. cacoeciae Marchal) successfully completed development to adult emergence. The number of adults emerged per host egg averaged 83.2, 37.0, 42.3, 53.0 for four different strains of T. dendrolimi; 42.5, 10.0 for two strains of T. chilonis; 24.5 and 0 for two strains of T. cacoeciae.

Seven other Trichogramma species develoedp in A. pernyi eggs, but no adult emergence occurred and no emergence holes on the chorion were found. The number of Trichogramma larvae, pupae, and adults together per host egg averaged 81.7 and 67.4 for two strains of T. embryophagum Hartig; 39.0 for T. japonicum Ashmead; 35.0, 16.7, 19.0, 0 for four strains of T. evanescens Westwood; 18.7, 0, 0, 0 for four strains of T. brassicae Bezdenko; 11.5 for T. piceum Dyurich; 76.4 and 23.0 for two unidentified strains collected in apple and vine orchards in Germany, respectively.

The following 14 Trichogramma species did not parasitize any A. pernyi eggs: T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, T. bourarachae Pintureau & Babault, T. buesi Voegél, T. funiculatum Carver, T. ivelae Pang & Chen, T. meyeri Sorokina, T. minutum Riley, T. nerudai Pintureau, T. nubilale Ertle & Davis, T. ostriniae Pang & Chen, T. principium Sugonjaev & Sorokina, T. pretiosum Riley and two further unidentified strains that originated from France and Switzerland.

The results confirmed that A. pernyi is a suitable host for rearing T. dendrolimi and T. chilonis and that the two species T. cacoeciae and T. embryophagum, under optimal conditions, might be possible candidates for rearing.     

短柄五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体发育的研究

短柄五加花药５枚,每个花药四个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体形的四分体。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层四层细胞组成,其发育类型为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层,其细胞为二核。三细胞型花粉。子房５室,每室两个胚珠,上胚珠败育,下胚珠可育。下胚珠倒生,具单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线性排列的四个大孢子,雌配子体发育属蓼型。开花当天,花粉散开,雌配子体尚未成熟,处     

四川自贡发现合川马门溪龙新材料

记述了产自四川自贡上侏罗统的一具较完整的蜥脚类恐龙骨架 ,将其归入合川马门溪龙 (Mamenchisaurushochuanensis)中。新材料的发现弥补了合川种正型标本的不足 ,对合川种的特征作了重要补充 ,同时也使我们对马门溪龙的末端尾椎形态有了新的认识。     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

白鱀豚甲状腺及甲状旁腺的初步研究

本文是8头白鱀豚(Lipotes vexillifer)的甲状腺及甲状旁腺的初步研究结果。白鱀豚甲状腺的解剖学和组织学结构与其它海豚相似。其甲状腺滤泡呈圆形或椭圆形,滤泡胶质嗜酸性,滤泡平均直径为106.4微米,滤泡上皮平均高为9.4微米,滤泡旁细胞平均直径为11.0微米。甲状旁腺分布在甲状腺的腹侧面或前、后方,其上皮细胞被结缔组织分隔成团索状。文中并讨论了白鱀豚甲状腺的一些组织形态变化。       

暗腹雪鸡食管和胃的形态学及组织学观察

为了解暗腹雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)食管和胃的形态及组织结构特征,利用生物显微技术对暗腹雪鸡的食管和胃进行了观察.结果表明,暗腹雪鸡嗉囊发达.食管壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜组成,黏膜层较厚,黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,固有膜内食管腺丰富,由腺细胞围成的腺管直接开口于黏膜上皮,食管肌层发达,由内环、外纵平滑肌组成.胃壁由黏膜层、肌层和外膜组成,胃的黏膜下层不发达或缺无,胃肌层的排列则为内纵外环.表明暗腹雪鸡食管和胃的结构可能与其消化功能及其生境密切相关.     

The Studies on Embryology in Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim

The development of the anther wall follows Basic-type. The cytokinesis at the time of pollen mother cell meiosis conforms to successive type. The arrangement of the microspores in the tetrad is referred to isobilateral. The primary wall between the generative cell and the vegetative cell is callose. The callose wall is easily detected under the fluorescence microscope. The mature pollen grain is 2-celled type. The ovule is bitegminous, tenui-nucellar and anatropous. The development of the female gametophyte follows Fritillaria-type. The mature embryo sac. consists of the six cells including the seven nuclei. The fertilization is referred to the premitotic syngamy type. The fusion of the female and male nucleoli is not observed at the end of the fertilization. The division of the primary endosperm nucleus is earlier than that of the zygote. The development of the endosperm is referred to nuclear type. The division of the zygote is transverse of longitudinal, the development of the embryo conforms to Onagradtype. When the seed is mature, the embryo is at the proembryo stage without differentiation and the endosperm cells are not absorbed.