Short communication effects of six months' feeding of cypermethrin on the blood and liver of albino rats

A cypermethrin-mixed diet was fed uninterrupted to male albino rats for six months to evaluate toxicity in nontarget organisms. The rats consumed cypermethrin at a dose of 420 mg active ingredient (AI) per kilogram body weight per day. At the end of the stipulated period, the blood and liver were analyzed for insecticidal toxicity. The hemoglobin content and white blood cell (WBC) count remained unaltered, while the red blood cell (RBC) count and packed-cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly. The blood serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), and amylase activities were elevated 61%, 30%, and 46%, respectively, after six months of insecticide feeding, suggesting liver and possibly pancreas malfunction. The glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities, on the other hand, decreased 37% and 40%, respectively. The blood serum protein and free amino acids (FAA) content increased 12% and 31%, respectively, while cholesterol content decreased 49%. Consequent to cypermethrin administration the hepatic GOT, LDH, and ICDH activities increased 250%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. The soluble proteins, FAA, and glucose contents exhibited significant increases of 28%, 61%, and 71%, respectively. Histological changes were marked by hypertrophied hepatic cells and nuclei.     

温度对不同类型早籼稻灌浆期间直链淀粉、蛋白质积累的影响

高温条件下早籼稻籽粒直链淀粉积累速率快,持续时间短;蛋白质含量高;灌浆前期谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性高,开花11d后迅速下降．适温条件下籽粒直链淀粉积累速率慢,持续时间长;蛋白质含量低;谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性变化缓慢,3个不同类型品种中适合作米粉的湘早籼33号直链淀粉含量最高,饲料稻湘早籼24号蛋白质含量最高．高温有助于湘早籼33号直链淀粉含量和湘早籼24号蛋白质含量的提高。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Undaria pinnatifida</Emphasis> fucoidan extract protects against CCl<Subscript>4</Subscript>-induced oxidative stress

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan extract (UPFE) in preventing CCl₄-induced oxidative stress. UPFE (100 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to rats for 14 days. On day 15, CCl₄ dissolved in olive oil (50% CCl₄) was injected 12 h before they were anesthetized and dissected. To measure UPFE-mediated antioxidation, we examined the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver homogenates. CCl₄ treatment markedly increased the levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH, and MDA and significantly decreased levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx. UPFE pretreatment decreased levels of GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH, and MDA, by 62.8, 68.5, 41.9, 72.7, and 122%, respectively and increased those of SOD, CAT, and GPx by 111.1, 15.9, and 52.6%, respectively. These results showed that UPFE has antioxidant effects against CCl₄-induced oxidative stress.     

Cardioprotective effect of coconut kernel protein in isoproterenol administered rats

Male albino rats were given subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (10 mg/100 g body wt) twice at an interval of 24 hr to induce myocardial infarction. The rats showed massive myocardial necrosis and increased activities of creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), in serum, while a decrease in nitric oxide synthase activity and lower levels of palmitate oxidation into CO2 and ATP were observed in the heart. Rats pre-treated with coconut protein or L-arginine showed significantly decreased CPK, GOT and GPT activities in the serum. There was significantly higher nitric oxide synthase activity and higher rate of palmitate oxidation into CO2 and increased levels of ATP in the heart in these groups. These observations indicate the cardioprotective effect of coconut protein, which may be attributed to the high content of L-arginine present in it.     

无菌条件下小麦氨基酸态氮及铵态氮营养效应研究

对铵态氮(硫酸铵)、氨基酸态氮(甘氨酸,谷氨酸及赖氨酸)和缺氮无菌砂培条件下小麦单株干物重、全氮量及根、叶谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性作了研究．结果表明,铵态氮和氨基酸态氮均可被小麦吸收,且吸收量相当．培养30d后,甘氨酸和谷氨酸处理的小麦干物重显著高于缺氮及铵态氮处理,而铵态氮、赖氨酸及缺氮处理的干物重相近．低浓度铵态氮(0．7mmol·L^1)培养15d的小麦仅根的GPT活性显著高于缺氮处理,而高浓度(35．7mmol·L^1)处理6h对这两种转氨酶活性影响不大.不同种类、不同浓度的氨基酸态氮培养15d或处理6h后,小麦植株根、叶的GOT或GPT活性变化趋势有较大差异,这反映出小麦外源氨基酸主要同化部位及同化量,与氨基酸种类及浓度有较大关系．     

Effect of altered hormonal states on transaminase enzymes in the genital ograns of immature female rhesus monkeys

The effect of ovariectomy and hormone replacement therapy on the activity of glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of immature female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta ) was studied. In intact animals, GOT activity was high in the oviduct, whereas GPT was high in the vagina. Ovariectomy suppressed the activity of both the enzymes in varying degrees. Estradiol dipropionate stimulated GOT in the oviduct and uterus, whereas progesterone increased this enzyme in the uterus. Sequential treatment of two hormones inhibited the enzymes in all the tissues; GPT was, however, stimulated in the fundus region of the uterus. The study demonstrated the presence of transaminase enzymes in the genital tissues of rhesus monkey and their differential response to sex steroids.     

Influences of crude extract of tea leaves,Camellia sinensis,on streptozotocin diabetic male albino mice

Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypoglycemic activity of the crude tea leaves extract on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The average body weight of animals with diabetes and their percentage changes of body weight gain after 15 and 30 days were significantly lower than that of the normal control mice. In diabetic mice, supplementation with tea leaves extract decreased the loss of body weight. After 15 and 30 days, significant increases in the levels of serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, uric acid, glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase (GOT) were noted in STZ-diabetic mice fed with normal diet. Also, the values of total protein in this group were statistically declined after 15 and 30 days. The levels of serum glucose and GPT were significantly elevated after 15 and 30 days in diabetic mice supplemented with tea leaves extract. Moreover, the level of serum GOT was notably increased after 30 days. Insignificant alterations were observed in the levels of serum triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, urea and uric acid in diabetic mice supplemented with tea leaves extract. Thus, the present results have shown that tea leaves extract has the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antihyperproteinemic effects and consequently may alleviate liver and kidney damage associated with STZ-induced diabetes in mice.     

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the azo-dye p-dimethylaminoazobenzene in mice: a time-course study

The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chronic feeding of the azo-dye p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) during 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days have been assessed in mice. The endpoints used for genotoxic analysis were chromosome aberrations (CA), micronuclei (MN) and mitotic index (MI) in bone-marrow cells, and sperm-head abnormality (SHA) in male gonads. The activities of marker enzymes for toxicity, such as glutamate oxalo-acetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) were also assayed periodically, as was lipid peroxidation (LPO). Chronic feeding of p-DAB produced increased numbers of chromosome aberrations, nuclear anomalies and sperm-head abnormalities, as compared with normal untreated controls, generally in a time-dependent manner until 60 days, after which the anomalies persisted, but rather erratically. However, although there was some noticeable modulation in enzyme activities in the corresponding p-DAB-fed mice as well, these were not strictly time-dependent.     

A comparative study of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in the saliva of diabetic and normal patients

Diabetes has been reported to affect salivary glands adversely in humans and experimental models. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are salivary enzymes that also are widely distributed in animal tissues. We determined GOT and GPT levels in saliva samples of 100 type 1 and 30 type 2 diabetic patients using reflectance spectrophotometry and compared them to 30 age and sex matched healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean values of GOT and GPT in type 1 diabetics compared to type 2 and control groups. Significantly higher GOT levels were found in the 1–20 year age group of type 1 diabetics. Our findings suggest that salivary gland damage is due to the same immunological attack that affects pancreatic β cells and results in type 1 diabetes.     

Long-term starvation in Xenopus laevis daudin—III. Effects on enzymes in several tissues

• 1.1. Adult, female Xenopus laevis were subjected to 12 months of starvation.
• 2.2. Starvation resulted in a continuous reduction in the activity of both hepatic and renal glucose-6-phosphate dehydroganse.
• 3.3. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase was significantly reduced at months 10 and 12 in the liver, and at months 4, 10, and 12 in the kidney.
• 4.4. Pyruvate kinase activity of muscle and liver decreased during the experimental period whereas the renal enzyme remained essentially unchanged.
• 5.5. Both hepatic and renal glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and hepatic glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) showed a reduction of activity after 2 and 4 months of starvation followed by an increase in GPT but not in GOT.

     

Effect of Zinc and Iron Fortification of the Feed on Liver and Thyroid Function in Rats

Changes in plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxin (T4) of male rats, following 8?weeks of administration of different concentrations of elemental iron (EI), sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA), zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)), and zinc oxide (ZnO) in whole wheat flour were investigated. Liver enzymes and thyroid hormones were determined using colorimetric methods and enzyme immune assay, respectively. Ingestion of fortified diets by the male rats did not show a marked effect on GOT and GPT, the exception being NaFeEDTA fed alone and EI with ZnO-fortified diets indicating a significant (p?相似文献   

Response related enzymatic changes in ovaries of superovulated mice

Adult female mice were superovulated with PMSG followed by HCG and 140 blastocysts and 69 morulae were recovered from 24 mice. On the basis of the response, mice were divided into six groups; non responders, 1-5, 6-10, 11-20, 21-30 and >30 embryos. The ovaries of the animals were pooled group wise, homogenized in PBS (pH 7.4) and after centrifugation for 10-15 minutes, the supernatant was analyzed for the enzymes, guanine oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), guanine pymvate transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatases (ACP) and alkaline phosphatases (AKP). Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities did not show any variation in relation to response to superovulation but GOT and GPT showed significantly increased activity in response to induction of superovulation. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between GOT and GPT activities and the superovulatory response in mice.     

Pharmacokinetics of Glutamate–Oxaloacetate Transaminase and Glutamate–Pyruvate Transaminase and Their Blood Glutamate-Lowering Activity in Na?ve Rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke lead to elevated levels of glutamate in the brain that negatively affect the neurological outcomes in both animals and humans. Intravenous administration of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) enzymes can be used to lower the blood glutamate levels and to improve the neurological outcome following TBI and stroke. The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacokinetics and to determine the glutamate-lowering effects of GOT and GPT enzymes in na?ve rats. We determined the time course of serum GOT, GPT, and glutamate levels following a single intravenous administration of two different doses of each one of the studied enzymes. Forty-six male rats were randomly assigned into one of 5 treatment groups: saline (control), human GOT at dose 0.03 and 0.06?mg/kg and porcine GPT at dose 0.6 and 1.2?mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 5?min, and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24?h after the drug injection and GOT, GPT and glutamate levels were determined. The pharmacokinetics of both GOT and GPT followed one-compartment model, and both enzymes exhibited substantial glutamate-lowering effects following intravenous administration. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic data indicated that both enzymes were distributed predominantly in the blood (central circulation) and did not permeate to the peripheral organs and tissues. Several-hour delay was present between the time course of the enzyme levels and the glutamate-lowering effects (leading to clock-wise hysteresis on concentration-effect curves), apparently due to the time that is required to affect the pool of serum glutamate. We conclude that the interaction between the systemically-administered enzymes (GOT and GPT) and the glutamate takes place in the central circulation. Thus, glutamate-lowering effects of GOT and GPT apparently lead to redistribution of the excess glutamate from the brain's extracellular fluid into the blood and can reduce secondary brain injury due to glutamate neurotoxicity. The outcomes of this study regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the GOT and GPT enzymes will be subsequently verified in clinical studies that can lead to design of effective neuroprotective treatment strategies in patients with traumatic brain diseases and stroke.     

Decreased collagen types I and IV, laminin, CK-19 and α-SMA expression after bone marrow cell transplantation in rats with liver fibrosis

Bone marrow cells have frequently been tested in animal models of liver fibrosis to assess their role in hepatic regeneration. The mononuclear fraction of bone marrow cells is of particular interest, as many studies show that these cells may be beneficial to treat hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we used the bile duct ligation model to induce hepatic fibrosis in an irreversible manner, and rats were treated with bone marrow mononuclear (BMMN) cells after fibrosis was established. Analysis of collagen types I and IV, laminin and α-SMA showed a decreased expression of these proteins in fibrotic livers after 7 days of BMMN cell injection. Moreover, cytokeratin-19 analysis showed a reduction in bile ducts in the BMMN cell-treated group. These results were accompanied by ameliorated levels of hepatic enzymes GPT (Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase), GOT (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) and alkaline phosphatase (AP). Therefore, we showed that BMMN cells decrease hepatic fibrosis by significantly reducing myofibroblast numbers and through reduction of the collagen and laminin-rich extracellular matrix of fibrotic septa and hepatic sinusoids.     

Transaminase GOT and GPT activity in extirped sprouts of normal and opaque-2 Maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings

The increased activity of GOT (E.C.2.6.1.1.) and GPT (E.C.2.6.1.2.) transaminases in maize seedlings found as a marker of genotype opaque-2, was investigated in extirped sprouts of both genotypes, normal and opaque-2. The enzymatic activity was determined in three maize samples from breeding experiments, each sample consisting of a genotype pair, normal and opaque-2, collected from segregating ears of maize plants in the S₁ generation. The seedlings were aseptically grown for 7 days in two variants of cultivation, intact seedlings and sprouts extirped after 4 days of germination. In the intact seedlings of genotype opaque-2 an increased activity of GOT and GPT, as compared to the intact normal plants, was observed. The extirpation of the sprouts enhanced GOT and GPT activity in the sprouts of both genotypes. However, in extirped sprouts the GOT and GPT activity was found to be still higher in the genotype opaque-2 as compared with the sprouts of normal genotype. Thus it seems that the increased transaminase activity in the sprouts of genotype opaque-2 is genetically determined. The increase does not result from an induction of enzyme synthesis through the supply of amino acids translocated from the endosperm to the sprouts. The absolute level of transaminases in the different breeding samples is dependent on the parenteral lines, the relative level of GOT and GPT activities is higher in the genotype opaque-2.     

Attenuation of the acute adriamycin-induced cardiac and hepatic oxidative toxicity by N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine in rats

The protective effect of the synthetic aminothiol, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG) on adriamycin (ADR) induced acute cardiac and hepatic oxidative toxicity was evaluated in rats. ADR toxicity, induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (15 mg/kg), was indicated by an elevation in the level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). ADR produced significant elevation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), indicating lipid peroxidation, and significantly inhibited the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in heart and liver tissues. In contrast, a single injection of ADR did not affect the cardiac or hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and cardiac catalase (CAT) activity but elevated hepatic CAT. Pretreatment with MPG, (2.5 mg/kg) intragastrically, significantly reduced TBARS concentration in both heart and liver and ameliorated the inhibition of cardiac and hepatic SOD activity. In addition, MPG significantly decreased the serum level of GOT, GPT, CK-MB, and LDH of ADR treated rats. These results suggest that MPG exhibited antioxidative potentials that may protect heart and liver against ADR-induced acute oxidative toxicity. This protective effect might be mediated, at least in part, by the high redox potential of sulfhydryl groups that limit the activity of free radicals generated by ADR.     

Attenuation of the acute adriamycin-induced cardiac and hepatic oxidative toxicity by N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine in rats

The protective effect of the synthetic aminothiol, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine (MPG) on adriamycin (ADR) induced acute cardiac and hepatic oxidative toxicity was evaluated in rats. ADR toxicity, induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (15 mg/kg), was indicated by an elevation in the level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). ADR produced significant elevation in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), indicating lipid peroxidation, and significantly inhibited the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in heart and liver tissues. In contrast, a single injection of ADR did not affect the cardiac or hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and cardiac catalase (CAT) activity but elevated hepatic CAT. Pretreatment with MPG, (2.5 mg/kg) intragastrically, significantly reduced TBARS concentration in both heart and liver and ameliorated the inhibition of cardiac and hepatic SOD activity. In addition, MPG significantly decreased the serum level of GOT, GPT, CK-MB, and LDH of ADR treated rats. These results suggest that MPG exhibited antioxidative potentials that may protect heart and liver against ADR-induced acute oxidative toxicity. This protective effect might be mediated, at least in part, by the high redox potential of sulfhydryl groups that limit the activity of free radicals generated by ADR.     

研究报告：蚓激酶同工酶降解乙型肝炎抗原并保护肝功能

目的蚓激酶同工酶(LKIs)作为肠溶胶囊的有效成分,用于治疗血栓性疾病已有30多年历史。近年来,LKIs在其他危重疾病中的研究时有报道。本文关注LKIs在乙型肝炎方面的作用。方法乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBs Ag)、核心抗原(HBcAg)和e抗原(HBeAg)分别与不同浓度LKIs孵育,观察这些蛋白质的降解和估计肽链的切割位点。Hep G2.2.15细胞与LKIs孵育,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)和蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)检测细胞分泌的HBsAg和HbeAg。LKIs灌胃Balb/c小鼠30天,采用ELISA和Western blotting检测其血清HBsAg和HBeAg,免疫组化染色检测肝组织中的HBcAg。采用苏木精-伊红染色分析乙肝病毒转基因小鼠肝组织的损害,并通过ELISA定量分析血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)。腹腔注射后,取大鼠血清和肝组织,测定其中的LKIs含量,从而观察LKIs的吸收。采用LKIs给龙岩麻鸭灌胃30天,通过PCR检测其血清HBV DNA。结果蚓激酶肠溶胶囊的有效成分是含有6种LKIs的复方蛋白酶药物,可以降解HBV...     

Reserpine effects on neurotransmitters in chick heart during growth

Effects of tranquilizing agents on neurotransmitters in the heart have not been widely studied. Thus, the effect of intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, (2.5 mg/kg bw) on the concentrations of excitatory (glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, asparagine), inhibitory (GABA, glycine, alanine, taurine), neurotransmitters as well as the enzymes (GOT and GPT) and total protein were measured in both heart and serum of chicks at different ages (1, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days). Reserpine induced a decrease in the excitatory amino acids and an increase in GABA in both heart and serum in most ages. Glycine and alanine increased in the heart and decreased in serum. Taurine increased in the heart of young ages (1 and 7 days) and decreased in older ones (90 and 180 days), however, it decreased in serum of most ages. Both GOT and GPT increased in heart but, in serum, GOT increased and GPT decreased in most ages. Total protein increased in the heart of young chicks and decreased in the 90- and 180-day-old chicks. In conclusion, reserpine induced a parallel decrease in the ratio glutamate, glutamine, aspartate/GABA in both myocardial tissue and serum of the different age groups. Changes observed in neurotransmitters of the heart suggest that these amino acids may play a similar role in the myocardial tissue, as is described in the central nervous system.     

Potential role of regucalcin as a specific biochemical marker of chronic liver injury with carbon tetrachloride administration in rats

The potential sensitivity of liver specific protein regucalcin as a biochemical marker of chronic liver injury with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) administration in rats was investigated. CCl₄ (10%; 1.0 ml/100 g body wt) was orally given 5 times at 3-day intervals to rats, and the animals were killed by bleeding at 3, 6, 18, and 30 days after the first administration of CCl₄. The body weight of rats was significantly lowered 3 and 6 days after CCl₄ administration as compared with that of control rats administered with corn oil, and then the weight was restored at 18 and 30 days. Serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities were significantly increased 3 days after the administration, while a significant increase in serum -glutamyltranspeptidase (-GTP) activity was seen at 3 and 6 days after the administration. Serum GOT, GPT, and -GTP activities were restored to control levels at 18 and 30 days after CCl₄ administration. Serum albumin, -fetoprotein, and ammonium levels were not changed by CCl₄ administration. Meanwhile, serum regucalcin concentration was markedly increased 3 and 6 days after CCl₄ administration, and a significant increase in serum regucalcin concentration was observed 18 and 30 days after the administration. Liver regucalcin mRNA and liver cytosolic regucalcin levels were significantly decreased 18 and 30 days after CCl₄ administration. Liver content of calcium, which intracellular calcium homeostasis is maintained, was significantly increased between 3 and 30 days after CCl₄ administration. Hepatic mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased 30 days after the administration. The present study demonstrates that serum regucalcin has a potential sensitivity as a specific biochemical marker of chronic liver injury with CCl₄ administration in rats.