敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究──Ⅱ.微生物对模拟石窟壁画颜料的影响

通过对微生物生长后的模拟壁画的分析测定,发现微生物对壁画颜料有很大影响：微生物形成的可溶性色素直接造成壁画色度的改变,在生长代谢过程中形成大量的草酸盐,并使颜粒晶体的晶形发生变化。此外,微生物的作用使铅丹的价态改变,在铅丹的色变中起着重要的作用。     

敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究：Ⅲ.枝孢霉在石窟壁画铅丹变色 …

从敦煌莫高窟分离的枝孢霉在模拟壁画表面萌发的条件为：２０℃,ＲＨ６０％或３０℃,ＲＨ５０％。部分石窟在特定时间内可满足这一条件。骨胶对铅丹起到保护作用,而枝孢霉可以分解骨胶,并利用其生长和形成草酸等代谢产物。这些作用使铅丹处于一个特殊的化学环境,造成稳定性下降,并促进了铅丹向铅白的转变。     

敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究──Ⅲ.枝孢霉在石窟壁画铅丹变色中的作用

从敦煌莫高窟分离的枝孢霉在模拟壁画表面萌发的条件为：20℃,RH60％或30℃,RH50％。部分石窟在特定时间内可满足这一条件。骨胶对铅丹起到保护作用,而枝孢霉可以分解骨胶,并利用其生长和形成草酸等代谢产物。这些作用使铅丹处于一个特殊的化学环境,造成稳定性下降,并促进了铅丹向铅白的转变。     

岩画和壁画类文物微生物病害研究进展

古代岩画和壁画是人类文明发展历史进程的重要记录,具有极高的历史价值、艺术价值及科学价值,但他们无时无刻不受到环境因素引起的物理、化学及生物的劣化作用。近年,有关微生物对古代岩/壁画的危害逐渐受到关注。阐述了世界一些著名的岩/壁画文物的微生物的研究进展,如法国拉斯科洞穴岩画(Lascaux Cave)、西班牙阿尔塔米拉洞穴岩画(Altamira Cave)、敦煌石窟壁画、嘉峪关魏晋墓壁画以及我国东北地区公元5世纪的墓葬壁画等。通过对以上所述岩画和壁画微生物群落的分析比较,发现主要的细菌群落是变形菌门和放线菌门,放线菌门以假诺卡氏菌为主。真菌群落主要以虫生真菌为主。进一步分析了岩画和壁画微生物病害的共性和区别,揭示了洞穴、墓室等特殊环境下的微生物群落特点,为防治古代岩/壁画微生物病害提供了以下借鉴。     

假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)微生物对壁画和岩画类文物的危害

摘要:长期暴露于自然环境中的文物容易遭受到微生物的侵袭,而近年来报道的假诺卡氏菌属微生物在原址壁画和岩画表面的存在和富集现象具有一定的共性,并且会对这类文物造成危害。本文结合国内外研究进展对此进行综述,并对原址保护壁画和岩画所处环境与假诺卡氏菌属微生物的生长条件、营养需求之间的关联进行分析,为文物特别是壁画和岩画类文物的保护工作提供新的依据和思路。     

使敦煌壁画红色铅丹变色菌株生理特性的研究

对一株分离自敦煌壁画的菌株进行了生理生化检测,结果表明,该菌符合黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium),不定种(Species Incertae Sedis)的特征.在加有铅丹(Pb_3O_4)的培养基上,菌体呈棕黑色.通过鉴定,认为该棕色为菌体将铅丹氧化成PbO_2的缘故.在pH9.8、37℃、黑暗条件下氧化程度最高.纯氧及纯氮气条件下菌体氧化铅丹受抑制,菌株氧化铅丹受质粒控制,菌体具主动吸收铅的能力,电镜观察铅主要位于原生质体内,5×10~(-3)mol/ml NaN_3抑制菌体生长.     

敦煌莫高窟第98窟壁画表面菌斑的群落结构分析

【目的】确定第98窟壁画表面白色污染物内微生物微观特征, 分析其群落组成、结构特点及诱发壁画病害微生物产生的因素, 为石窟寺保护和旅游管理提供建议。【方法】利用无菌手术刀收集壁画表面白色污染物样品; 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析样品中微生物体微观形貌; 通过提取样品总DNA、扩增细菌16S rDNA、构建克隆文库、测序和系统发生关系分析等技术研究壁画微生物群落组成与结构特点。【结果】壁画白色污染物中存在大量具有微生物特征的结构体, 形态多呈短杆状和卵圆形, 大小在 (3.0?5.5)?μm×(1.5?2.5) μm之间。共得到克隆文库序列111条, 主要为变形菌门γ-变形菌亚门肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)与假单孢菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)成员。群落组成和结构分析表明所得序列主要隶属于肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、埃希菌属(Escherichia)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)和克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella); 埃希菌属和肠杆菌属为优势属, 分别占克隆文库中总序列的46.8%和35.1%, 二者在自然界分布广泛, 大多属于人类致病菌。【结论】莫高窟第98窟壁画表面白色污染物主要为病害细菌生长所形成的菌斑群落集成。变形菌门在壁画细菌克隆文库中占绝对优势, 壁画病害微生物的出现和蔓延可能与该洞窟之前长期旅游开放存在一定关联。     

液质发酵食品中微生物群落及与乳酸菌间相互作用研究进展

液质发酵食品发酵过程中微生物组成复杂,复杂的微生物发酵体系会影响微生物的生长和代谢,继而改变微生物的群落结构与功能,最终影响液质发酵食品的品质.乳酸菌在食品发酵中对形成风味物质、提高营养价值、抑制腐败菌生长具有重要的作用.本文主要对近年来食醋、酱油和饮料酒等液质发酵食品中微生物群落及与乳酸菌间相互作用关系进行综述,了解...     

电场刺激技术在微生物工程中的应用

电场刺激是利用电解法将惰性电极插入电解液中,形成一种电解池系统,电解液对细胞培养物会产生不同影响,并导致生物过程发生改变。电场刺激对微生物会产生促进和杀灭两种不同作用,并在微生物工程中已有所应用,如促进微生物生长和代谢、强化废水处理、进行生物修复和用于杀菌消毒等。研究表明电场刺激在微生物工程和环境生物工程等方面有广泛的应用前景。     

敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究：Ⅰ.色变壁画的微生物类群及优势 …

通过对子煌莫高窟６个洞窟中的５１个典型变色颜料样品的微生物检测,发现其中的细菌有６个属,优势菌为芽孢杆菌属和产碱菌属;霉菌有５个属,优势菌为青霉属。将分离得到的的菌种,通过模拟试验证明,枝孢霉、黑曲霉和２种特殊细菌对壁画红色颜料变色和胶结材料的老化均起着重要作用。     

Contamination of mural paintings by indoor airborne fungal spores

Summary The processes of biodeterioration on mural paintings have often been discussed, whereas the causes of contamination have seldom been examined.Many microorganisms responsible for the biodeterioration of paintings are of airborne origin. It follows that an investigation on the aerial microbial concentration and air movements in painted indoors is very useful.This paper reviews the literature of mural painting biodeterioration and the aerobiological studies of painted indoors. Hypogean environments, for their particular microclimatic conditions, are not considered.The fungal species most frequently found in the biodeterioration of wall-paintings are reported, as well as comparisons of surface contamination and aerobiological investigation.This review shows the necessity of finding the best sampling methodologies for cultural heritage studies. The control of airborne contamination and proper sampling methods are highly important in determining treatment strategies for the conservation and prevention of microbial attack on painted surfaces.     

An experimental and theoretical study on the dissolution of mural fibrin clots by tissue-type plasminogen activator.

During thrombolytic therapy and after recanalization is achieved, reduction in the volume of mural thrombi is desirable. Mural thrombi are known to contribute to rethrombosis and reocclusion. The lysis rate of mural thrombi has been demonstrated to increase with fluid flow in different experimental models, but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. An experimental and a theoretical study were developed to determine the contribution of outer convective transport to the lysis of mural fibrin clots. Normal human plasma containing recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA; 0.5 microg/mL) was (re)perfused over mural fibrin clots with fluorescently labeled fibrin at low arterial, arterial, or higher wall shear stresses (4, 18, or 41 dyn/cm(2), respectively) and lysis was monitored in real time. Flow accelerated lysis, but significantly only at the highest shear stress: The average lysis front velocity was 3 x 10(-5) cm/s at 41 dyn/cm(2) vs. almost half of that at the lower shear stresses. Confocal microscopy showed fibrin fibers dissolving only in a narrow region close to the surface when permeation velocity was predicted to be low. A heterogeneous transport-reaction finite element model was used to describe mural fibrinolysis. After scaling the effects of outer and inner convection, inner diffusion, and chemical reactions, a simplified inner diffusion/reaction model was used. Correlation to fibrin lysis data in purified systems dictated higher rates of plasmin(ogen) and tPA adsorption onto fibrin and a decreased catalytic rate of plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation, compared with published parameters. At each shear stress, the model predicted a temporal pattern of lysis of mural fibrin (similar to that observed experimentally), and protease accumulation in a narrow fibrin region and significant lysis inhibition by plasma alpha(2)-antiplasmin (according to the literature). Increasing outer convection accelerated mural fibrinolysis, but the model did not predict the big increase in lysis rate at the highest shear stress. At higher than arterial flows, additional mechanisms not accounted for in the current model, such as fibrin collapse at the fibrin front, may regulate the lysis of mural clots and determine the outcome of thrombolytic therapy.     

Clinical observations and echocardiographic features of mural thrombi in the left ventricle during myocardial infarction]

The incidence and changes in the mural thrombi in left ventricle in ECHO-2D in the acute myocardial infarction as well as relationship between clinical parameters and echocardiographic indices of the left cardiac ventricle contractability asynergy and dynamics of changes in mural thrombi have been investigated. The studies included 137 consecutive patients (98 males and 39 females) treated for the acute myocardial infarction. Patients' age ranged from 35 to 87 years (mean 62 years). Infarction of the anterior and/or lateral wall was diagnosed in 67 patients, and infarction of the inferior and/or posterior wall in 70 patients. Mural thrombi were diagnosed in 42 (31%) patients. Eighteen thrombi (43%) were liquefied during hospitalization. Comparative analysis of patients in whom mural thrombi underwent liquefaction in the hospital and a group of patients with myocardial infarction and persisting mural thrombi showed that return of left ventricle movements with subsequent contractability facilitate liquefaction of mural thrombi. Higher mortality rate in the group of patients with myocardial infarction with mural thrombi is due to extension of the infarction accompanied by marked asynergy of left ventricular contractions which does not decrease in sequential examinations, and increasing congestive heart failure.     

Vascular mural cells in healing canine myocardial infarcts.

Angiogenesis is a critical process in healing of myocardial infarcts, leading to the formation of highly vascular granulation tissue. However, effective cardiac repair depends on mechanisms that inhibit the angiogenic process after a mature scar is formed, preventing inappropriate expansion of the fibrotic process. Using a canine model of reperfused myocardial infarction, we demonstrated that maturation of the infarct leads to the formation of neovessels, with a thick muscular coat, that demonstrate distinct morphological characteristics. Many of these "neoarterioles" lack a defined internal elastic lamina and demonstrate irregular deposits of extracellular matrix in the media. Vascular mural cells in healing infarcts undergo phenotypic changes, showing minimal expression of desmin during the proliferative phase (1 hr occlusion/7 days reperfusion) but in the mature scar (8 weeks reperfusion) acquire a phenotype similar to that of vascular smooth muscle cells in control areas. Non-muscle myosin heavy chains A and B are induced in infarct endothelial cells and myofibroblasts, respectively, but are not expressed in neovascular mural cells. Recruitment of a muscular coat and formation of neoarterioles in mature scars may inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and vascular sprouting, stabilizing the infarct vasculature.     

Localization and synthesis of hyaluronic acid in the cumulus cells and mural granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle.

Mural and cumulus granulosa cells synthesize hyaluronic acid (HA) and expand in vitro in response to follicle-stimulating hormone and a soluble factor(s) produced by fully grown oocytes. In the present study we examined HA synthesis and extracellular matrix organization by the two cell populations in vivo during the preovulatory period. After injection of human chorionic gonadotropin into pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin-primed animals, a progressive increase in HA synthesis was observed by the cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC), and by the mural granulosa cells adjacent to the antrum (antral granulosa cells). The outermost layers of mural granulosa cells (peripheral granulosa cells) did not synthesize HA. Net HA synthesis was approximately 4 pg/cell for COCs isolated after full expansion induced either in vivo or in vitro, whereas the total HA content and cell number in the ovulated COC (approximately 11 ng HA and approximately 3000 cells per COC) were about threefold higher than for COCs expanded in vitro (approximately 4 ng HA and approximately 1000 cells per COC). The increased cell content of ovulated COCs appears to be primarily the result of inclusion of proximal mural granulosa cells which synthesize HA in response to the oocyte factor(s) and become incorporated in the expanded COC extracellular matrix mass. Media conditioned by oocytes enclosed in the cumulus cell mass (intact COCs) contained only 10-20% of the HA-stimulatory activity of media conditioned by an equal number of isolated oocytes when tested on mural granulosa cell cultures. Further, HA-stimulatory activity of media conditioned by isolated oocytes was dramatically reduced (approximately 70%) by preincubation for 5 hr with cumulus cells compared to preincubation in the absence of cells. The results suggest that differences in HA synthesis between subregions of membrana granulosa depend on a diffusion gradient of the oocyte factor(s).