CT血管造影联合CT尿路成像在重度闭合性肾损伤患者中的临床应用价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨CT血管造影（CTA）联合CT尿路成像（CTU）检查在重度闭合性肾损伤患者临床处理中应用价值。方法：收集并分析2017年1月-2019年12月我院收治的9例诊断重度闭合性肾损伤患者的临床资料,入院时先行急诊CT平扫检查了解肾挫伤情况,确定重度肾损伤再进一步行CTA联合CTU检查,根据检查结果选择合适的治疗方案（保守治疗、选择性肾动脉介入栓塞治疗、手术治疗）。结果：9例患者均成功救治。保守治疗4例,肾动脉介入栓塞治疗5例（其中有2例行肾动脉介入栓塞后再行手术治疗）。随访3-8个月,患者恢复良好,无明显并发症。结论：肾动脉CTA联合CTU检查,能全面提供肾血管及肾盂、输尿管、邻近脏器等的解剖信息,明确损伤程度,为介入和手术治疗提供良好的术前指导,尤其是结合肾动脉选择性栓塞,能最大限度保留肾脏功能,提高抢救率,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Long-term results of endovascular treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer

The authors analyse the long-term results of treatment of 106 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. The patients were divided in two groups. Group 1 (42 patients) included cases with single metastatic lesion. Patients of group 2 (n = 64) had more than one site of metastases. All patients were treated by nephrectomy, embolization with chemotherapeutic agent or arterial occlusion without cytostatic drug except nine patient of group 2, who has undergone chemo and hormonal therapy. The survival according to method at treatment was studies. After occlusion satisfactory results were obtained in cases with single metastasis lesion and also in cases with many sites of metastases. Oily chemoembolization in renal cell carcinoma with distant metastases has given better results as compared with the embolization without chemodrugs. We conclude that endovascular method of treatment is an alternative to the traditional nephrectomy in palliation of renal cell carcinoma.     

介入栓塞术在急诊难治性医源性肾出血中的临床应用价值

摘要 目的：探讨介入栓塞术在急诊难治性医源性肾出血中的临床应用价值。方法：收集2012年6月至2021年6月南京医院大学第一附属医院收治的72例急诊难治性医源性肾出血的患者。所有患者在保守治疗无效的情况下,行介入下肾动脉血管造影,根据造影表现确定出血责任动脉,并行栓塞治疗,术后观察临床止血的有效性及安全性。结果：72例患者,介入血管造影呈阳性结果64例,包括血管出现单纯造影剂外溢12例,单纯假性动脉瘤19例,单纯动静脉瘘8例,9例患者合并两种造影表现,以及16例患者呈现动脉出血的一些间接征象。阳性出血患者介入栓塞技术成功率及临床止血率为100%。72例患者介入术后3 d血白细胞、血中性粒细胞比率、血红蛋白、血细胞比容及血小板较术前明显升高（均P＜0.05）,血肌酐及尿素氮较介入术前轻度升高（均P＞0.05）;其中30例患者介入术后7 d再次检测血肌酐及尿素氮,较介入术前基本恢复正常（均P＞0.05）。住院期间所有患者未出现肾衰等严重的术后并发症。结论：介入栓塞术治疗急诊难治性医源性肾出血患者,具有安全、高效、并发症少等优点,临床上值得推广应用。     

The Physiologic and Anesthetic Considerations in Elderly Patients Undergoing Robotic Renal Surgery

A number of patients are diagnosed with renal malignancies incidentally worldwide. Once a diagnosis of a renal malignancy is established, after a careful evaluation, patients can be offered a robotic nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy. We present a review of the physiologic and anesthetic considerations in elderly patients who are being considered for robotic renal surgery.Key words: Robotic partial nephrectomy, Robotic radical nephrectomy, Physiologic considerations, Anesthetic considerationsFrom the mid-1970s through the mid-1990s, the incidence of renal cell cancer (RCC) has risen by approximately 3% per annum in the United States¹ and 2.5% per annum in northern England.² The main reason for an increase in the incidence of RCC is the increased detection of early and pre-symptomatic tumors by routine radiologic imaging.² Urologists are now seeing more patients with RCC at early stages (T1) and offering these patients a robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) or robotic radical nephrectomy (RRN) if the surgical expertise is available.³ A minimally invasive partial nephrectomy for small renal masses has been reported to show excellent functional and oncologic outcomes, with 5- to 10-year cancer-specific survival rates of 95% to 100%.⁴Many of the patients with newly diagnosed RCC are of advanced age and/or have some major comorbidity that often results in their poor performance status. It is envisaged that with an increase in life expectancy, urologists and urologic oncologists will see an increase in new referrals of RCC.⁵With the introduction of robotic renal surgery in the United Kingdom, it is likely that more patients will undergo an RRN/RPN over the next decade. Current literature supports the use of RPN in patients versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) due to a reduction in the warm ischemia time (WIT).⁶ This factor is of crucial importance in patients with a solitary kidney or patients with renal impairment undergoing a partial nephrectomy. The WIT reduces with RPN when compared with LPN.⁷We present a review of the important physiologic and anesthetic considerations in patients being considered for an RPN or RRN.     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术对肾癌患者肾功能和预后的影响

目的:探讨后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术对肾癌患者肾功能以及近远期预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月～2017年8月在我院接受手术治疗的肾癌患者92例,根据不同手术治疗方法分为观察组(n=48)和对照组(n=44)。对照组行传统开放手术治疗,观察组行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术。对比两组患者术前、术后血清肌酐(Cr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平的变化,术后1年、3年、5年生存率及切口感染、肺部感染、腹部疼痛、肾周血肿等并发症的发生情况。结果:观组患者手术时间、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05),术中出血量、术后引流管引流量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。术后1个月、术后2个月,两组患者血清Cr、BUN、β2-MG表达水平均较治疗前上升,且观察组以上指标显著低于对照组(P0.05)。术后,两组患者血清CRP、IL-6水平虽有升高,但观察组以上指标明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者术后3年、5年的生存率均较术前下降,但观察组均分别高于对照组(P0.05)。术后,两组患者均有出现切口感染、肺部感染、腹部疼痛、肾周血肿等并发症,观察组总发生率(10.42%)明显低于对照组(29.54%,P0.05)。结论:后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗肾癌患者可缩短患者的住院时间,对肾功能影响小,明显提高患者术后3年、5年生存率,且安全性更高。     

Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease after Cancer Nephrectomy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

BackgroundThe conclusions of population-based studies examining the risk of developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after nephrectomy among patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain inconclusive. In this study, we sought to examine whether patients with RCC undergoing radical nephrectomy (RN) have higher risk of ESRD compared to those undergoing partial nephrectomy (PN).MethodsNationwide population-based retrospective cohort of 7670 patients with RCC who underwent RN or PN between 2000 and 2011 as recorded in the Taiwan National Health Insurance in-patient claims data were analyzed. The primary outcome of interest was the occurrence of ESRD requiring regular renal hemodialysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model was performed to assess the risk.FindingsThe median follow-up for the post-propensity matched cohort (1212 PN and 2424 RN) was 48 months. Seventy patients (2.9%) developed ESRD among those who underwent RN, for an incidence rate of 6.9 cases per 1000 person-years. In contrast, only 23 patients (1.9%) developed ESRD among patients who underwent PN, for an incidence rate of 5.5 cases per 1000 person-years. Despite the higher incidence rate of ESRD among RN, the aIRR (RN/PN) was 1.26 (95% CI 0.78-2.01), which was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThis Taiwan nationwide population-based study suggests that patients with RCC undergoing RN do not have significantly higher risk of developing ESRD compared to those undergoing PN.     

Sorafenib Neoadjuvant Therapy in the Treatment of High Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of sorafenib as preoperative neoadjuvant therapy in patients with high risk renal cell carcinoma (RCC).ResultsAmong the 18 patients there were 13 male and 5 female, with a median age of 54.6 years. The objective response rate (ORR) of the operation on the selected patients is very high (94.4%), including 4 cases (22.2%) of partial response (PR) and 13 cases (72.2%) of stable disease (SD). After preoperative sorafenib treatment, the average tumor size of the 18 patients decreased from 7.8 cm (ranging from 3.6 to 19.2 cm) to 6.2 cm (ranging from 2.4 to 16.8 cm), and the median value of average tumor CT value decreased from 61HU to 52 HU. Among the 5 patients who had IVC tumor thrombi, the grades of tumor thrombi in 2 patients who were grade II before sorafenib treatment became grade I and grade 0 respectively, 2 patients of grade III both became grade II.ConclusionPreoperative neoadjuvant therapy with sorafenib for high risk RCC patients can significantly decrease primary tumor volume as well as tumor thrombus, which could help the nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) or radical nephrectomy to be done successfully.     

Evaluating Hemorrhage in Renal Cell Carcinoma Using Susceptibility Weighted Imaging

Background

Intratumoral hemorrhage is a frequent occurrence in renal cell carcinoma and is an indicator of tumor subtype. We hypothesize that susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is sensitive to hemorrhage in renal cell carcinoma and can give a more diagnostic image when compared to conventional imaging techniques.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective review of 32 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma was evaluated. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 22 out of 32 patients also underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan. Hemorrhage was classified into 3 different categories according to shape and distribution. Histopathology was obtained from all masses by radical nephrectomy. The ability to detect the presence of hemorrhage using CT, non-contrast conventional MRI and SWI was evaluated, and the patterns of hemorrhage were compared.

Results

Using pathologic results as the gold standard, the sensitivities of non-contrast conventional MRI, SWI and CT in detecting hemorrhage in clear cell renal cell carcinoma were 65.6%, 100% and 22.7%, respectively. Accuracy of non-contrast conventional MRI and SWI in evaluating hemorrhagic patterns were 31.3% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that SWI can better reveal hemorrhage and characterize the pattern more accurately than either non-contrast conventional MRI or CT. This suggests that SWI is the technique of choice for detecting hemorrhagic lesions in patients with renal cancer.     

Superselective embolization of arterial bleeding as a late complication 3 months after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma

To our knowledge, this is the first case of an arterial bleeding as a late complication 3 months after nephron sparing surgery of renal cell cancer, presumably originating from an arteriocalyceal fistula. Superselective embolization of the feeding arterial branch was chosen for treatment of the hemorrhage and proved successful. The high efficacy of superselective embolization as a minimally invasive procedure in this and other cases of bleeding Vessels should be the preferred method instead of open surgery.     

Renal artery stenosis and ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma: description of an in situ partial nephrectomy and splenorenal arterial bypass

A case of a renal artery stenosis and ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma with long term results is reported. A 65-year-old man with renovascular hypertension, renal insufficiency, and nephrotic range proteinuria presented with an incidental renal cell carcinoma. Concomitant in situ left partial nephrectomy and splenorenal arterial bypass was achieved. The patient is doing well without evidence of malignancy, stable renal function, markedly improved proteinuria and stable blood pressure more than three years later. The techniques of this procedure are detailed and underscore the possibility of successful removal of a renal cell carcinoma with preservation of renal function despite renal artery stenosis.     

两种腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗T1a期肾癌的对比研究

目的：评价经腹腔入路与后腹腔入路两种途径腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗T1a期肾癌的技术特点及临床效果。方法：回顾性比较分析35例经腹腔入路（A组）与33例后腹腔入路03组）腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗T1a期肾癌患者的临床资料,对两组肿瘤大小、标本重量、性别、年龄、手术时间、术中出血量、热缺血时间、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后住院天数、围手术期并发症等指标进行对比研究。两组共68例患者均获得随访,比较两种术式的肿瘤学效果。结果：两组在肿瘤大小、标本重量、性别、年龄、手术时间、术中出血量、热缺血时间、围手术期并发症发生率、术后无瘤生存率等方面均无明显差异（p〉0．05）;B组在术后肠功能恢复时间及术后住院天数小于A组（P〈0．05）。结论：对于治疗T1a期肾癌,两种途径的腹腔镜手术效果相似。后腹腔入路腹腔镜肾部分切除术对肠道干扰少,可缩短术后肠功能恢复时间及术后住院天数。本中心采用”三步走”方法-剪刀剪除肿瘤、双极电凝止血、Hem-0-lok结扎夹辅助8字缝合,安全、高效、可靠。肌苷、廿露醇及利尿荆使用可减少缺血再灌注损伤,操护肾功能。     

重症急性肾损伤患者经连续性肾脏替代治疗后肾功能恢复的影响因素

目的：通过研究重症急性肾损伤患者经连续性’肾脏替代治疗后肾功能恢复的影响因素,为重症急性肾损伤患者的诊治及预后提供科学依据。方法：选取2009年7月至2013年10月本院住院且采用CRRT治疗的284例重症急性肾损伤患者,记录患者的一般资料、APACHEII评分、血液生化指标、伴随症状及肾功能预后情况,将预后情况和各影响因素进行Logistic回归分析得出影响。肾功能恢复的影响因素。结果：284例重症急性肾损伤患者中,肾功能恢复有89例（31．33％）;肾功能恢复组的年龄、衰竭器官数、APACHEⅡ评分、动脉血二氧化碳分压、合并慢性肾脏病率及合并严重基础疾病率均低于肾功能未恢复组,而平均动脉压和血小板计数高于肾功能未恢复组（P〈0．05）,两组间合并机械通气率和合并少／无尿率无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;衰竭器官数、APAC—HEⅡ评分、合并严重基础疾病及AKl分期为CRRT治疗重症急性肾损伤患者肾功能恢复的危险因素。结论：CRRT治疗重症急性肾损伤的主要危险因素为衰竭器官数、APACHEⅡ评分、合并严重基础疾病及AKl分期。在临床治疗中,应正确评估病情,早期及时采取CRRT治疗,以提高生存率,促进肾脏功能恢复。     

Biochemical and Molecular Responses to Loss of Renal Mass: Membranes and Protein Synthesis: Metabolic Response to Renal Compensatory Growth

Forty-eight hours after unilateral nephrectomy in young male Sprague-Dawley rats the concentrations of free methionine, alanine and tyrosine in renal cortical tissue were increased by 15-65 percent while the corresponding plasma concentrations decreased by 23-35 percent. The renal cortical concentrations of valine and leucine increased by 41 percent and 26 percent while plasma concentrations remained unchanged. The cortical concentrations of ornithine, serine and threonine remained unchanged while the plasma concentration decreased by approximately one-third. The total free amino acid contained in the cortex was not changed, while total free amino acids in plasma decreased by 7 percent. These data are thought to reflect an increased uptake of methionine and tyrosine into renal cells during compensatory hypertrophy, and an increased incorporation into renal protein of serine, threonine and ornithine. All these changes as well as all other biochemical changes accompanying compensatory hypertrophy with the exception of an increase of the RNA/DNA ratio were prevented by starvation for 48 hours after unilateral nephrectomy.In young male Sprague-Dawley rats and adult male Charles River mice, the incorporation of ¹⁴C-choline into acid-insoluble phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) was already accelerated 5 minutes after contralateral nephrectomy and further rose to +68 ± 7 percent within 20 minutes to 3 hours. Incorporation of ¹⁴C-choline into phospholipids remained accelerated for two to three days and reflected increased rates of phospholipid synthesis rather than increased choline uptake. Three hours after unilateral nephrectomy in mice, incorporation of i.p. injected ¹⁴C-choline into phospholipids was accelerated 25 percent. The rate of turnover of free labelled renal phospholipids was not accelerated during compensatory renal growth. The very early increase of choline incorporation into phospholipids after contralateral nephrectomy, therefore, appears to reflect an increased rate of synthesis of membrane material.     

Early acute rejection of renal homografts: a characteristic clinical syndrome

Seven of 74 patients with early functioning cadaveric renal homografts developed acute oliguric renal failure after the second but before the ninth day post-transplantation. The syndrome characteristically begins with an abrupt and simultaneous decrease in creatinine clearance, urine volume and urine sodium concentration. After a variable period and despite a reduction in immunosuppressive therapy, a diuretic phase ensues and renal function is restored. Complications associated with the syndrome include groin hematoma, pulmonary edema and renal rupture with shock. Renal rupture does not require nephrectomy: if the hemorrhage is controlled, the transplanted organ will resume function. Angiographic studies show normal nephrograms, stretched arterial vasculature and filling defects in the veins. Percutaneous renal biopsy shows interstitial edema and hemorrhage, venous congestion and tubular necrosis. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that this is a form of rejection occurring as the result of injury to the renal venous system.     

肝癌破裂出血行肝动脉栓塞治疗的护理

目的:探讨肝癌自发性破裂出血行急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗手术前后的护理方法。方法:回顾性分析17例原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血患者的急救及护理措施的临床资料。结果:17例患者入院后均有失血性休克表现,经肝动脉栓塞治疗后,治愈出院14例,死亡1例,放弃治疗2例,治疗总有效率为82.4%,死亡率为5.9%。结论:急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血简单、有效,手术前后的护理非常重要,术前应密切注意患者病情变化,做好术前准备,术后常规止血、止吐,加强支持护理,及时观察手术并发症及疗效,积极预防和治疗各种并发症,是降低患者死亡率的关键。     

Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma

Nephron-sparing surgery has become an established surgical treatment for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), particularly in situations in which preservation of renal parenchyma is critical. However, due to the fear of local renal fossa recurrence with nephron-sparing surgery, radical nephrectomy has historically been the treatment of choice for patients with unilateral RCC and a normal contralateral kidney. Recently, increased incidence of low-stage, localized, solitary RCC has led to renewed interest in partial nephrectomy. With excellent disease-specific survival and recurrence rates comparable to that achieved with radical nephrectomy, nephron-sparing surgery can be confidently utilized in treating patients with stage T1 RCC lesions (<7 cm) and a normal contralateral kidney. The utility of nephron-sparing surgery in the context of adjunctive systemic immunotherapy remains to be explored.     

Robotic Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Tumors Larger than 4 cm: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background

With the establishment of minimally invasive surgery in society, the robot has been increasingly widely used in the urologic field, including in partial nephrectomy. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the currently available evidence on the feasibility and safety of robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors of >4 cm.

Method and Findings

An electronic database search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis was based on all relevant studies that assessed robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors of >4 cm. Five studies were included. The meta-analysis involved 3 studies from 11 institutions including 154 patients, while the narrative review involved the remaining 2 studies from 5 institutions including 64 patients. In the meta-analysis, the mean ischemic time, operation time, and console time was 28, 319, and 189 minutes, respectively. The estimated blood loss and length of stay was 317 ml and 3.8 days, respectively. The rates of conversion, positive margins, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, hilar clamping, and collecting system repair were 7.0%, 3.5%, 7.0%, 9.8%, 93.9%, and 47.5%, respectively. The narrative review showed results similar to those of the meta-analysis.

Conclusions

Robotic partial nephrectomy is feasible and safe for renal tumors of >4 cm with an acceptable warm ischemic time, positive margin rate, conversion rate, complication rate, operation time, estimated blood loss, and length of stay.     

Renal function outcomes after nephrectomy for kidney cancer in elderly patients

The kidneys are organs with multiple functions and essential to maintain life. Ablative procedures, such as nephrectomy, diminish nephron mass and can have a potentially negative impact on renal function. We investigated renal function outcome in patients who underwent nephrectomy for renal cell cancer with special emphasize on elderly patients. Data from 104 patients who underwent nephrectomy for kidney cancer in the Department of Urology, University Hospital Rijeka from January 2005 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had a normal concentration of serum creatinine and a normal contralateral kidney before surgery. Renal function, as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), was determined before and after nephrectomy using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. We compared the eGFR before and after nephrectomy in the patients of different age. The mean preoperative eGFR was 75.2 mL/min, and the mean postoperative eGFR was 52.7 mL/min (p < 0.0001). In the group of patients > or = 65 years old, the mean preoperative GFR was 69.2 mL/min, and the mean postoperative eGFR was 47.4 mL/min (p < 0.0001). Our data indicate that the eGFR significantly decreased after nephrectomy for kidney cancer. In elderly patients, diminished renal function following nephrectomy was more prominent.     

Clinical Impact of Pancreatic Metastases from Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis

Pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma are uncommon and their prognostic significance is not well defined. In this analysis we evaluated the outcome of patients with pancreatic metastases treated with either targeted therapies or local treatment to the pancreas. Patients with pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma treated between 1993 and 2014 were identified from 11 European centers. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to evaluate progression-free survival and overall survival. Cox’s proportional hazard models were used for survival analysis. In total, 276 PM patients were evaluated, including 77 (28%) patients treated by either surgery or radiotherapy to the pancreas, and 256 (93%) who received systemic therapy. Median time from nephrectomy to diagnosis of pancreatic metastases was 91 months (IQR 54–142). Disease control rate after first-line TTs was 84%, with a median progression-free survival of 12 months (95% CI 10–14). Median overall survival was 73 months (95% CI 61–86) with a 5-year OS of 58%. Median OS of patients treated with local treatment was 106 months (95% CI 78–204) with a 5-year overall survival of 75%. On multivariable analysis, nephrectomy (HR 5.31; 95%CI 2.36–11.92; p<0.0001), Memorial Sloan Kettering/International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium prognostic score (HR 1.45, 95% CI 0.94–2.23 for intermediate vs good vs risk; HR 2.76 95%, CI 1.43–5.35 for poor vs good risk p = 0.0099) and pancreatic local treatment (HR 0.48; 95%CI 0.30–0.78 p = 0.0029) were associated with overall survival. Difference in median OS between patients with PM and that reported in a matched-control group of mRCC patients with extrapancreatic metastases was statistically significant (p < .0001). Pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma usually occur years after nephrectomy, are associated with an indolent behavior and a prolonged survival. Targeted therapies and locoregional approaches are active and achieve high disease control rate.     

Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Thyroid Gland

ObjectiveTo examine the presentation, diagnosis, and appropriate management of renal clear cell carcinoma metastasis to the thyroid gland.MethodsWe describe a clinical case of solitary thyroid metastasis from renal clear cell carcinoma and present a comprehensive review of the related English-language literature. Common patterns of presentation and generalized overall management recommendations are evaluated and summarized.ResultsEight years after nephrectomy for renal carcinoma at age 61 years, a man presented with a thyroid mass. Cytology and histopathologic surgical findings were consistent with a solitary metastasis most compatible with metastatic clear cell carcinoma from his previous renal carcinoma. After left thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy, the patient remains disease-free 5 years later. Although uncommon, nearly 150 cases of clinically recognized metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the thyroid have been reported in the English-language literature. Metastatic disease from the kidney to the thyroid gland can occur more than 20 years after nephrectomy with the average time interval being 7.5 years. Obtaining a full clinical history in any patient who presents with a thyroid nodule is essential to allow consideration of possible metastatic disease from previous primary tumor. Metastatic disease to the thyroid gland can be correctly diagnosed preoperatively. If metastatic renal cancer is limited to the thyroid gland only, prompt, appropriate surgical intervention can be curative.ConclusionMetastatic renal carcinoma to the thyroid should be considered in any patient presenting with a thyroid mass and a medical history of renal cell carcinoma. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:1040-1046)