地中海地区稻种资源的籼粳分类及遗传多样性

利用SSR标记及程氏综合指数法分析了109份从地中海引进的水稻种质资源的遗传多样性和籼粳类型,同时利用籼粳测交法分析了其中37份资源的籼粳亲和性.结果表明,大部分引进的水稻种质属粳稻类型,基于SSR聚类、程氏综合指数法分析所确定的粳型品种数分别占引进种质的80.73%和77.98%,基于籼粳亲和性分类所确定的粳型品种数占供试37份资源的75.68%.地中海稻种资源具有较高的遗传多样性,平均有效等位基因数为3.84个,Nei多样性指数平均值为0.482,其中籼稻群与粳稻群的Nei多样性指数分别为0.459和0.340,籼稻遗传多样性高于粳稻.研究结果对于科学引进、合理保存和有效利用国外水稻种质改良国内水稻品种具有指导意义.     

不同水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育、存活、生殖及飞行能力的影响

系统研究了稻纵卷叶螟在6种不同水稻品种(常规粳稻武育粳3号,杂交粳稻宁粳1号,常规籼稻TN1,杂交籼稻汕优63,超级杂交籼稻两优培九,超级杂交籼粳稻甬优9号)上取食后的发育历期、存活率、卵巢发育进度、繁殖力和飞行能力.结果表明,武育粳3号和宁粳1号能显著延长稻纵卷叶螟未成熟期的发育历期,降低其存活率,延缓卵巢发育进度,降低成虫繁殖率,并提高成虫的飞行能力;不同水稻品种间的影响存在显著差异,其影响从大到小排列为杂交粳稻＞常规粳稻＞常规籼稻＞杂交籼稻＞超级杂交稻.这说明,幼虫期营养对稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育、存活、生殖和飞行能力具有显著影响.     

水稻籼粳亚种杂交1代的光合光抑制特性

用４个粳稻品种,５个籼稻品种进行正反交,得到１６个籼粳杂交Ｆ１,测定其光合光抑制特性。结果表明：通常籼稻对光抑制的敏感性大于粳稻,但籼稻中也有耐性强的品种。籼粳杂交稻Ｆ１的光抑制介于双亲之间,并偏向其母本。光抑制程度与ＰＳⅡ活性一致,其机理与双亲核编码的ＳＯＤ诱导活性和母本质体编码的Ｄ１蛋白量有关。比较釉粳杂交稻“３０３７／０２４２８”和税型杂交稻“汕优６３”的光抑制特性发现,在光抑制条件下,籼粳杂交稻ＳＯＤ诱导活性和Ｄ１蛋白量保持能力较高,因而ＰＳⅡ和光合能力表现比较稳定。因此,为培育耐光抑制的籼粳杂交稻,筛选耐性强的品种作母本是籼粳亚种配组的重要原则。     

水稻种质资源芽期耐冷性的鉴定与评价

对新收集的879份水稻种质资源进行了水稻芽期耐冷性的鉴定与评价,从中筛选出芽期耐冷性极强的水稻种质资源39份,均为贵州地方粳稻品种.供试粳稻品种61.23%具有强芽期耐冷性(3级),而籼稻品种只有13.77%具有强芽期耐冷性(3级 ),粳稻品种的芽期耐冷性显著强于籼稻品种.无论籼稻,还是粳稻,贵州地方稻种的芽期耐冷性显著强于来自其他地区的品种,从贵州地方稻种中挖掘极强耐冷种质资源的潜力较大 .     

贵州地方水稻种质资源籼-粳遗传分化的InDel分子标记研究

本研究利用36对InDel分子标记引物对贵州地方水稻种质的籼-粳遗传分化和亲缘关系进行分析,结果表明,82份贵州地方栽培稻中49份为粳稻,33份为籼稻,贵州地方栽培稻“禾”品种主要属于粳稻,而“谷”品种主要为籼稻。基于Nei氏遗传距离的亲缘关系分析表明在粳稻群体和籼稻群体中均存在与野生稻亲缘关系近的品种,其中的粳稻品种与野生稻的遗传关系比之籼稻品种近。而基于MCMC算法的遗传结构分析揭示了贵州地方籼稻品种中存在较为复杂的遗传结构。分子变异分析显示,粳稻和籼稻品种的遗传变异主要来自亚种内,遗传多样性分析表明其亚种内籼稻品种的遗传多样性略高于粳稻品种。研究结果揭示了贵州省黔东南地区栽培稻种质资源的籼-粳分化程度、遗传关系及其遗传多样性。     

利用热稳定蛋白特异条带鉴别籼粳稻的方法研究

以85份栽培稻为材料,利用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白免疫印迹技术分析籼稻和粳稻热稳定蛋白的表达差异.探讨利用特异蛋白来建立籼粳稻的鉴别方法.结果表明,在籼粳稻品种之间存在热稳定蛋白的差异表达,尤其在分子量约42～47kD范围.其中45.2kD条带(Band I)和46.5 kD(Band Ⅱ)条带为典型粳稻特异蛋白(Os03g0168100)的标志带,42.0kD条带(Band Ⅲ)为典型籼稻特异蛋白(OsI_10172)的标志带.以这3条带作为鏊别方法,并与程氏指数法进行比较,典型籼稻和粳稻的一致度分别为80.0%和86.4%,表明热稳定蛋白标志带法在一定程度上可用于鉴别典型的籼稻和粳稻.     

云南省思茅地区籼、粳稻垂直分布调查报告

思茅地区位于云南省西南部,境内山峦起伏。这个地区的自然地理垂直带谱不仅反映在植被垂直带,而且也反映在籼、粳稻的垂直分布上。本文根据调查结果,认为这个地区海拔1,400米以下是籼稻带,海拔1,401—1,800米是籼、粳交错带,海拔1,800米以上是粳稻带。这种随着海拔上升从籼到粳的演替过程,不论从籼、粳稻的品种数比率或主要品种栽培面积比率来看,都比较明显。通过对籼、粳稻的性状差异与海拔关系和系统变异的调查,发现一些籼、粳难分的系统变异,这是追溯由籼到粳的演化过程中值得注意的品种类型。此外,本文对光稃陆稻的亲缘关系以及护颖在稻的分类上的意义,都进行了阐述。     

镉对水稻种子萌发的影响

以不同类型的319个水稻品种为研究对象,研究了10 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺处理对水稻种子萌发的影响.结果表明:Cd²⁺对种子发芽率影响较小,对根系生长的影响显著,且大于对芽生长的影响;不同类型水稻种子萌发对Cd的响应差异较大,敏感顺序为粳稻>籼稻>杂交稻;两系不育系根系长度和根系数量受Cd的抑制程度显著高于三系.应用快速聚类方法,可以将参试品种划分为耐受型、中间型和敏感型3种不同的敏感类型.     

江永普通野生稻遗传多样性和籼粳基因频率监测分析

以栽培稻的8个籼-粳测验种为对照,采用39对SSR引物检测了江永野生稻居群在1982年、2008年、2017年的遗传多样性,采用38对In Del引物检测了江永野生稻居群在1982年、2008年、2017年的籼-粳基因频率。结果表明:在1982年取样保存在异位圃的40份样本的遗传多样性稍高于2008年、2017年原位保护区样本的遗传多样性;2008年取的样本数虽然比2017年多,但两次取的样本之间遗传多样性几乎没差异。不同年份取的样本之间的遗传分化系数Fst都很小,基因流Nm都较大,分化不明显。通过聚类分析和主坐标分析(PCo A),发现野生稻居群与4份栽培粳稻聚为一类,4份栽培籼稻单独聚成一类,显示江永野生稻与粳稻的血缘近于籼稻;籼-粳基因频率的分析表明,野生稻样本多属粳稻型,少数属偏粳稻型,原位保护区的偏粳稻类型单株数占取样单株总数的比例,2008年比1982年的增加了10.0%,2017年比2008年的增加了1.6%,显示江永野生稻原位保护区生境条件有利野生稻从粳稻型向偏粳稻型变异,随着野生稻产生环境适应性变异,籼型基因频率在提高。     

长江下游不同类型水稻分蘖期耐淹能力比较

在分蘖期对长江下游稻作区主栽的9个水稻品种进行大田模拟没顶淹涝处理,研究淹涝胁迫对水稻植株农艺性状、生理指标和产量性状的影响,比较分析了常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和杂交粳稻对淹水胁迫环境适应性的差异.结果表明:淹水胁迫4d后,水稻株高及顶部全展3片叶长均比对照有不同程度的增加,伸长程度为杂交粳稻＞杂交籼稻＞常规粳稻.杂交粳稻的茎蘖数、绿叶数和地上部干质量损失率分别为18.0％、41.4％、13.2％,显著小于常规粳稻;杂交籼稻则介于杂交粳稻和常规粳稻之间,且整株死亡率显著低于常规粳稻.常规粳稻叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量比对照增加1.91 μmol·g-1 FM,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显降低;杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻MDA含量分别降低2.32和2.10 μmol·g-1 FM,SOD和CAT活性显著提高.不同类型品种的减产程度差异显著,常规粳稻的产量损失率达到38.5％,显著高于杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻,杂交粳稻产量损失率仅为4.1％.长江下游水稻分蘖期的耐淹涝能力为杂交粳稻强于杂交籼稻,常规粳稻的耐淹能力最低.     

Molecularmarker diversity and hybrid sterility in indica-japonica rice crosses

 The partial sterility of hybrids between the indica and japonica rice subspecies of Asian cultivated rice is a serious constraint for utilizing inter-subspecific heterosis in hybrid rice breeding. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between molecular-marker polymorphism and indica-japonica hybrid fertility using a diallel set involving 20 rice accessions including 9 indica and 11 japonica varieties. Spikelet fertility of the resulting 190 F₁s and their parents was examined in a replicated field trial. Intra-subspecific hybrids showed much higher spikelet fertility than inter-subspecific hybrids except in crosses involving wide-compatibility varieties. The parents were surveyed for DNA polymorphism using 96 RFLP and ten SSR markers, which revealed extensive genetic differentiation between indica and japonica varieties. A large number of markers detected highly significant effects on hybrid fertility. The chromosomal locations for many of the positive markers coincided well with previously identified loci for hybrid sterility. The correlation between hybrid fertility and parental distance was low in both intra- and inter-subspecific crosses. The results suggest that the genetic basis of indica-japonica hybrid sterility is complex. It is the qualitative, rather than the quantitative, difference between the parents that determines the fertility of hybrids. Received: 3 January 1997/Accepted: 17 January 1997     

Origin,dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice

There are two cultivated and twenty-one wild species of genus Oryza. O. sativa, the Asian cultivated rice is grown all over the world. The African cultivated rice, O. glaberrima is grown on a small scale in West Africa. The genus Oryza probably originated about 130 million years ago in Gondwanaland and different species got distributed into different continents with the breakup of Gondwanaland. The cultivated species originated from a common ancestor with AA genome. Perennial and annual ancestors of O. sativa are O. rufipogon and O. nivara and those of O. glaberrima are O. longistaminata/, O. breviligulata and O. glaberrima probably domesticated in Niger river delta. Varieties of O. sativa are classified into six groups on the basis of genetic affinity. Widely known indica rices correspond to group I and japonicas to group VI. The so called javanica rices also belong to group VI and are designated as tropical japonicas in contrast to temperate japonicas grown in temperate climate. Indica and japonica rices had a polyphyletic origin. Indicas were probably domesticated in the foothills of Himalayas in Eastern India and japonicas somewhere in South China. The indica rices dispersed throughout the tropics and subtropics from India. The japonica rices moved northward from South China and became the temperate ecotype. They also moved southward to Southeast Asia and from there to West Africa and Brazil and became tropical ecotype. Rice is now grown between 55°N and 36°S latitudes. It is grown under diverse growing conditions such as irrigated, rainfed lowland, rainfed upland and floodprone ecosystems. Human selection and adaptation to diverse environments has resulted in numerous cultivars. It is estimated that about 120000 varieties of rice exist in the world. After the establishment of International Rice Research Institute in 1960, rice varietal improvement was intensified and high yielding varieties were developed. These varieties are now planted to 70% of world's riceland. Rice production doubled between 1966 and 1990 due to large scale adoption of these improved varieties. Rice production must increase by 60% by 2025 to feed the additional rice consumers. New tools of molecular and cellular biology such as anther culture, molecular marker aided selection and genetic engineering will play increasing role in rice improvement.     

中国普通野生稻遗传分化的RAPD研究

多数学者已认定亚洲栽培稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）的祖先是普通野生稻（Ｏ．ｒｕｆｉｐｏｇｏｎ）。然而栽培稻的籼、粳分化是发生在驯化之前还是在驯化之后,也即普通野生稻是否存在籼、粳分化的问题,是十几年来稻作起源研究中争论的热点之一。Ｓｅｃｏｎｄ［１］用多个同工酶位点的分析结果得出结论,普通野生稻在驯化为栽培稻之前就已经发生了籼、粳分化,即有籼型普通野生稻和粳型普通野生稻之分。Ｍｏｒｉｓｈｉｍａ和Ｇａｄｒｉｎａｂ［２］用２４个形态和生理性状及１２个同工酶位点和杂交亲合力等方法证明普通野生稻没有发…     

Two sequence alterations,a 136 bp InDel and an A/C polymorphic site,in the S5 locus are associated with spikelet fertility of indica-japonica hybrid in rice

The rice indica/japonica hybrid shows strong heterosis.However,such inter-subspecific hybrid can't be directly used in rice production due to its low spikelet fertility.The S5 locus was proved to be associated with fertility of indica/japonica hybrid and its S5n allele from wide-compatibility variety (WCV) is capable to overcome fertility barrier.In the present study,we reported the causal sites in the S5 locus responsible for compatibility of indica/japonica hybrid.Fine-mapping of the S5 locus using the 11...     

RAPD Determinations on the Genetic Differentiation of Chinese Common Wild Rice

Ninety accessions which included Chinese common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) from 8 provinces and traditional cultivars from lower and middle basins of Yangtze River, southeast of China and Yunnan Province as well as some commercial varieties were analyzed by RAPD with 24 primers. A scattered figure suggesting the indica-japonica and wild-domestication differentiations among 90 rice accessions was generated based on RAPD data. The results indicated that Chinese common wild rice, indica and japonica accessions were divided into 3 groups respectively. Chinese common wild rice were somewhat closer to the japonica type than the indica type.     

自然条件下不同高产稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光和膜脂过氧化的表现

以籼型(Oryza sativa L.)杂交组合汕优63为对照,以中粳9516、两系亚种间杂交组合培矮64S/E32、培矮64S/9311、亚种间三系杂交稻冈优881和两系杂交组合X07S/紫恢100为材料,研究其在生育后期(抽穗-成熟)自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素衰减、CO2交换、叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化表现.结果表明: 水稻在生育后期伴随叶绿素衰减,其叶内的原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ非环式电子传递效率ΦPSⅡ、电子流传递速率ETR都有相应地下降,这种光能转化的障碍使多余的光能传递给PSⅡ的还原侧,产生O(-)/(*)2累积,发生膜脂过氧化和MDA的积累,引起光合色素及光合膜的破坏,发生光氧化早衰.这种现象在品种间有明显差异,耐光氧化的粳稻9516,其叶内的 Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP下降较少,具有较稳定的光能转化能力,不易早衰,具有较高的结实率;而对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优63其叶内的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR,光化学猝灭参数qP下降较多,易发生膜脂过氧化,导致叶片早衰,影响水稻灌浆结实和产量;而二系的和三系的杂交稻的耐光氧化特性和早衰表现居于中间.从水稻超高产育种的角度出发,在目前株型良好的基础上,兼顾杂种优势和防止早衰两方面考虑,在母本中利用粳型或带有粳型基因的不育系是育种上一个值得重视的策略.     

水稻长日抑制基因PhyB的多样性及区域适应性初探

Phy 是在长日照条件下抑制水稻开花的关键基因,但目前对水稻PhyB基因的遗传基础还不清楚,研究其分子遗传机制,对于培育光周期适应性广的品种以及扩大水稻种植区域具有重要意义。本研究选择78份亚洲栽培稻(34份籼稻和44份粳稻)及47份野生稻进行测序,对Phy B基因的核苷酸多态性、单倍型进行分析,计算籼稻、粳稻和野生稻的遗传多样性。结果表明,Phy B基因共有28个单倍型,其中有2个高频率的单倍型分别存在于2个栽培稻亚种中。从Network图可以看出栽培稻分为2组(A组和B组),A组栽培稻包括全部的籼稻和4个粳稻个体,B组栽培稻全是粳稻品种。亲缘地理学分析发现,A、B两组栽培稻具有明显不同的地理分布格局,且A组和B组开花时间差异显著,说明Phy B基因的2个高频率单倍型在2个栽培稻亚种中具有区域适应性,Phy B基因在栽培稻中具有明显的驯化信号,随着水稻种植区域的扩大,进化出适应不同地域特有的等位基因,导致开花时间对不同地区的区域适应性及多样性。     

普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

通过７个探针、１７种内切酶探针组合对１１８份普通野生稻和７６份亚洲栽培稻的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）ＲＦＬＰ分析表明,籼粳分化是亚洲栽培稻线粒体基因组分化的主流,７６个栽培稻中,３６个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为籼型,４０个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为粳型。普通野生稻ｍｔＤＮＡ以籼型为主（８６份）,粳型较少（７份）,１份类型难以确定,还有２４份没有籼粳分化。     

Microsatellite diversity within Oryza sativa with emphasis on indica-japonica divergence

The molecular evolution of cultivated rice Oryza sativa L. has long been a subject of rice evolutionists. To investigate genetic diversity within and differentiation between the indica and japonica subspecies, 22 accessions of indica and 35 of japonica rice were examined by five microsatellite loci from each chromosome totalling 60 loci. Mean gene diversity value in the indica rice (H=0.678) was 1.18 times larger than in the japonica rice (H=0.574). Taking the sampling effect into consideration, average allele number in the indica rice was 1.40 times higher than that in the japonica rice (14.6 vs 10.4 per variety). Chromosome-based comparisons revealed that nine chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11) harboured higher levels of genetic diversity within the indica rice than the japonica rice. An overall estimate of F(ST) was 0.084-0.158, indicating that the differentiation is moderate and 8.4-15.8% of the total genetic variation resided between the indica and japonica groups. Our chromosome-based comparisons further suggested that the extent of the indica-japonica differentiation varied substantially, ranging from 7.62% in chromosome 3 to 28.72% in chromosome 1. Cluster analyses found that most varieties formed merely two clusters for the indica and japonica varieties, in which two japonica varieties and five indica varieties were included in the counterpart clusters, respectively. The 12 chromosome-based trees further showed that 57 rice varieties cannot be clearly clustered together into either the indica or japonica groups, but displayed relatively different clustering patterns. The results suggest that the process of indica japonica differentiation may have proceeded through an extensive contribution by the alleles of the majority in the rice genome.