大脑皮层神经元NMDA受全的单通道特性

本文和膜片箝技术对机械分离培养的大鼠大脑皮层神经元胞ＮＭＤＡ受体的单通道特性进行了研究,实验用细胞贴附和内面向外两种形式记录单离子通道的活动。电极液内含有ＮＭＤＡ或Ｌ－门冬氨酸时,在皮层神经元上常见电导为３５ｐＳ的离子通道。通道对Ｎａ＾＋,Ｋ＾＋非选择必通透,对Ｃｌ＾－不通透,其平均开放时间和开放概率随超极化程度增大而降低。开放、关闭时间及ｂｕｒｓｔ时程的分布直方图均需双指数拟合。Ｍｇ＾２＋以电压     

大脑皮层神经元NMDA受体的单通道特性

本文用膜片箝技术对机械分离培养的大鼠大脑皮层神经元胞体上的ＮＭＤＡ受体的单通道特性进行了研究,实验用细胞贴附和内面向外两种形式记录单离子通道的活动。电极液内含有ＮＭＤＡ或Ｌ－门冬氨酸时,在皮层神经元上常见电导为３５ｐＳ的离子通道。通道对Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋非选择性通透,对Ｃｌ－不通透,其平均开放时间和开放概率随超极化程度增大而降低。开放、关闭时间及ｂｕｒｓｔ时程的分布直方图均需双指数拟合。Ｍｇ２＋以电压和浓度依赖性的方式减小通道开放时间,ＡＰＶ能阻断通道活动,温度降低使通道开放时间延长及电流幅度减小。本文结果表明大脑皮层神经元上ＮＭＤＡ受体通道活动自身具有电压依赖性,因此提示ＮＭＤＡ受体通道的正常功能活动可能依赖于某些细胞内调控过程的存在。     

大鼠纹状体神经元中乙酰胆碱激活的离子通道

用膜片钳技术对培养的纹状体神经元膜上的乙酰胆碱激活的离子通道进行了研究。结果表明,单通道电流为内向电流,随着超极化程度增大而增加,随着去极化程度增大而减少;翻转电位为１５．０±６．１ｍＶ,电导为８２．７１±１６．１７ｐＳ;通道的开放时间分布直方图和关闭时间分布直方图均需双指数拟合,开放时间分布直方图的时间常数分别为１．９３ｍｓ和５．７３ｍｓ,关闭时间分布直方图的时间常数则为０．５２８ｍｓ和２．３２ｍｓ;通道的平均开放时间和开放概率均与超极化程度无明显相关关系。由于电极液中含ＡＣｈ和Ｋ￣＋通道阻断剂Ｃｓ￣＋而不含Ｎａ￣＋或Ｃａ￣（２＋）,且浴槽液中含Ｎａ￣＋通道阻断剂河豚毒素,因此可排除内向Ｎａ￣＋流、Ｃａ￣（２＋）流和Ｋ￣＋流,提示内向电流为ＡＣｈ激活的通道电流。     

小脑皮质神经元K^＋单通道电流的生理特性

用膜片钳技术的细胞贴附式和内面向外式,在分离培养的新生大鼠小脑皮质颗粒细胞膜上记录到钾离子通道电流,有以下的生理特性,最常见的通道电导为２５ｐＳ,单通道电流幅度、开放时间、开放概率均受膜电位控制,通道开放时间分布直方图可用双指数拟合,无时间依赖性失活,不依赖钙离子,能被ＴＥＡ阻断,表明此通道可能为延迟整流型Ｋ＋通道。提示,小脑皮质颗粒细胞存在有不失活的２５ｐＳ钾离子通道,不同于文献报道的,可能是一种新亚型的钾离子通道。     

大脑皮层神经元上ATP激活的多电导单通道

用膜片箝技术的细胞贴附式（ｃｅｌｌ—ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ）和内面向外式（ｉｎｓｉｄｅ—ｏｕｔ）,在机械分离的新生大鼠的大脑皮层神经元上,记录到ＡＴＰ激活的单通道电流。按电流幅度可以分为三类,其电导分别为２０ｐＳ、３２ｐＳ和５８ｐＳ,各占全部开放事件数的１２％、６７％和２１％,其中３２ｐＳ为优势电导。三种电导状态之间可直接转换。３２ｐＳ和５８ｐＳ以及３２ｐＳ和２０ｐＳ之间的转换最为常见。结果表明：新生ＳＤ大鼠的大脑皮层神经元上存在ＡＴＰ激活的多电导单通道。     

体外培养新生大鼠大脑皮层星形神经元钾通道的特性及膜外钾离子浓度对其影响

用膜片钳技术中的细胞贴附方式和内面向外方式,首次在新生大鼠大脑皮层星形神经元胞体膜上记录到一类电压依赖性钾通道。此通道可被２０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＴＥＡ,５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＢａ２＋,１４０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＣｓ＋阻断,不受２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ４—ＡＰ影响,其激活不依赖Ｃａ２＋。膜外钾离子浓度对通道的特性有显著的影响,逆转电位随［Ｋ＋］０的增大而增大,并表现出一定的饱和现象,两者的对数呈线性关系;同一驱动电位下,平均开放时间和开放概率随［Ｋ＋］０的增大而增大,平均关闭时间的变化则相反。     

过氧化氢诱发的小脑皮质凋亡神经元膜K+通道电流的变化

用新生ＳＤ大鼠小脑皮质细胞进行培养,用Ａｒａ－Ｃ抑制非神经元生长,以Ｈ２Ｏ２诱发神经元凋亡。用膜片细胞贴附式观察了凋亡神经元膜钾离子通道电流的变化,结果表明,凋亡小脑皮质神经元膜Ｋ通道在不同箍位电压下,通道电流（ＩＫ）幅度小于正常神经元的,单位电导小于正常神经元的,通道的平均开放时间,开放概率、短开放及长开放时间常数亦均小于正常神经元的。说明小脑皮质凋亡神经元Ｋ通道活动减弱     

急性分离的大鼠皮层神经细胞膜去极化激活的优降糖敏感钾单通道电流

本实验利用氰化物阻断细胞呼吸链模拟缺氧模型,采用膜片钳技术的记录方法,对急性分离的大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞膜上ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ￣＋通道特性进行研究。结果提示：在急性分离的大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞膜丢极化激活时,可记录到一类被优降糖（ＡＴＰ敏感钾通道阻断剂）阻断的钾通道,可能属新型ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ￣＋通道。     

大鼠胰腺β细胞离子通道的一些特性

实验以单个Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠胰腺β细胞为对象,用穿孔膜片箝和细胞贴附式记录技术研究ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ＾＋通道（ＫＡＴＰ）、延迟整流型Ｋ＾＋通道（ＫＤＲ）、Ｃａ＾２＋通道和Ｎａ＾＋通道的有关特性。结果表明：⑴ＫＡＴＰ通道的内流电导约６５ｐＳ,外流电导约３１ｐＳ,反转电位在－６０ｍＶ左右;⑵ＫＤＲ通道在延迟２０ｍｓ后达到最大激活,ＫＤＲ电流约为ＫＡＴＰ的１／３;⑶钙电流在０ｍＶ左右达到４０－６０ｐＡ的峰值,Ｌ     

体外培养新生大鼠大脑皮层星形神经元钾通道的特性及膜外钾离子浓度对其影响

用膜片钳技术中的细胞贴附方式和内面向外方式,首次在新生大鼠大脑皮层星形神经元胞体膜上记录到一类电压依赖性钾通道。此通道可被２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＥＡ,５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｂａ＾２＋,１４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｃｓ＾＋阻断,不受２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ４－ＡＰ影响,其激活不依赖Ｃａ＾２＋。膜外钾离子浓度对通道的特性有显著的影响,逆转电位随Ｋ＾＋的增大而增大,并表现出一定的饱和现象,两者的对数呈线性关系;同一驱动电位下,     

Statistical properties of single sodium channels

Single channel currents were obtained from voltage-activated sodium channels in outside-out patches of tissue-cultured GH3 cells, a clonal line from rat pituitary gland. In membrane patches where the probability of overlapping openings was low, the open time histograms were well fit by a single exponential. Most analysis was done on a patch with exactly one channel. We found no evidence for multiple open states at -25 and -40 mV, since open times, burst durations, and autocorrelation functions were time independent. Amplitude histograms showed no evidence of multiple conductance levels. We fit the gating with 25 different time-homogeneous Markov chain models having up to five states, using a maximum likelihood procedure to estimate the rate constants. For selected models, this procedure yielded excellent predictions for open time, closed time, and first latency density functions, as well as the probability of the channel being open after a step depolarization, the burst duration distribution, autocorrelation, and the distribution of number of openings per record. The models were compared statistically using likelihood ratio tests and Akaike's information criterion. Acceptable models allowed inactivation from closed states, as well as from the open state. Among the models eliminated as unacceptable by this survey were the Hodgkin-Huxley model and any model requiring a channel to open before inactivating.     

Evidence for multiple open states of sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells

Summary Open times of voltage-gated sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells were measured during repolarization (following a short depolarizing conditioning pulse) and during moderate depolarization. Conditional and unconditional channel open-time histograms were best fitted by the sum of two exponentials. (The conditional open time was measured from the end of the conditioning pulse until an open channel shuts provided it was open att=0). Time constants of both histograms depended on the postpulse and were shifted to more positive potentials with increasing conditioning pulse potential. This shift could be explained by assuming more than two time constants in the histograms, which could not be separated. Channel open-time histograms from single-pulse experiments showed a maximum att>0. These histograms could be best fitted by an exponential function with three time constants. One term of this function included the difference of two exponentials resulting in a maximum att>0. Open-time histograms showed a definite time dependence. At 2 to 6.5 msec after the beginning of the depolarization the best fit could be obtained by the difference of two exponentials. To these components another term had to be added at 0 to 2 msec. Between 6.5 and 14.0 msec the sum of two exponentials, and after 14.0 msec a single exponential resulted in a good fit. The results support the hypothesis that sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells may have multiple open states. Two of these states are irreversibly coupled.     

Light-activated single channel currents in Limulus ventral nerve photoreceptors

Light-activated single channel currents were measured in Limulus ventral photoreceptors in the cell-attached configuration at 14°C. The results show three channel types with conductances of 6.2, 10.4 and 28.7 pS. The most active channels have the 10 pS conductance; the open time histograms of these channels could be best fitted by the sum of two exponentials with time constants (and weights) of 0.58 ms (0.78) and 4.32 ms (0.22), suggesting two populations of channels or two open states. The mean open time was 1.38 ms. The open time histogram of the channels with the 29 pS conductance could be best fitted by a single exponential with a time constant of 3.35 ms. First latencies of the 10 pS channels were between 40 and 280 ms but those of the 29 pS conductance channels were 300 ms. These findings suggest that the two channel types are gated by two different intracellular transmitters or mechanisms. Offprint requests to: K. Nagy     

Single-channel currents from diethylpyrocarbonate-modified NMDA receptors in cultured rat brain cortical neurons

The role of histidine residues in the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-activated channels was tested with the histidine-modifying reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) applied to cells and membrane patches from rat brain cortical neurons in culture. Channels in excised outside-out patches that were treated with 3 mM DEP for 15-30 s (pH 6.5) showed an average 3.4-fold potentiation in steady state open probability when exposed to NMDA and glycine. Analysis of the underlying alterations in channel gating revealed no changes in the numbers of kinetic states: distributions of open intervals were fitted with three exponential components, and four components described the shut intervals, in both control and DEP-modified channels. However, the distribution of shut intervals was obviously different after DEP treatment, consistent with the single-channel current record. After modification, the proportion of long shut states was decreased while the time constants were largely unaffected. Burst kinetics reflected these effects with an increase in the average number of openings/burst from 1.5 (control) to 2.2 (DEP), and a decrease in the average interburst interval from 54.1 to 38.2 ms. These effects were most likely due to histidine modification because other reagents (n- acetylimidazole and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 1-sulfonic acid) that are specific for residues other than histidine failed to reproduce the effects of DEP, whereas hydroxylamine could restore channel open probability to control levels. In contrast to these effects on channel gating, DEP had no effect on average single-channel conductance or reversal potential under bi-ionic (Na+:Cs+) conditions. Inhibition by zinc was also unaffected by DEP. We propose a channel gating model in which transitions between single- and multi-opening burst modes give rise to the channel activity observed under steady state conditions. When adjusted to account for the effects of DEP, this model suggests that one or more extracellular histidine residues involved in channel gating are associated with a single kinetic state.     

Kinetics of P2X7 receptor-operated single channels currents

Human P2X7 receptors were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and single channels were recorded using the patch-clamp technique in the outside-out configuration. ATP4- evoked two types of P2X7 receptor-mediated single channel currents characterized by short-lived and long-lived openings. The short- and long-lasting open states had mean open times of approximately 5 and approximately 20 ms and slope conductances near -60 mV of 9 and 13 pS, respectively. The open probabilities of the short and long openings were strongly [ATP4-]-dependent with EC50 values of approximately 0.3 mM and approximately 0.1 mM ATP4-, respectively. The channel kinetics did not change significantly during sustained P2X7 receptor activation for several minutes, as was also observed in recordings in the cell-attached patch-clamp configuration. Activation and deactivation of the short openings followed exponential time courses with time constants in the range of 20 ms, and displayed a shallow [ATP4-] dependence of the activation process. The kinetics of the short channel openings at negative membrane potentials fitted well to a linear C-C-C-O model with two ATP4- binding steps at equal binding sites with a dissociation constant Kd of 139 microM.     

Stochastic description of the three-state model of the Na channel

The three-state model of the Na channel is formulated stochastically and various observable quantities calculated from this model. This model assumes that the Na channel can occupy one of three states--resting, open and inactivated--and that each channel is independent. This is a simplified representation of the model proposed by Aldrich et al. (1983) mainly with respect to the neuroblastoma. When the system contains many channels, the probability distribution of the numbers of the channels that occupy each of these states is a time-dependent multinomial distribution and the distribution of the first passage time from resting state to open state becomes an exponential decay function with higher components. The average and variance of the channel current calculated by the distribution show the time course with a single peak and its ratio converges to the current of a single channel. Stochastic treatment of the transient process developed here gives a method of estimating all of the transition rates and the number of channels in the system.     

Properties of Acetylcholine Receptor Ion Channels in the Acutely Dissociated Neurons of the Marginal Division in the Rat Striatum

Cell-attached mode of patch clamp technique was employed to investigate the properties of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced ion channels in acutely dissociated neurons from the marginal division (MrD) of rat striatum. Two types of conductance states (25 pS and 60 pS) were recorded. The 25 pS channel (more than 80%) was the main type in the neurons of MrD and was described here. The amplitudes of inward currents increased with hyperpolorization and the reversing potential was about 0 mV. Both single short opening and long burst openings were observed in MrD neurons. Two time constants of these two kinds of ion channels are 0.29 ms, 1.84 ms and 1.96 ms, 18.24 ms, respectively. Average close time can be fitted with two exponential functions, the two time constants are 1.7 ms and 54 ms. Probability of channel opening is about 0.012 and no voltage-dependence was found. The properties of reversing potential, voltage-independence and the form of agonist to the ion channels indicated that the recorded channel currents flow through AChR channels. The mAChR is involved in slow synaptic transmission and Ach can not induce the opening of mAChR ion channel. The binding site of ACh to AChR and the nAChR ion channel are the same protein, ACh can only activate nAChR ion channel directly. Therefore, the recorded ion channels in the present study are nAChR ion channels. The results suggest that nAChR ion channels exist in the neurons of MrD and the MrD probably is involved in learning and memory mechanism of the brain.     

Ion channels activated by L-glutamate and GABA in cultured cerebellar neurons of the rat

Glutamate and GABA-receptor channels were investigated in explants of rat cerebellum grown in cell culture. The patch-clamp technique was used to examine neurons under whole cell clamp and the properties of channels were derived by analysis of glutamate and GABA-evoked current noise. In addition, single channel currents activated by glutamate were recorded from isolated outside-out patches of membrane. We found evidence for at least two types of glutamate receptor-channels in cerebellar cells. Some neurons exhibited a channel of 50 pS conductance with a Lorentzian noise spectrum of 5.9 ms time constant. Single channels were readily resolved both in whole cell clamp and excised patches. Other neurons possessed low conductance channels which produced two component spectra. Estimates of the single channel conductance gave a value of about 140 fS. GABA channel noise obtained from these cells was also fitted by two component spectra which gave single channel conductance of 16 pS.