β2-肾上腺素能受体基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆β2-肾上腺素能受体(β2-AR)全长基因片段.方法:根据GenBank中收录的猪β2-AR cDNA序列设计一对引物,以猪肝脏组织总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术扩增目的基因,将其与pUC18载体体外连接,转化感受态大肠杆菌E.coil DH5α,筛选阳性克隆.结果:扩增出一条1257 bp的目的基因片段,该片段编码418个氨基酸.与CenBank中收录的猪β2-AR序列比对,其同源性为99.52%,编码的氨基酸有99.04%相同.结论:成功获得了β2-AR全长基因片段,为该基因的表达和受体筛药模型的建立奠定基础.     

辐射对小鼠骨髓细胞膜β-肾上腺素能受体的影响

本文以测定 cAMP 含量为手段,研究了~(60)Co-γ下线800 R 照射及合并β-肾上腺素能刺激剂对小鼠骨髓细胞膜上β-肾上腺素能受体的反应。β-肾上腺素能刺激剂可通过对β-肾上腺能受体作用而引起骨髓细胞内 cAMP 含量改变;照射和异丙基肾上腺素(IPR)均可使 cAMP含量增加,照射以后再注入 IRP 则 cAMP 含量增加的幅度超过单纯照射和 IPR,然而,IPR注入后再照射,cAMP 含量不增加。心得安(PPL)可有效地阻断由照射或 IPR 引起 cAMP升高的反应。     

一种新的具有多肽性质的β-肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂

从蚯蚓中分离得到的能够抑制离体豚鼠心耳收缩的活性成分,经放射性配体结合实验表明,能够抑制~8H标记的心得舒与鸭红细胞膜制剂内β—肾上腺素能受体的结合。在腺苷酸环化酶活性测定中能抑制异丙基肾上腺素对酶的激活作用。为一种新的内源性的β—肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂。     

阿的平对热应激损伤的防护作用

大鼠热应激致体温过高后,丘脑、心脏和肺中β-受体B_(max)值明显改变,并伴有组织损伤。于热应激前2h腹腔注射磷脂酶A_2非特异性抑制剂阿的平,能明显改善上述变化,机体的耐热能力亦显著增强。     

β2肾上腺素能受体过表达后大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及机制

目的:探讨大鼠心肌细胞过表达2-AR后心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及其可能机制.方法:采用胶原酶消化法分离培养大鼠心肌细胞,转染携带β2-A目的基因的重组腺病毒,通过免疫印迹方法检测细胞β2-AR蛋白表达的变化,通过ELISA方法检测细胞中cAMP水平的改变,采用单个细胞动态边缘检测系统测定细胞收缩功能的变化.结果:与正常心肌细胞相比,β2-AR的转染增加了细胞上β2-AR蛋白的含量(P＜0.05),并促进胞内cAMP水平的增加(14.76 3.15 pmol/ml vs 9.3 1.4pmol/ml,P＜0.05);进而增强了心肌细胞的基础收缩(8.203±2.596%vs 5.472±2.918%,P＜0.01),但不改变最大收缩(9.128±2.852%vs 9.366±2.646%).结论:β2-AR的过表达能够增加细胞内cAMP水平并改善心肌细胞的收缩功能.     

β_2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性与新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压关系的研究

目的:检测β2-肾上腺素能受体(β2-AR)基因5’-调控区部分序列单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),并探讨这些SNPs与新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压的关系。方法:应用MALDI-TOFMS方法测定β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性确定SNP类型,并进行基因分型。结果:β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性分别为-654位G→A、-1429位T→A碱基变异。2种SNPs基因型频率在正常人群分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。其中-654位SNPs基因型GG、GA、AA频率在正常血压和高血压人群间的分布没有显著性差异(x2=1.26,df=2,P>0.05),位于-1429bp处SNPs基因型在2组人群中分布差异无显著性(x2=1.85,df=2,P>0.05)。结论:β2-AR基因-654位与-1429位SNPs可能仅为基因多态性标志。     

β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性与新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压关系的研究

目的：检测β2-肾上腺素能受体（β2-AR）基因5’-调控区部分序列单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）,并探讨这些SNPs与新疆哈萨克族原发性高血压的关系。方法：应用MALDI-TOFMS方法测定β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性确定SNP类型,并进行基因分型。结果：β2-AR基因5’-调控区-654位与-1429位单核苷酸多态性分别为-654位G→A、-1429位T→A碱基变异。2种SNPs基因型频率在正常人群分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。其中-654位SNPs基因型GG、GA、AA频率在正常血压和高血压人群间的分布没有显著性差异（x2=1.26,df=2,P〉0.05）,位于-1429bp处SNPs基因型在2组人群中分布差异无显著性（x^2=1.85,df=2,P〉0.05）。结论：β2-AR基因-654位与-1429位SNPs可能仅为基因多态性标志。     

蛇毒合成的信号通路

蛇毒液产生的周期分为活跃期和静息期两个阶段,在这两个阶段中毒腺分泌细胞的形态学和生物化学方面存在着许多不同。蛇咬物排毒或人工取毒后其释放的去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline,NE)是分泌细胞中合成毒液所必需的,其中分泌细胞的α肾上腺素能受体(α-adrenoceptor,α-AR)和β肾上腺素能受体(β-adrenoceptor,β-AR)参与了这个过程。本文简要介绍在毒液产生周期的不同阶段中分泌细胞的变化,重点阐述了刺激α-AR和β-AR在引起毒液合成开始时所介导的相关细胞信号通路。最后简单探讨了其它刺激蛇毒腺引起毒液产生的可能因素及其调控机制。     

去甲肾上腺素通路的研究进展及其在迷走神经电刺激改善难治性癫痫学习记忆中的潜在作用

迷走神经电刺激(vagus nerve stimulation, VNS)对无法手术的耐药难治性癫痫患者能起到较好的抗癫痫效果,目前已被美国FDA批准用于耐药难治性癫痫的临床辅助性治疗。VNS的抗癫痫作用可长期维持,且治疗效果随刺激时间的延长而增加。有研究发现,VNS在减少癫痫发作的同时,还能改善癫痫患者的情绪状态,提高患者的认知能力。去甲肾上腺素能系统参与突触可塑性调节。本文综述了VNS改善难治性癫痫患者学习记忆能力的研究进展,重点讨论了去甲肾上腺素能系统调控突触可塑性变化的相关信号通路,提出VNS激活去甲肾上腺素能系统从而改善患者学习记忆的潜在可能性,为临床癫痫治疗提供新的靶点和思路。     

β_3受体激动剂对培养的大鼠心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞内环一磷酸腺苷水平的影响

目的 :观察 β3 受体激动剂 (BRL 37344 )对培养的大鼠心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞内环 -磷酸腺苷 (cAMP)水平的影响 ,以探讨 β3 受体在心肌细胞中的作用。方法 :分离培养乳鼠心肌细胞 ,随机分为八组 :对照组、ISO组、Nadolol+ISO组、BRL组、PTX +BRL组、L NAME +BRL、Nadolol+BRL组和Bupranolol+BRL组 ,观察心肌细胞搏动频率 ,并应用酶联免疫方法测定cAMP含量 ,逆转录多聚酶链反应 (RT PCR)方法测 β3 受体mRNA表达。结果 :ISO(非选择性 β受体激动剂 )可显著增加心肌细胞搏动频率和升高cAMP水平 ,这种作用可被Nadolol(为 β1,β2 受体抑制剂 )阻断。BRL 37344可显著降低心肌细胞搏动频率和cAMP含量 ,这种作用可被PTX(Gi 蛋白抑制剂 )和Bupranolol(非选择性 β受体阻滞剂 )完全阻断 ,同时可被L NAME(一氧化氮合酶抑制剂 )部分阻断 ,不受Nadolol影响。RT PCR方法测出心肌细胞中有 β3 受体mRNA表达。结论 :心肌细胞中存在 β3 受体 ,它在心肌表现为负性变力作用 ,β3 受体的效应不受 β1,β2 受体抑制剂影响。心脏 β3 受体信号途径中可能有Gi 蛋白的参与 ,并且经过一氧化氮合酶途径发挥其作用。     

COLONY-FORMING UNITS IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS (CFU-d) AND COLONY-FORMING UNITS IN AGAR CULTURE (CFU-c) OBTAINED FROM NORMAL HUMAN BONE MARROW: A POSSIBLE PARENT–PROGENY RELATIONSHIP

A series of experiments was performed to elucidate the relationship between cells that form granulocytic colonies in fibrin clot diffusion chambers implanted into the peritoneum (i.p.) of irradiated mice (CFU-d) and day 7 and day 14 CFU-c which give rise to colonies after 7 and 14 days in agar cultures in vitro, respectively. Normal human bone marrow cells were cultured in suspension in vitro or in diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated or non-irradiated mice. During these culture conditions there was an initial decrease in the number of CFU-c per culture. This was followed by an increase between day 2 and day 7 of culture. No similar increase of neutrophilic CFU-d was observed. When CFU-d, day 14 and day 7 CFU-c in normal marrow were separated by velocity sedimentation and cultured in suspension culture or in diffusion chambers for 7 days, the maximum increase of day 7 and day 14 CFU-c was observed in slowly sedimenting cell fractions which contained the majority of CFU-d. After 3 days in suspension culture, the maximum increase of day 14 CFU-c was found in fractions which also gave rise to maximum numbers of CFU-c after 7 days. However, day 7 CFU-c were found in fractions which initially contained the majority of day 14 CFU-c. No increase in CFU-d was found in fractions initially containing peak numbers of CFU-c. Between 53 and 71% of CFU-c harvested from diffusion chambers in irradiated mice or from suspension cultures were sensitive to pulse incubation with tritiated thymidine, suggesting that the cells were proliferating during these culture conditions. In diffusion chambers implanted into non-irradiated mice, however, CFU-c were found to be relatively resistant to this treatment (3–11% sensitive to tritiated thymidine). Thus marked increases in CFU-c were also observed during experimental conditions, where no significant DNA synthesis was detected. A reproducible time sequence of increase in CFU-c populations in culture was observed. Day 14 CFU-c and cells that gave rise to clusters on day 7 in agar increased between day 2 and day 4, whereas day 7 CFU-c increased between day 4 and day 7. The results suggested that CFU-d gave rise to CFU-c in culture and that day 14 CFU-c were precursors of day 7 CFU-c.     

GROWTH OF MOUSE AND HUMAN BONE MARROW IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS IN MICE

Both murine and human bone marrow cells were cultured in plasma clots which were formed inside diffusion chambers implanted into cyclophosphamide- and saline-treated mice. After an initial fall, the number of mouse bone marrow cells and numbers of mouse myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and agar cluster-forming units rose faster in the cyclophosphamide-treated animals. These hosts also favored formation of myeloid (CFU-D-G) and erythroid (CFU-D-E) colonies and myeloid clusters in the plasma clot. The number and growth rate of mouse CFU-D-G were higher than those of CFU-C from the same marrow population. These observations suggest the existence of humoral factors stimulating granulocyte progenitor cell replication and differentiation. At its best the increment of CFU-D-E number was equivalent to that caused by a single 0·1 unit erythropoietin dose. Culture of normal human marrow cells resulted in colonies in the plasma clot containing only granulocytes and macrophages. Cyclophosphamide-treated host animals were essential for human CFU-D-G development. Plating efficiency for human marrow myeloid colonies was better in the conventional in vitro agar cultures than in diffusion chambers.     

DIFFUSION CHAMBER CULTURE OF A SINGLE EMBRYOID BODY FROM THE TESTICULAR TERATOMA OF STRAIN 129 MOUSE

When single embryoid bodies of teratocarcinoma OTT 6050 were cultured by the diffusion chamber technique in the peritoneal cavity of a mouse, they lost their characteristic three-dimensional structure early in the culture period and proliferated logarithmically up to the 60th day of culture with a doubling time of 3.7 days, forming cell layers that adhered to the surface of the membrane filters of the diffusion chamber. They continued further to proliferate at a lower rate up to the 80th day of culture. At the 60th day, many round cells, classified by diameter into about three classes, were observed on the membrane filters. The tumorigenicity of these cells derived from the chamber cultures was much less than that of embryoid bodies injected directly into the abdominal cavity, judging from the number of days the mice survived.     

THYMIDINE SUICIDE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO OF SPLEEN COLONY FORMING AND AGAR COLONY FORMING CELLS OF MOUSE BONE MARROW

The ‘thymidine suicide’technique for indicating differences in the proliferation rate of early haemopoietic progenitor cells (spleen colony forming and agar colony forming cells) in C57BL mice has been evaluated. Special care was taken to use the same bone marrow cell suspension for the two progenitor cell assays. Both the in vivo and the in vitro techniques were employed. Following ³H-TdR in vivo, about 20% of both types of progenitor cell are killed in normal mice; however, after incubation in vitro with ³H-TdR, 35% of agar colony forming cells but only 4% of spleen colony forming cells are killed. Reasons for the difference between the in vivo and the in vitro results are discussed. With bone marrow from continuously irradiated animals, the thymidine suicide for both agar colony forming and spleen colony forming cells is in the range 42–50%, and there is no difference between in vivo and in vitro suicide. The in vivo results support the conclusion, based on the effect of proliferation dependent cytotoxic agents, that in C57BL mice agar colony forming and spleen colony forming cells are proliferating at the same rate in normal animals, and are speeded up to the same extent by continuous γ-irradiation. It is considered that in normal C57BL mice the in vitro method does not give a correct estimate of the proliferation rate of these progenitor cells. It would seem that the similarity in the proliferation rate of agar colony forming and spleen colony forming cells in C57BL mice is not true for other strains of mice: indeed using normal CBA and in vivo suicide, we have shown a significantly greater thymidine suicide for agar colony forming cells compared to spleen colony forming cells.     

骨髓动员对骨髓造血干细胞在心肌梗死后心脏中定植及分化的影响

目的观察小鼠心肌梗死后骨髓造血干细胞在心脏内的分化及细胞因子的影响。方法C57/BL6小鼠60只分为骨髓动员组和对照组,先后行脾切除、骨髓移植（骨髓供体为增强绿色荧光蛋白转基因小鼠）、骨髓动员及建立心肌梗死模型。心肌梗死后3周将小鼠心脏取出并切片行组织学及激光共聚焦显微镜免疫荧光检查。结果骨髓动员可以增加EGFP阳性细胞在心脏中梗死区和边缘区的定植,但绝大多数EGFP阳性细胞都同时表达CD45。仅发现有极少数骨髓来源的心肌细胞、成纤维细胞及血管内皮细胞,且与骨髓动员无相关性。结论骨髓动员能够明显促进骨髓来源细胞定植入小鼠心脏的梗死区;极少数骨髓造血干细胞可以分化为心肌细胞,其数量远不足以修复梗死心肌及改善心功能;骨髓造血干细胞不参与梗死区疤痕形成的病理过程。     

培养骨髓基质细胞的尿嘧啶核苷二磷酸半乳糖-4-表异构酶活性

本实验用液体静置法体外培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞。用细胞化学法观察处于不同分化阶段基质细胞中的尿嘧啶核苷二磷酸半乳糖－－４－表异构酶（Ｕｒｉｄｉｎｅｄｉｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｅ－４－ｅｐｉｍｅｒａｓｅ,ＵＤＰＧａｌ,ＥＣ５．１．３．ａ）活性。结果在各类骨髓基质细胞中均可见到很强的酶反应。在由原始网状细胞向成熟星状细胞分化过程中,酶活性逐渐增强。随着培养时间和延长（培养５、７、１０天）,星状细胞和成纤维细胞中酶反应的阳性率和阳性度逐渐增高。这证明在体外培养骨髓基质细胞中由ＵＤＰＧａｌ催化的代谢非常活跃     

THE EFFECT OF CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE IN VITRO ON AGAR COLONY FORMING CELLS AND SPLEEN COLONY FORMING CELLS OF C57BL MOUSE BONE MARROW

This study reports the effect of cytosine arabinoside in culture on two classes of bone marrow progenitor cells in C57BL mice, agar colony forming cells (ACU) and spleen colony forming cells (CFU). Both normal cells and rapidly proliferating cells were studied. The results show that in normal mice, 23 % of ACU but only 7 % of CFU are killed following 1 hr incubation with the drug. With longer periods of incubation, the survival of ACU in the controls is poor, and the results for the drug-treated cultures suggest that the cells are held up in cycle. In continuously irradiated mice, the proportion of ACU and CFU killed after 1 hr incubation with drug is increased to 43–54%, confirming previous results that these cells are proliferating more rapidly than in normal mice. In mice treated with myerlan, 54 % of ACU are killed by 1 hr in vitro exposure to cytosine arabinoside, again confirming that ACU are rapidly proliferating. However, the proportion of CFU killed is lower (23 %). These results are compared with other studies of the effect of cytosine arabinoside in vivo and also with thymidine suicide in the same strain of mice. The results show that cytosine arabinoside has the same effect as tritiated thymidine, and also that the proportion of CFU killed by these agents in vitro is lower than when the agents are injected in vivo. It is suggested that the conditions in culture have an adverse effect on CFU, which cease DNA synthesis, and are protected from the killing effect of cytosine arabinoside and tritiated thymidine. Since cytosine arabinoside in vitro has an effect similar to tritiated thymidine in vitro on bone marrow progenitor cells in C57BL mice, in vitro incubation with cytosine arabinoside could be an alternative method to thymidine suicide for measuring differences in cell proliferation rate.     

EFFECTS OF HYDROXYUREA ON THE KINETICS OF COLONY FORMING UNITS OF BONE MARROW IN THE MOUSE

The number of nucleated bone marrow cells, the number of CFU and the number of DNA-synthesizing cells in the mouse were studied after injection of hydroxyurea. It was found that one injection provokes a partial synchronization of surviving cells and probably stimulates the transition of CFU from the quiescent to the cycling state. the changes of the proportion of CFU in the S phase makes it possible to estimate approximately a cell cycle duration of about 12 hr.     

秋水仙碱（COM）诱发小鼠骨髓细胞C—有丝分裂效应的研究

本文以101/E1和C3H/E1的杂种第一代小鼠为材料,一次性腹腔注射秋水仙碱(COM)后,于不同时间取材,观察分析了小鼠骨髓细胞有丝分裂指数(MI)和C-有丝分裂的变化。结果表明:COM处理后2小时,MI和C-有丝分裂均已达到最高;并随处理时间延长而降低;至18小时,MI已降到(1mg/kg)或显著低于(3mg/kg)对照水平,而C-有丝分裂仍显著高于对照组。并对COM影响MI的可能机制以及C-有丝分裂效应与非整倍体诱导活性之间的关系进行了讨论。     

SERUM LEVELS OF COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR(S) AND THE GROWTH OF BONE MARROW CELLS IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS

Fluctuations in the body fluids of long-ranged humoral substance(s) capable of stimulating the growth of bone marrow granulocytic and macrophage-like cells in diffusion chamber cultures in vivo, was observed after whole body irradiation of mice. The fluctuation pattern was similar to that of the in vitro colony stimulating factor(s) of the sera of irradiated mice which indicates a relation between in vivo and in vitro active factor(s).