Theoretical solutions for internal bone remodeling of diaphyseal shafts using adaptive elasticity theory

In this paper we considered the problem of internal bone remodeling induced by casting a broken femur. It is shown that, after the removal of the plastercast, the healing bone is either becoming more porous and less stiff or it is osteoporotic. The result is theoretical, based on a theory of internal bone remodeling proposed by Hegedus and Cowin (Journal of Elasticity 6, 1976, 337-352).     

Buckling of adaptive elastic bone-plate: theoretical and numerical investigation

During day-to-day activities, many bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton are subjected to repetitive, cyclic loading that often results directly in an increased risk of bone fracture. In clinical orthopedics, trabecular fatigue fractures are observed as compressive stress fractures in the proximal femur, vertebrae, calcaneus and tibia, that are often preceded by buckling and bending of microstructural elements (Müller et al. in J Biomechanics 31:150 1998; Gibson in J Biomechanics 18:317-328 1985; Gibson and Ashby in Cellular solids 1997; Lotz et al. in Osteoporos Int 5:252-261 1995; Carter and Hayes in Science 194:1174-1176 1976). However, the relative importance of bone density and architecture in the etiology of these fractures are poorly understood and consequently not investigated from a biomechanical point of view. In the present contribution, an attempt is made to formulate a bone-plate buckling theory using Cowin's concepts of adaptive elasticity (Cowin and Hegedus in J Elast 6:313-325 1976; Hegedus and Cowin J Elast 6:337-352 1976). In particular, the buckling problem of a Kirchhoff-Love bone plate is investigated numerically by using the finite difference method and an iterative solving approach (Chen in Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 167:91-99 1998; Hildebland in Introduction to numerical analysis 1974; Richtmyer and Morton in Difference methods for initial-value problems 1967).     

Evolution of bone inhomogeneity around a hole in an orthotropic plate of bone: theoretical predictions.

The problem of the evolution of bone inhomogeneity around a hole in a plate of bone with orthotropic symmetry is considered. The internal remodeling theory of Cowin and Hegedus is employed to show the existence of final inhomogeneity following stress concentration. The speed of remodeling around the hole and its variation with respect to distance is investigated. Results indicate that the effect of stress concentration around a hole is slightly less pronounced if bone is considered orthotropic rather than transversely isotropic. The speed of remodeling is found to be unaffected but the amplitude of inhomogeneity with respect to distance drops and disappears slightly faster if bone is considered orthotropic.     

The effect of stress concentration on bone remodeling: theoretical predictions

Theoretical predictions of internal bone remodeling around an elliptical hole are studied. The internal remodeling theory due to Cowin and Hegedus is employed. The bone is modeled as an initially homogeneous adaptive elastic plate with an elliptical hole under a superposed steady compressive load. It is shown that there will exist a final inhomogeneous remodeling distribution around the hole that will disappear away from the hole. The remodeling is such that the compressive stress concentration causes the bone structure to evolve to one of greater density and stiffer elastic coefficients. The speed of remodeling around the hole and its variation with respect to distance is investigated and discussed. It is shown that the rate of bone reinforcement in the area of compressive stress concentration is much higher than the rate of bone resorption in the area of existing tensile stress. Special cases of a circular hole and vertical and horizontal slots are studied and discussed.     

REVIEW

Book reviews in this article:
"P flanzenphysiologie ," Vol. II., Part 2; pp. 353–986, By Dr. W. P feffer     

An Approach to the Development of Field Studies in Urban Areas

Integrated Science—The Wreake Valley Project D. TINBERGEN and P. THORBURN (Eds) Book 1, 120 pp., illustrated. £1.50. Book 2, 104 pp., illustrated. £1.75. Book 3, 136 pp., illustrated. £2.25. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. Reviewed by John May

Stirling Educational Monographs No. 1. Attitude Goals in Secondary School Science S. BROWN 77 pp. University of Stirling. 1976. £1.75. Reviewed by Clive Carré and Henry Crowther

No. 2. Innovations in Integrated Science in Scottish Secondary Schools S. BROWN, D. McINTYRE, E. DREVER and J. KERI DAVIES 89 pp. University of Stirling, 1976. £1.00. Reviewed by Tessa Carrick

Outline Studies in Biology 64 pp. each, illustrated. London: Chapman and Hall, 1976. £1.30 each. Biological Energy Conservation C. W. JONES Control of Enzyme Activity P. COHEN Metabolic Regulation R. M. DENTON and C. I. POGSON Reviewed by John H. Duffus

Population Genetics L. M. COOK Reviewed by T. J. Crawford

Cytogenetics of Man and other Animals A. McDERMOTT Reviewed by J. A. Beardmore

RNA Biosynthesis R. H. BURDON Protein Biosynthesis A. E. SMITH Reviewed by C. M. Bray

Basic Biology Course Books 3, 5, 8, and 9 London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Book 3 Dynamic Aspects of Cells M. A. TRIBE, I. TALLAN, M. R. ERAUT and R. K. SNOOK 119 pp., illustrated. £6.20 boards, £2.90 paper.

Book 5 Cell Membranes M. A. TRIBE, M. R. ERAUT and R. K. SNOOK 79 pp., illustrated. £5.00 boards, £2.50 paper. Super 8 mm film loop (Phagocytosis) £8.00.

Book 8 Metabolism and Mitochondria M. A. TRIBE, M. R. ERAUT and R. K. SNOOK 142 pp., illustrated. £8.00 boards, £3.50 paper. Filmstrip £3.50; cassette £3.80.

Book 9 Protein Synthesis M. A. TRIBE, I. TALLAN, M. R. ERAUT and R. K. SNOOK 103 pp., illustrated. £6.00 boards, £2.75 paper. Reviewed by Colin Stoneman

Population Cytogenetics Studies in Biology, No. 70 B.JOHN 76 pp., illustrated. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. £3.00 boards, £1.50 paper. Reviewed by J. A. Beardmore

Biology Colour Units Helpful and Harmful Organisms M. Sanderson Urban Ecology D. Gilman Co-ordination C. Morgan Movement D. Gray Each 24 pp, illustrated. London: Macdonald Educational, 1977. 75p each. Reviewed by John May

The Natural World : The Mitchell Beazley Joy of Knowledge Library J. MITCHELL (Ed.) 272 pp., illustrated. London: Mitchell Beazley, 1977. £12.50. Reviewed by P. J. Kelly

Human and Social Biology G. USHER 256 pp., illustrated. Plymouth, Devon: Macdonald and Evans, 1977. £1.95. Reviewed by A. Cornwell

Safeguards in the School Laboratory 28 pp., Hatfield, Herts: Association for Science Education, 1976. 35p. Reviewed by Tessa Carrick

A First Science Dictionary D. J. LUCAS, H. I. JAMES, and O. J. SIMPSON 208 pp. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. £1.95. Reviewed by John Feltwell

Introduction to Genetics Third Edition D. G. MACKEAN 42 pp., illustrated. London: John Murray, 1977. £1.40. Reviewed by Tessa Carrick

The Wash water storage feasibility study: a report on the ecological studies 36 pp., illustrated. London: Natural Environment Research Council. Publication series C No. 15, 1976. Free. Reviewed by John A. Barker

Higher Education Film Library Catalogue BRITISH UNIVERSITIES FILM COUNCIL London: BUFC, 1977. £1.00. Reviewed by John A. Barker

Biology: Principles and Issues WILLIAM C. SCHEFLER 370pp., illustrated. London: Addison-Wesley, 1976. £9.10. Reviewed by H. W. Grenville

Guide to Living Mammals J. E. WEBB, J. A. WALLWORK, and J. H. ELGOOD 152 pp., illustrated. London: Macmillan, 1977. £2.95. Reviewed by H. V. Wyatt

Applied Medical Microbiology J. G. COLLEE 121 pp., illustrated. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1976. £2.80. Reviewed by G. E. Mathison

General Microbiology Fourth edition R. Y. STANIER, E. A. ADELBERG and J. L. INGRAHAM 871pp., illustrated. London: Macmillan, 1977. £15.00 boards, £7.95 paper. Reviewed by C. G. Gayford

Fundamentals of Mycology Second edition J. H. BURNETT 673 pp., illustrated. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. £27.50. Reviewed by B. W. Bainbridge

Metals and Metabolism D. A. PHIPPS 134 pp., London: Oxford University Press (Clarendon), 1976. £5.00 boards, £2.50 paper. Reviewed by C. M. Bray

Biochemical Systems Analysis M. A. SAVAGEAU 379 pp., illustrated. London: Addison-Wesley, 1976. £21.20 boards, £13.20 paper. Reviewed by J. H. Parish

The Biochemistry of the Tissues Second edition P. BANKS, W. BARTLEY, and L. M. BIRT 493 pp. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 1976. £14.50 boards, £6.25 paper. Reviewed by John Feltwell

Genetics and Adaptation Studies in Biology, No. 69 E. B. FORD 58 pp., illustrated. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. £2.60 boards, £1.30 paper. Reviewed by R. A. E. Tilney-Bassett

The Comparative Endocrinology of the Invertebrates Second edition K. C. HIGHNAM and L. HILL 357 pp., illustrated. London: Edward Arnold, 1977. £16.00 boards, £8.50 paper. Reviewed by K. Simkiss

Muscles and Movement K. M. BACKHOUSE 48 pp., illustrated. London: Hart Davis, 1976. £1.75. Reviewed by Jackie Hardie

Herbicides: Physiology, Biochemistry, Ecology, Vol. 2 Second edition L. J. AUDUS (Ed.) 564 pp., illustrated. London: Academic Press, 1976. £17.50. Reviewed by Donald S. H. Drennan

Introduction to Ecology R. DAJOZ Translated by A. SOUTH 416 pp., Sevenoaks, Kent : Hodder and Stoughton, 1977. £7.50 boards, £4.45 paper. Reviewed by D. M. Keith-Lucas

Human Sex and Sexuality E. B. STEEN and J. H. PRICE 338 pp., illustrated. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 1977. £7.00. Reviewed by Donald Reid

Rabies : The Facts C. KAPLAN (Ed.) 116 pp., illustrated. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. £1.95 (Also published in paperback by Corgi Books, London. 75p.) Reviewed by W. C. Noble

Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing E. C. BARRETT and L. F. CURTIS 336 pp., illustrated. London: Chapman and Hall, 1976. £11.00 boards, £5.95 paper. Reviewed by Monical M. Cole

Light and Life L. O. BJÖRN 249 pp., illustrated. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1976. £3.45 boards, £1.75 paper. Reviewed by John Feltwell     

Earth Worm: Biomass Measurement: A Science Activity for Middle School

Ridgely, Robert S. A Guide to the Birds of Panama Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976 394 pp., $15.00. Reviewed by Karl L. Trever

Weiner, Michael A. Man's Useful Plants New York: Macmillan Co., 1976 137 pp., $6.95. Reviewed by Carolyn M. Levin

Bendick, Jeanne How Animals Behave New York: Parents Magazine Press, 1976 64 pp., $4.96. Reviewed by Robert Deitchman

Bayne, B. L., ed. Marine Mussels: The Ecology and Physiology New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976 506 pp., $49.50. Reviewed by Brother Nicholas Sullivan

Brown, Vinson The Explorer Naturalist Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1976 288 pp., $10.00. Reviewed by Paul F. Connor

Sheldon, William G. The Wilderness Home of the Giant Panda Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1975 196 pp., $12.50. Reviewed by Harold W. Puffer

Rudolph, Joachim (translated by H. C. Grinter) Chemistry for the Modern Mind New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1973 359 pp., $8.95. Reviewed by Donald Schwartz     

The Sun's Path

Keith, Lawrence H., ed. Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1976 707 pp., $27.50. Reviewed by E. Lawrence Bahn

Baldry, Peter The Battle against Bacteria: A Fresh Look New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976 172 pp., $9.95. Reviewed by Donald F. Logsdon

Palmer, Ralph S., ed. Handbook of North American Birds, Volume 2: Waterfowl (Part 1), Volume 3: Waterfowl (Part 2) New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976 521 and 560 pp., $30 each, $60 set. Reviewed by Karl L. Trever

Hurlbut, Cornelius Jr., ed. The Planet We Live On: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Earth Sciences New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1976 488 pp., $37.50. Reviewed by Joaquin Rodriguez

MacGillavry, Caroline H. Fantasy and Symmetry: The Periodic Drawings of M. C Escher New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1976 84 pp., $15.00 Reviewed by John G. Harvey

Perrins, Dr. Christopher Birds: Their Life, Their Ways, Their World New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1976 157 pp., $19.85. Reviewed by J. P. Kennedy

Hoyt, William Graves Lowell and Mars Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1976 376 pp., $8.50 paper, $13.95 cloth. Reviewed by Van E. Neie

Dagg, Anne Innis, and Foster, J. Bristol The Giraffe: Its Biology, Behavior, and Ecology New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1976 115 pp., $13.95. Reviewed by Theodore W. Munch     

Studies of DNA dumbbells. III. Theoretical analysis of optical melting curves of dumbbells with a 16 base-pair duplex stem and Tn end loops (n = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14).

Optical melting curves of seven DNA dumbbells with the 16 base-pair duplex sequence 5'G-C-A-T-A-G-A-T-G-A-G-A-A-T-G-C3' linked on both ends by Tn (n = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14) loops measured in 30, 70, and 120 mM Na+ are analyzed in terms of the numerically exact statistical thermodynamic model of DNA melting. The construction and characterization of these molecules were described in the previous paper (Amaratunga et al., 1992). As was recently reported for hairpins (T. M. Paner, M. Amaratunga, M. J. Doktycz, and A. S. Benight, 1990, Biopolymers, Vol. 29, pp. 1715-1734) theoretically calculated melting curves were fitted to experimental curves by simultaneously adjusting the parameters representing loop and circle formation to optimize the fits. The systematically determined empirical parameters provide evaluations of the free energies of hairpin loop formation delta Gloop (n) and single-strand circles delta Gcircle (N), as a function of end loop size, n = 2-14, and circle size, N = 32 + 2n. The dependence of these quantities on solvent ionic strength over the range from 30 to 120 mM Na+ was evaluated. An approximately analytical expression for the partition function Q(T) of the dumbbells was formulated that allowed a means for determining the transition enthalpy delta H degrees and entropy delta S degrees for every dumbbell, revealing the dependence of these quantities on loop size. In this multistate approach a manifold of partially melted intermediate microstates are considered and therefore no assumptions regarding the nature of the melting transitions (that they are two-state) are required. The transition thermodynamic parameters were also determined from a van't Hoff analysis of the melting curves. Comparisons between the results of the multistate analysis and the two-state van't Hoff analysis revealed significant differences for the dumbbells with larger end loops, indicating that the melting transitions of the larger looped dumbbells deviate considerably from two-state behavior. Results are then compared with published melting studies of much larger DNA dumbbells (D. B. Naritsin and Y. L. Lyubchenko, 1990, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 8, pp. 1-13), of small hairpins (Paner et al., 1990; M. J. Doktycz, T. M. Paner, M. Amaratunga and A. S. Benight, 1990, Biopolymers, Vol. 30, pp. 829-845) and another dumbbell (A. S. Benight, J. M. Schurr, P. F. Flynn, B. R. Reid, and D. E. Wemmer, 1988) Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 200, pp. 377-399).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Short reviews

Milton M. Gordon, HUMAN NATURE, CLASS AND ETHNICITY. London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1978, 302 pp., £6.50, $11.95 ($3.50 paper).

June Teufel Dreyer, CHINA'S FORTY MILLIONS: MINORITY NATIONALITIES AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. Cambridge (Mass.) and London, Harvard University Press, 1976, 333 pp., £9.55.

W. Stanford Reid (ed), THE SCOTTISH TRADITION IN CANADA. Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 1976, xi + 324 pp., $12.55.

I. H. Kawharu, MAORI LAND TENURE: STUDIES OF A CHANGING INSTITUTION. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1977, 362 pp., £13.50.

David T. Wellman, PORTRAITS OF WHITE RACISM. London, Cambridge University Press, 1977, 254 pp., £9.50 (£4.00 paper).

Lucy Mair, AFRICAN KINGDOMS. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1977, 151 pp., £3.95, (£1.95 paper).

Roger Scott, NORTHERN IRELAND: THE POLITICS OF VIOLENCE. Canberra Series in Administrative Studies 2., Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1977, 84 pp., n.p.

James A. Geschwender, CLASS, RACE AND WORKER INSURGENCY: THE LEAGUE OF BLACK REVOLUTIONARY WORKERS. London, Cambridge University Press, 1977, 249 pp., £8.50 (£3.50 paper).

Crawford Young, THE POLITICS OF CULTURAL PLURALISM. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1976. 560 pp., £13.60.

D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN BRITISH FICTION. London, Macmillan, 1977, 282 pp., £8.95.

M. M. Mahood, THE COLONIAL ENCOUNTER. London, Rex Collings, 1977, 210 pp., £4.75.

Brian V. Street, THE SAVAGE IN LITERATURE. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975, 207 pp., £5.75.     

Continuity and Change in Modern India

A Caste in a Changing World: The Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmans, 1700–1935 . Frank F. Conlon. Sponsored by the Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. xv + 255 pp. $15.00 (cloth).
Shanti Nagar: The Effects of Urbanization in a Village in North India. Vol. 1: Social Organization . Stanley A. Freed and Ruth S. Freed. Anthropological Papers, 53, Part 1. New York: The American Museum of Natural History, 1976. 254 pp. $13.85 (paper).
Family and Social Change in Modern India . Giri Raj Gupta , ed. Main Currents in Indian Sociology, 2. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1976. xxxiv + 263 pp. n.p. (cloth).
Caste, Class and Democracy: Changes in a Stratification System . Vijai P. Singh. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1976. viii + 158 pp. $12.50 (cloth), $5.95 (paper).
Dimensions of Social Change in India . M. N. Srinivas, S. Seshaiah , and V. S. Parthasarathy , eds. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Private, 1977. xiii + 518 pp. Rs 60.00 (cloth).     

Letters to the Editor

Biology: A Functional Approach Second edition M. B. V. ROBERTS 656 pp., illustrated. London: Nelson, 1976. £4.95 Reviewed by John Feltwell

R. N. SAVELAND (Ed.) Sponsored by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 267 pp., illustrated. London and New York: John Wiley, 1976. £7.50. Reviewed by J. Bossanyi

Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications R. M. MAY (Ed.) 317 pp. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1975. £8.50 boards, £4.80 paper. Reviewed by D. M. Keith-Lucas

The Battle Against Bacteria—A Fresh Look Second edition P. BALDRY 179 pp., illustrated. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976. £4.50. Reviewed by C. G. Gayford

Student's Collection of Electron Micrographs J. J. HEAD 46 pp., illustrated. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. £2.50. Reviewed by John Feltwell     

A molecular thermodynamic approach to predict the secondary structure of homopolypeptides in aqueous systems.

Under physiological conditions, many polypeptide chains spontaneously fold into discrete and tightly packed three-dimensional structures. The folded polypeptide chain conformation is believed to represent a minimum Gibbs energy of the system, governed by the weak interactions that operate between the amino acid residues and between the residues and the solvent. A semiempirical molecular thermodynamic model is proposed to represent the Gibbs energy of folding of aqueous homopolypeptide systems. The model takes into consideration both the entropy contribution and the enthalpy contribution of folding homopolypeptide chains in aqueous solutions. The entropy contribution is derived from the Flory-Huggins expression for the entropy of mixing. It accounts for the entropy loss in folding a random-coiled polypeptide chain into a specific polypeptide conformation. The enthalpy contribution is derived from a molecular segment-based Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) local composition model [H. Renon and J. M. Prausnitz (1968) AIChE J., Vol. 14, pp. 135-142; C.-C. Chen and L. B. Evans (1986) AIChE J., Vol. 32, pp. 444-454], which takes into consideration of the residue-residue, residue-solvent, and solvent-solvent binary physical interactions along with the local compositions of amino acid residues in aqueous homopolypeptides. The UNIFAC group contribution method [A. Fredenslund, R. L. Jones, and J. M. Prausnitz (1975) AIChE J., 21, 1086-1099; A. Fredenslund, J. Gmehling, and P. Rasmussen (1977) Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Using UNIFAC, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam], developed originally to estimate the excess Gibbs energy of solutions of small molecules, was used to estimate the NRTL binary interaction parameters. The model yields a hydrophobicity scale for the 20 amino acid side chains, which compares favorably with established scales [Y. Nozaki and C. Tanford (1971) Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 46, pp. 2211-2217; E. B. Leodidis and T. A. Hatton (1990) Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 94, pp. 6411-6420]. In addition, the model generates qualitatively correct thermodynamic constants and it accurately predicts thermodynamically favorable folding of a number of aqueous homopolypeptides from random-coiled states into alpha-helices. The model further facilitates estimation of the Zimm-Bragg helix growth parameter s and the nucleation parameter sigma for amino acid residues [B. H. Zimm and J. K. Bragg (1959) Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 31, pp. 526-535]. The calculated values of the two parameters fall into the ranges suggested by Zimm and Bragg.     

BOOK REVIEW

Book reviewed in this article:
Bocquet, C., Génermont, J., Lamotte, M., eds. 1976. Les Problèmes de l'Espèce dans le Règne Animal. Tome I.
Anderson, J. M. & Macfayden, A., eds. 1976. The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms in Decomposition Processes.
Frank. W. 1976. Parasitologie. Lehrbuch für Studierende der Human- und Veterinärmedizin, der Biologie und der Agrarbiologie.
Taylor, Angela E. R. & Muller, R., eds. 1976. Genetic Aspects of Host-Parasite Relationships. Vol. 14, Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology.
Dawes, B., ed. 1976. Advances in Parasitology.
Zuckerman, A., ed. 1976. Dynamic Aspects of Host-Parasite Relationships .
Singh, B. N. 1975. Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Amoebae.     

Book Reviews

Book Reviews in This Article
Davidson's The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids 8th Edition (1976). R. L. P. Adams, R. H. Burdon, A. M. Campbell & R. M. S. Smellie. xii + 420 pp.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (1976). Volume I. Edited by O. Johari. xviii + 782 pp. $28.00. Volume II. Edited by O. Johari and R. P. Becker. xii + 708 pp.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Smiths' Sea Fishes. Editors: S mith , M. M., H eemstra ., P. C. 6th ed. 1986.
A ustin , B.; A ustin , D.A., Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease in Farmed and Wild Fish. Ellis Horwood Ltd Chichester (pp. 364) 1987.
C appetta , H.: Chondrichthyes II. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii.-Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Vol. 3B. Stuttgart, New York
Integrated Warm Water Aquaculture. Editors: L ittle , D., M uir , J. University of Stirling: Inst. of Aquaculture Publications 1987. 238 pp.
The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol. 9: L elek , A., Threatened Fishes of Europe. Wiesbaden: Aula Verlag 1987. 343 pp., 85 Fig., 236.-DM.
U ntersuchungen an mittelalterlichen Fischresten aus Schleswig. Ausgrabung Schild 1971–1975.
S chwoerbel , J. (ed.): Einführung in die Limnologie (Introduction into Limnology). 6. Edition. Stuttgart-New York
P lisnier , P.-D.; M icha , J.-C.; F rank , V.: Biologie et exploitation des poissons du lac Ihema
Electroreception. Editors: B ullock , T h . H., H eiligenberg , W. New York-Chichester-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore
Scheuer, P. (ed.): Bioorganic Marine Chemistry. Volume 2. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-London-Paris-Tokyo-Hong Kong     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article
C hromatography of A ntibiotics , 1973. Journal of Chromatography Library Vol. I. G. H. Wagman & M. J. Weinstein, 256 pp.
I ntroduction to M icrobiology , 1972. J. F. Wilkinson.     

Unit responses of the cerebellar cortex to stimulation of the vagus nerve and nerves of the limbs

Responses of 74 cerebellar cortical neurons to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and its gastric branches and also of the limb nerves were recorded extracellularly in experiments on rats anesthetized with chloralose and pentobarbital. Phasic and tonic unit responses were similar to all types of stimulation, but fewer neurons responded to stimulation of the vagus nerve than to stimulation of the limb nerves. Monosensory neurons responding only to visceral stimulation, were not found. Among cells giving a phasic response, some had a short and others a long latent period. The latent period of responses of all types was longer to vagal stimulation than to stimulation of the limb nerves. The maximal frequency of rhythmic responses to vagal stimulation was 8/sec, compared with 16/sec for stimulation of the limb nerves. Tonic responses of the neurons were excitatory, inhibitory, and mixed. The type of unit response could vary depending on the frequency and repetitiveness of the stimuli but was otherwise independent of the type of stimulation.N. I. Pirogov Vinnitsa Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 471–479, September–October, 1972.