芸苔链格孢菌丝生长温度的研究

通过对芸苔链格孢[Alternaria brassicae(Berk.)Sacc.]17个单孢系菌丝在PDA培养基上生长温度的研究,结果表明各菌系在相同的温度下,菌丝生长的速度存在着明显的差异。经新复极差分析,其速度可分为三个等级。其间最高与最低可相差4.7倍。对该菌菌丝最适生长温度的研究表明,17个菌系的平均最适温度为25℃。但各菌株间有着明显的差异。作者根据其最适温度的高低及其对温度的敏感性,将这17个单孢系划分为6个温度型。即:不敏感低温型、敏感亚低温型、不敏感亚低温型、敏感中温型、不敏感中温型及不敏感亚高温型等。病菌温度型的划分可作为使用该类病菌进行抗病筛选时确定最适温度的参考。     

生长温度对核苷磷酸化酶的影响

通过对不同生长温度下嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌核苷磷酸化酶活性的测量,初步探讨了高温作为有效诱导手段的可能性     

波动温度下罗非鱼特定腐败菌生长动力学模型和货架期预测

研究了0℃~15℃范围的波动温度条件下,有氧贮藏养殖罗非鱼的特定腐败菌-假单胞菌的生长动力学模型及其对剩余货架期预测的适用性。由Belehradek方程建立了温度对假单胞菌生长动力学影响的数学模型,在设计的两种波动温度条件下假单胞菌生长动力学模型的预测值,与波动温度贮藏罗非鱼中假单胞菌生长的实测值比较,偏差度在0.906~0.942之间,准确度在1.13~1.19之间。以假单胞菌生长动力学模型预测的剩余货架期,与波动温度贮藏罗非鱼的感官、VBN和假单胞菌数评价获得的实测剩余货架期相比较,相对误差分别为5.9%和-9.1%。显示在贮藏温度波动的情况下,假单胞菌生长动力学模型同样可以快速可靠地实时预测0℃~15℃贮藏的罗非鱼剩余货架期。     

一株濒危药用植物新疆阿魏内生真菌生长特性研究

选择新疆阿魏植物内生真菌中一株药理活性较强的菌,研究其生长特性,分别考察不同培养基、温度、光照及起始pH值4个单因素对菌种生长的影响,通过响应面试验优化,确定菌种最佳生长条件。结果表明,在黑暗条件下,采用土豆培养基(PDA),pH值为7,温度25℃环境中,该菌种可正常生长和繁衍,菌株平均生长速率为10.25mm·d~(-1)。     

烟曲霉在不同温度和营养条件下的生长特性初探

目的确定烟曲霉的最适生长温度、最高生长温度及致死温度。方法生长曲线法用来确定培养烟曲霉的最适宜培养基,并测定其最适生长温度和最高生长温度;菌落计数法用来确定其致死温度。结果 1)酵母浸膏培养基(yeast ex-tract medium,YG)是测定烟曲霉生长曲线的最适宜培养基;2)在YG培养基中,37℃是烟曲霉的最适宜生长温度,52℃为其最高生长温度。随着温度的升高,菌株的生长速度逐渐减慢;3)65℃处理180 min或70℃处理120 min能使烟曲霉完全失活。结论在YG培养基中,37℃是烟曲霉的最适宜生长温度,52℃为其最高生长温度;烟曲霉的致死条件为65℃处理180min或70℃处理120 min。     

不同温度条件下土壤水分对羊草幼苗生长特性的影响

采用生长箱控制方法,研究了羊草幼苗生长对5个温度和5个水分梯度的响应。结果表明,不同温度改变了羊草生物量对土壤水分变化的响应类型。在20～26℃下羊草植株生物量对土壤水分的响应曲线呈三次多项式或抛物线变化规律,而在29～32℃下为指数方程。在温度较低或适度时,轻度乃至中度干旱有促进生长的作用,但在温度较高时轻度干旱及比其程度更高的干旱显著地影响羊草的生长,表明羊草在较高温度下对水分更加敏感。在适当的温度下(26℃),羊草根的贡献率或根冠比与土壤水分呈直线关系。高温加强了干旱对羊草幼苗生长的抑制作用,表明高温降低了羊草对干旱的适应能力。     

不同光照强度和温度对金钗石斛生长的影响

为了系统地研究不同光照强度下温度对金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile)生长的影响,在金钗石斛分蘖期,于80μmol·m-2·s-1、160μmol·m-2·s-1、320μmol·m-2·s-1、640μmol·m-2·s-1的不同光强下,各设置5个温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃)梯度对石斛进行处理。结果表明：石斛的生长与代谢随温度由低到高,表现出弱—强—弱的变化规律;80μmol·m-2·S-1光强下,石斛生长以25～30℃较为适宜;160μmol·m-2·s-1光强下则以20～25℃为适宜温度范围;320μmol·m-2·s-1与640μmol·m-2·s-1的中、强光照下,25℃处理石斛的生长优势尤为明显;不同光强下,石斛鲜重的增长大多以25℃处理更快,繁殖力则以20℃与25℃处理较高,各光强下的MDA含量随温度升高而先降后升,且均以25℃最低;可溶性蛋白质、可溶性总糖及叶绿素含量则表现出随温度由低到高而先增后减的趋势,其含量最高点均出现在25℃左右;净光合速率和叶绿素含量随光强和温度的变化趋势基本一致;各种光强下的暗呼吸速率均随温度升高而增大。因此,在不同的光照条件下,石斛生长的适宜温度均在25℃左右。光温处理引起石斛生理生化过程明显的相应变化表现出：高温和弱光照条件有利于石斛的株高增长,但不利于产量和质量提高;石斛的生长与MDA含量呈显著负相关(r80＝-0.9082、r160＝-0.9816、r320＝-0.8075、r640＝-0.8586),与可溶性糖含量呈一定正相关(r80＝0.7673、r160＝0.8892、r320＝0.8179、r640＝0.9278),并且石斛的生长与可溶性蛋白质含量、叶绿素含量、光合速率之间的变化趋势基本一致。     

应用微量热法构建限制性条件下微生物生长模型

用微量热计测定了金黄色和白色葡萄球菌在给定条件下生长的热谱图,按限制性条件下微生物生长的模型进行了数学处理,得出了比生长速率．还测定了在不同温度和不同酸度下的热谱曲线,确定了最适生长温度和酸度。     

温度对海月水母螅状体生长及繁殖的影响

采用了实验生态学方法,研究温度对海月水母螅状体生长及繁殖的影响。实验设6个温度梯度(12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27℃),共持续56d。测定了螅状体的柄径生长,繁殖数量;观察了螅状体的无性繁殖方式;分析了温度影响下的螅状体的能量分配及繁殖策略。结果表明,温度显著影响螅状体的生长及繁殖,在较高温度组,匍匐茎生殖是螅状体无性繁殖的主要方式,随着温度降低,出芽生殖比例增加。较高温度组螅状体繁殖速率较快,新生螅状体个体较小,分布较分散;而较低温度组,新生螅状体个体较大,数量较少,均较紧密的分布在亲代螅状体周围。在培养56d的周期内,除27℃处理组外,其他各处理组螅状体柄径均有所增加,但其增加的速率随着温度的升高而降低。而27℃处理组,螅状体整体状态不好,基本不摄食,培养35d时全部死亡。综上,较低温度条件下,螅状体倾向于选择增加自身个体大小以应对不良环境,而当环境条件适宜时,螅状体倾向于选择通过无性繁殖产生更多子代的方式以扩大种群数量。温度显著影响螅状体的繁殖策略,进而显著影响螅状体的种群数量。     

不同温度对中国对虾生长及能量收支的影响

研究了18～34℃6个不同恒温下中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的生长、饵料转化率及能量收支。结果表明,中国对虾的体重及能量特定生长率分别变动在1．22％～3．27％和1．33％～1．45％之间,在18～31℃温度范围内随温度升高而升高,34℃下则显著下降．对虾的摄食量及对饵料的消化率总体上随温度升高而升高,但在34℃下则有所降低;饵料重量转化率和能量转化率分别在28．99％～53．09％和15．70％～7．24％之间,总体上随温度升高而有所下降．根据拟合的多项式方程推算得到的中国对虾的最佳生长温度为29．7℃,生长能和呼吸能的变化主导着中国对虾的能量收支模式,随温度升高生长能占摄食能的比例逐渐降低,而呼吸能比例则逐渐升高。本研究表明,对虾在适宜温度下获得的较高生长率主要归因于较高的摄食量和食物消化率。     

The Effect of Rapid Temperature Increase on the Growth Rate of Wheat Leaves

The growth rate of the first leaf of eight-day-old wheat plants was measured using a DLT-2 highly sensitive linear displacement transducer. Leaf extensibility was evaluated from the growth rate under the increase in the pulling force by 2 g. An increase in the air temperature resulted in the doubling of the transpiration rate and immediate slowing of the leaf growth followed by the leaf shrinkage. However, growth was later resumed almost completely. Heat treatment did not induce any changes in the leaf extensibility, indicating that cell-wall mechanical properties were not changed. Growth retardation was supposed to result from a decrease in the water content in the leaf tissues because the balance between water influx from roots and its loss through transpiration was shifted toward the water loss. An initial drop in the relative water content (RWC) indicates such a misbalance. Subsequent growth resumption coincided with a decreased water deficiency. Since the rate of transpiration was not reduced, RWC and growth rate restoring evidently occurred due to the activated water uptake by roots, which can be explained by the increased hydraulic permeability detected in our experiments.     

Effects of temperature, salinity, and fish size on growth and consumption of juvenile bluefish

Consumption and growth rates of juvenile bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix increased with increasing temperature and decreased with increasing fish size in short-term (7 days) experiments. Salinity had no effect on growth or consumption rate in a short-term experiment. In a long-term (90 days) mesocosm experiment, consumption and growth rates declined with increasing body size. Predictive equations developed from short-term experiments did not adequately predict observed consumption rates in the mesocosm experiment. However, growth in the mesocosm experiment was similar to field growth. Also, mesocosm consumption rates and consumption rates calculated using field growth and mesocosm growth efficiencies were similar to published independent field estimates of consumption rate. Our results indicate that experiments to determine the effects of temperature and the allometry of body size on growth and consumption rates should be conducted over long time periods simulating field conditions. Juvenile bluefish have rapid growth and their individual cumulative consumption is large. This result suggests that bluefish may have a large effect on their prey populations. This effect has yet to be quantified.     

温度对拟目乌贼幼体日生长率和存活率的影响

以温度为单因素变量,在人工饲养环境中,分析水温对拟目乌贼幼体日生长率与存活率的影响。实验结果表明,当水温处于28.1～32℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体的日生长率与水温呈正相关关系;当水温处于32～32.67℃时,拟目乌贼幼体的日生长率与水温呈负相关关系;当水温处于29.5～32.6℃时,拟目乌贼幼体不易出现幼体死亡(死亡率<6.25%),适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活;而当水温处于32.3～34℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体出现了13.16%～61.16%的幼体死亡,不适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活。实验结果表明,当水温处于29.5～32℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体的存活率高(存活率>93.75%),且日生长率处于0.24%～1.76%,适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活。     

温度与盐度对刺松藻生长和营养盐吸收的影响

随着养殖业迅猛发展，海洋富营养化问题日益加剧。利用大型海藻所具有的超吸收氮磷营养盐的能力，可有效治理和修复富营养化海域。从福建省连江县罗源湾海域养殖筏架采取经济价值较高的刺松藻，为分析其在海水养殖区的生长条件，在实验室条件下，研究温度（18、25、32 ℃）和盐度（10、20、30）对刺松藻生长和营养盐吸收的影响。研究结果表明，刺松藻生长受温度影响极显著(P<0.01)，受盐度及二者相互作用影响显著(P<0.05)；在25 ℃和盐度20的条件下，刺松藻特定生长率（specific growth rate，SGR）最高，达89.45%；在32 ℃和盐度30的条件下，刺松藻对营养盐的吸收效果最好，其中对NH+4-N的吸收效果最佳。研究结果为生物修复种群的选择和刺松藻的人工养殖提供了一定的参考。     

Understanding glucose transport by the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system on the basis of kinetic measurements in vitro

The kinetic parameters in vitro of the components of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) in enteric bacteria were collected. To address the issue of whether the behavior in vivo of the PTS can be understood in terms of these enzyme kinetics, a detailed kinetic model was constructed. Each overall phosphotransfer reaction was separated into two elementary reactions, the first entailing association of the phosphoryl donor and acceptor into a complex and the second entailing dissociation of the complex into dephosphorylated donor and phosphorylated acceptor. Literature data on the K(m) values and association constants of PTS proteins for their substrates, as well as equilibrium and rate constants for the overall phosphotransfer reactions, were related to the rate constants of the elementary steps in a set of equations; the rate constants could be calculated by solving these equations simultaneously. No kinetic parameters were fitted. As calculated by the model, the kinetic parameter values in vitro could describe experimental results in vivo when varying each of the PTS protein concentrations individually while keeping the other protein concentrations constant. Using the same kinetic constants, but adjusting the protein concentrations in the model to those present in cell-free extracts, the model could reproduce experiments in vitro analyzing the dependence of the flux on the total PTS protein concentration. For modeling conditions in vivo it was crucial that the PTS protein concentrations be implemented at their high in vivo values. The model suggests a new interpretation of results hitherto not understood; in vivo, the major fraction of the PTS proteins may exist as complexes with other PTS proteins or boundary metabolites, whereas in vitro, the fraction of complexed proteins is much smaller.     

Temperature affects the partitioning of absorbed light energy in freshwater phytoplankton

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GROWTH RESPONSES OF SEVERAL DIATOM SPECIES ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS TO TEMPERATURE

Eight diatom species (Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus Mang ., Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun ., Skeletonema costatum ( Grev.) Cleve , Asterionella formosa Hass ., Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve , Detonula confervacea ( Cleve) Gran , Chaetoceros sp., and Nitzschia frigida Grun.) were isolated from various temperature environments ranging from temperate to the Arctic, and their growth responses to temperature were determined. Each species grew over a different temperature range. The lower and upper limits of each species varied from −1.8° to 20° C and from 2° to 30° C, respectively. The width of the growth range of each species. also varied from 3.8° to 25° C, and the growth of these species was observed, as a whole, between a wide temperature range from −1.8° to 30° C .
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