The Effects of Foliar Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium Chloride on Leaf Area and Dry Matter Production by the Brussels Sprout Plant

When CCC was applied as a spray to the leaves of Brassica oleraceaL. (Brussels sprout) grown in pots, plant height and mean internodelength were reduced. The effects appeared more slowly and wereless pronounced than those previously observed when CCC hadbeen applied to the soil; other differences were that root growthwas not inhibited, stem weight was only significantly reducedat the highest rate of application (2 per cent), and stomatalnumber per unit area of lower leaf epidermis was not affected.In common with soil applications, leaf thickness, stem diameter,and the percentage moisture contents of the leaves were allincreased by foliar applications.In a further experiment theprogress of wilting was observed in untreated plants and inplants treated with CCC applied either to the leaves or to thesoil. The rates of water loss and the moisture contents of theleaf laminae of the treated plants, after a period of wilting,were not significantly different from the controls. The treatedplants, however, looked less ‘wilted‘ for the changein angle of the leaf lamina to the stem was less and their leaveswere therefore held more upright.     

The Effect of (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium Chloride on the Growth of Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. C.I.666) was shown to be susceptibleto the growth retardant (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride(CCC). The estimation of cell number in the dwarfed third leafblade indicated that a decrease in mitotic activity had occurredin treated plants. There was also a decrease in cell size intreated plants. The dwarfing action of CCC was reversed by exogenousgibberellic acid (GA₃) but this was shown to be the result ofincreased cell elongation only. GA₃ did not promote cell divisionin healthy or CCC-treated plants. Assay of endogenous gibberellinsshowed a significant reduction in the level of a substance correspondingto GA₃ in CCC-treated plants. It is suggested that CCC-induceddwarfing of barley is largely the result of a reduction in meristematicactivity. This may be related to an effect on gibberellin biosynthesisbut is not reversed by the application of exogenous GA ₃.     

Partial Reversal by Cytokinin and (2-Chloroethyl)-Trimethylammonium Chloride of Near-Ultraviolet Inhibited Growth and Morphogenesis in Callus Cultures

Callus cultures of Haplopappus gracilis, Nicotiana tabacum and Allium cepa var. proliferum were in varying degrees inhibited by blue to near-UV light obtained from fluorescent tubes. The inhibition was considerably reduced for Haplopappus cultures by 6-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-ylamino)-purine (2 iP) and (2-chloro-ethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) in combination. Even separately these compounds stimulated growth in blue but not in white light. A high concentration of 2 iP reduced the inhibiting effects of near-UV on tobacco tissue cultures, and a synergism was observed between 2 iP and CCC in respect to shoot formation in blue light. Allium callus was not significantly affected by CCC. It was also observed that the concentration of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) was more important for the growth of tobacco cultures in blue than in white light. It is believed that the light-inhibition of growth is partly due to a photoinactivation of IAA and that 2 iP and CCC might be active through processes controlling the levels of IAA and other growth hormones.     

The Interaction of (2-Chloroethyl) trimethylammonium Chloride and Gibberellic Acid in Strawberry

Applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), by foliar spray or to the soil, shortened petioles and decreased top and root growth of strawberry plants. Application of gibberellic acid increased petiole length and fresh weights of tops but not of roots. Applied together gibberellic acid overcame the depression of growth in weight of tops induced by CCC and countered the depression in petiole lengths. Gibberellic acid induced elongation of internodes of the vegetative stem and the elongation was increased substantially by concurrent application of CCC. This synergism in stem growth indicates a lack of antagonism between CCC and exogenous gibberellic acid in strawberry. The implications are discussed.     

Response of Cowpeas to Salinity and (2-Chloroethyl) trimethyl-ammonium Chloride (CCC)

Recent investigations have demonstrated that the growth retardant, (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CCC) inhibits several aspects of vegetative growth. In solution culture experiments, reduction in plant growth and dry matter production was confirmed in cowpeas, Vigna unguiculata L, (cv. Makueni II), when treated with CCC. The growth retardant had negligible effect on the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area although it slightly increased the relative water content of leaves. Stomatal opening was suppressed by CCC treatment but the number of stomata per unit leaf area was increased by the growth retardant. Variations in mineral element content (K, Ca, N and Na) of shoots are presented and discussed in relation to CCC treatment.     

The Effect of Root Formation on the Levels of Protein, Chlorophyll, RNA, DNA and Carbohydrates in Excised Cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo

In attached cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo L. protein, chlorophyll, RNA, DNA and carbohydrates were found to increase to a maximum level 14 days after commencement of germination, followed by a sharp decline thereafter. Cotyledons excised and planted in a nutrient solution 14 days after sowing showed maximum levels of protein, chlorophyll, RNA, DNA and soluble and insoluble sugars 52 days after planting. The increase in these compounds coincides with the full development of the root system. Excision earlier or later than 14 days resulted in lower levels of protein and other compounds. The decrease in the level after 52 days was parallel to the senescing phase of the cotyledons.     

The Influence of Atrazine, Benzyladenine, and the Embryonic Axis on Chlorophyll Synthesis in Cucumber and Squash Cotyledons

Excision of the embryonic axis prior to 3 1/2 days of germination in the dark followed by 8-h of light decreased the total chlorophyll content of cucumber cotyledons but not squash cotyledons. Benzyladenine stimulated the accumulation of chlorophyll in the cotyledons of intact embryos and excised cotyledons in both cucumber and squash. Gibberellic acid had no effect. Atrazine inhibited chlorophyll formation in excised squash cotyledons. Benzyladenine also increased the carotenoid and xanthophyll content in the cotyledons from intact squash seedlings. The results suggest that pigment synthesis in cotyledons may be controlled by a number of substances produced in the embryonic axis and that cytokinin-like benzyladenine can simulate the action of one of them.     

Chemical Changes in Lolium temulentum L. after Treatment with (2-Chloroethyl) Trimethylammonium Chloride (CCC)

Two experiments with an inbred line of the summer annual Loliumtemulentum L. are described. The plants were grown under 18-hourdays in 8.5 cm pots containing pure vermiculite. The first experimentwas concerned with the effect of (z-chloroethyl) trimethylammoniumchloride (CCC) upon soluble carbohydrate content, and the secondwith the combined effects of CCC and nitrogen upon soluble carbohydrate,free amino-N, and chlorophyll content. Concentrations of CCCfrom 0.01–0.5 M inhibited growth and induced large increasesin the free sugar content of the plant. With 0.05 M CCC andabove, large amounts of fructosan were formed. Adequate nitrogensupply lowered the free sugar level and large amounts of free amino-N appeared. Crude protein content (per cent dry weight)was increased by CCC at low nitrogen levels but was less affectedwhen N was adequate. Chlorophyll production was stimulated inthe presence of CCC. The metabolic implications of the CCC-inducedchemical changes are discussed and a possible scheme for CCCaction is suggested.     

Effect of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on CCC-Induced Delay of Fruit Ripening

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (CEPA) which is known to releaseethylene in plant tissue, and (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammoniumchloride (CCC) were applied to ripening tomato and red pepperfruits. CEPA enhanced and CCC inhibited chlorophyll degradationand carotenoid formation. The inhibitory effects of CCC on fruitripening were counteracted by CEPA treatment. These resultsand those of other authors on gibberellin action in fruit ripeningsuggested that both CCC and gibberellin may interfere with theaction of ethylene in ripening fruit.     

The Effect of Cycloheximide (Actidione) on Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis by Chlorella

Incorporation of ¹⁴C-phenylalanine, ¹⁴C-carbon dioxide, ¹⁴C-glucose,and ¹⁴C-glycine into the protein of Chlorella is inhibited bycycloheximide. A concentration of 2.5 µg per ml inhibitsincorporation by about 80 per cent; increasing the concentrationup to 10 µg per ml does not increase the degree of inhibition.The incorporation of ¹⁴C-adenine into ribonucleic acid (RNA)and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and of ¹⁴C-glucose into polysaccharideis also inhibited. Unlike inhibition of protein synthesis, thatof nucleic acid and polysaccharide synthesis is observed onlyafter some delay. The delay is shortest for DNA synthesis andlongest for polysaccharide synthesis. Inhibition of ¹⁴C-glycineincorporation into DNA and RNA follows a similar pattern tothat obtained with ¹⁴C-adenine but the delay is much shorter.Cycloheximide also inhibits the formation of isocitrate lyasc(isocitrate-glyoxylate lyase, EC 4.1.3.1 [EC] ) when autotrophicallygrown cells are supplied with acetate.     

Effects of 2-Chloroethyl Trimethylammonium Chloride (CCC) and 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid (CEPA) on Dry Matter Distribution in the Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L.)

Effects of foliar applications of CCC and CEPA on dry matterdistribution in two cowpea cultivars which exhibit differentdegrees of premature abscission of fruits were investigated.At the concentration of 0-1 mg1^–1, CCC increased stemweight in the cultivar Adzuki, but had no effect on the cv.Mala (which exhibits a relatively high degree of premature abscission).While CCC did not significantly influence root weight in Adzuki,the concentrations of 1 and 10 mg 1^–1 increased root weightin Mala. In both cultivars, the 1000 mg1^–1 treatment decreasedseed weight, with a greater decrease in Adzuki. All concentrations of CEPA, up to 1000 mg 1^–1, decreasedstem and root weights in Mala, and leaf weight in Adzuki. The10 mg1^–1 concentration increased seed weight in Mala by100 percent, and leaf weight by 28 percent, without any significanteffect on pod weight, or on the weight of the whole plant. Therewas also no increase in pod number. Overall, Mala was more responsive than Adzuki to the growthregulators, particularly CEPA. In the low concentration responses,CEPA increased seed weight not by increasing gross plant weight,but mainly by causing a change in distribution of dry matter.     

Effect of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on Flower Induction in Juvenile Mango (Mangifera indica) Seedlings

Spray applications of 1000 mg/l (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (CEPA) five times, at weekly intervals, during November and early December induced heavy flowering in ringed and nonringed juvenile mango seedlings. The treated plants produced flower buds which opened by the end of December, while the control and ringed seedlings produced only a new flush of vegetative growth. The results show that CEPA could be profitably used for early evaluation of hybrid seedlings in mango breeding programme.     

Callus Induction by (2-Chloroethyl) Phosphonic Acid on Cultured Cotton Ovules

The response of cultured cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules to the ethylene releasing growth regulator, (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), was measured. Control ovules grown on a complete liquid medium without hormones continued the differentiation normal for cotton, although at a slower rate than in vivo. When ethephon was added to the medium, normal organ and fiber development was inhibited but callus was induced from the micropylar end of the ovule. The callus was extremely friable and produced many free cells in the culture medium. Dry weight of the callused ovules increased over 4-fold and total cell number increased 56% over the controls. Apparently ethylene released from the ethephon stimulated both cell division and cell expansion in forming the callus.     

Inter-organ Synergism and the Control of Chlorophyll Accumulation in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Cotyledons

Prior to illumination, the embryonic axis of sunflower seedlingsmakes a contribution to the cotyledons which enables them togreen more rapidly when subsequently irradiated with white light.The contributions made to this stimulation by the hypocotylhook, hypocotyl, and roots have been investigated. Greeningin sunflower cotyledons reaches an optimum rate when they are6 d old. The developing embryonic axis not only promotes theattainment of this optimum rate but also aids in the maintenanceof this optimum rate as the cotyledons continue to age. Thisstimulatory effect appears to arise primarily from the rootsand can be duplicated by the exogenous application of benzyladenine. In contrast to previous reports we find that the hypocotyl hookplays no role in the control of greening when present duringillumination.     

NCS对离体萝卜子叶转绿期间叶绿素荧光参数及类囊体膜蛋白复合物的影响

用PAM 2000型便携式荧光测定系统测定了不同浓度N arc iclas ine(NCS)处理的离体萝卜子叶的荧光动力学参数:初始荧光(F0)、光化学淬灭(qP)、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR).结果表明,NCS对各种叶绿素荧光参数均显示出明显的抑制作用,而且NCS的抑制作用随其浓度的增加而逐渐增强;利用蓝绿温和胶电泳技术分析萝卜子叶类囊体膜蛋白复合物发现,转绿期间叶绿体中光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统捕光色素蛋白复合体的含量增加均被NCS抑制.表明从水仙鳞茎分泌物中分离提取的生物活性物质NCS能够明显抑制离体萝卜子叶的光下转绿,而且NCS对离体萝卜子叶光下转绿的抑制是多位点的.     

原核表达Arresten蛋白抑制血管生成作用

目的:研究原核表达的Arresten蛋白纯化品对血管内皮细胞及血管生成的抑制作用。方法:MTT法检测Arresten蛋白对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)增殖的影响;流式细胞仪分析Arresten蛋白作用下HUVEC凋亡的情况;细胞迁移实验观察Arresten蛋白对HUVEC迁移能力的影响;鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜(CAM)实验观察Arresten蛋白对新生血管的抑制情况。结果:原核表达的Arresten蛋白纯化品能特异性地抑制 HUVEC的增殖、迁移,诱导HUVEC的凋亡,并在一定范围内呈现出剂量—效应关系。Arresten蛋白能有效抑制鸡胚尿囊膜血管的生长(P<0.01)。结论:原核表达的Arresten蛋白纯化品对内皮细胞有特异的抑制作用,能有效抑制血管生成。