铅胁迫对大灰藓几种生理指标的影响

苔藓植物是对环境最为敏感的指示植物之一。灰藓属（Hypnum）植物被广泛用于监测环境污染。为了更好地了解藓类植物对重金属的胁迫反应,测定了不同Pb浓度胁迫下大灰藓总叶绿素含量、丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖生理指标,并对4种生理指标与铅浓度之间进行了拟合。研究结果显示,在低浓度Pb（〈0.01mmol/L）胁迫下,总叶绿素含量升高。当Pb浓度≥1mmol/L时,总叶绿素含量下降。而丙二醛、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量则在低Pb浓度（≤0.1mmol/L）下增加不明显,在较高Pb浓度（≥1mmol/L）下均有明显的升高,表现出对铅胁迫的适应性反应。4种生理指标与铅胁迫浓度之间表现出较好的剂量-效应关系。     

Convergent or parallel molecular evolution of momilactone A and B: potent allelochemicals, momilactones have been found only in rice and the moss Hypnum plumaeforme

Plant second metabolites momilactone A and B, which act as potent phytoalexins and allelochemicals, have been found thus far only in rice and the moss Hypnum plumaeforme, although both plants are taxonomically quite distinct. The concentrations of momilactone A and B, respectively, in rice plants were 4.5-140 and 2.9-85 μg/g, and those in H. plumaeforme were 8.4-58.7 and 4.2-23.4 μg/g. Momilactone A and B concentrations in rice and H. plumaeforme plants were increased by UV irradiation, elicitor and jasmonic acid treatments. Rice and H. plumaeforme plants secrete momilactone A and B into the rhizosphere, and the secretion level was also increased by UV irradiation, elicitor and jasmonic acid treatments. In addition, although endogenous concentrations of momilactone A in rice and H. plumaeforme were greater than those of momilactone B, the secretion levels of momilactone B were greater than those of momilactone A in rice and H. plumaeforme, which suggests that momilactone B may be selectively secreted by both rice and H. plumaeforme. As momilactone A and B exert potent antifungal and growth inhibitory activities, momilactone A and B may play an important role in the defense responses in H. plumaeforme and rice against pathogen infections and in allelopathy. The secretion of momilactone A and B into the rhizosphere may also prevent bacterial and fungal infections and provide a competitive advantage for nutrients through the inhibition of invading root systems of neighboring plants as allelochemicals. Therefore, both plants, despite their evolutionary distance, may use same defense strategy with respect to the momilactone A and B production and secretion, which resulting from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes. In the case of parallel evolution, there may be plant species providing the missing link in molecular evolution of momilactones between H. plumaeforme and rice.     

三七重茬根际土壤中化感物质的测定及其对三七根腐菌的生长作用

目的 研究三七重茬根际土壤中化感物质的组成及其对病原微生物的化感作用。方法 采用乙酸乙酯提取三七重茬根际土壤中的化感物质,利用GC-MS对萃取液进行物质组成分析,并研究检测中出现的特征性化感物质对羟基苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯对三七根腐病菌（F.oxysporum Schlecht）的化感作用。结果 采集的三七重茬土壤中共检测到29种化感物质,其中2种特征性化感物质对羟基苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯对三七病原菌的生长呈现低促高抑的现象,且当对羟基苯甲酸浓度为5 mmol/L时能促进病菌小孢子的产生。结论 检测到的化感物质组分为苯甲酸及其衍生物类、酚类、酯类、饱和烃类等物质。这些物质在低浓度时有利于病原菌的生长,对病害的发生具有促进作用。     

酚顿试剂对竹林土壤中酚类化合物的降解作用

酚类化合物是农业和生态系统中主要的化感物质之一,大量积累在土壤中,抑制作物和林下植物生长,导致农作物减产、连作障碍和自然生态环境破坏。用过氧化氢(H2O2)与硫酸亚铁(Fe2 )所组成的酚顿试剂研究了化学氧化法对化感物质(对香豆酸、对羟基苯甲酸和胡桃醌)、竹林土壤提取物及竹林土壤中对香豆酸的降解作用。过氧化氢与硫酸亚铁的摩尔比为15:1的酚顿试剂,过氧化氢与酚类物质浓度比为8:1时,对酚类物质的降解效率最高。以8×10-3mol/L(0.028%)的H2O2,5.4×10-4mol/L(0.075%)的FeSO4和10-3mol/L的酚类物质组成的反应体系中,反应10min和30min后,对香豆酸的降解率分别为55%和74%;对羟基苯甲酸的降解率在10min时达90%以上;而胡桃醌在10min时已经完全被降解。酚顿试剂处理土壤酚类提取物时,可使其中主要的化感物质对香豆酸降解75%。用含0.1%和1%H2O2的酚顿试剂处理竹(Bambusa chungii)林土壤,土壤对香豆酸的降解率分别为32%和37%。竹林土壤中存在过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,但没有检测到超氧化物歧化酶活性。土壤中的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶可能迅速分解外加的过氧化氢,一方面缩短过氧化氢处理的作用时间和降低降解效率,另一方面可分解过剩的过氧化氢。这说明酚顿试剂是降解土壤和培养液中有害化感物质的有效化学氧化剂。     

Effects of seven pure flavonoids from mosses on germination and growth of Tortula muralis HEDW (Bryophyta) and Raphanus sativus L (Magnoliophyta)

Dried mosses (five moss species) were progressively extracted and subjected to a four-step Craig distribution. Seven pure flavonoids were isolated and identified. The flavonoids were the flavones apigenin, apigenin-7-O-triglycoside, lucenin-2, luteolin-7-O-neohesperidoside, saponarine and vitexin; and the biflavonoid bartramiaflavone and they were submitted to biological tests. The tests were performed in vitro on spore germination and protonemal growth of the moss Tortula muralis and on seed germination and root growth of Raphanus sativus. Flavonoids caused a decrease in the percentage of spore germination, protonemal development and root growth. In addition they caused morphological alterations, such as forked tips, swollen apices, rounded cells and early formation of brood cells in the protonemata. Data were discussed in relation to the presence of allelochemicals in mosses.     

大米草对赤潮藻的抑制作用及其抑藻物质的分离鉴定

以赤潮异弯藻和海洋原甲藻为研究对象,研究了海洋滩涂植物大米草对两种赤潮微藻的抑制作用及抑藻物质.结果表明：大米草对赤潮异弯藻的影响表现为高浓度抑制生长,低浓度则有一定的促进作用,大米草新鲜组织、干粉末和提取物浓度分别为4.8、0.8和0.5 mg·ml^-1以上时对赤潮异弯藻有致死作用;大米草对海洋原甲藻则表现出明显的抑制作用,且大米草新鲜组织、干粉末和提取物浓度分别为9.6、1.6和1.25 mg·ml^-1以上时对海洋原甲藻有致死作用.对大米草提取物进行抑藻活性物质的分离纯化,从中分离鉴定了2个具有抑藻活性的黄酮糖苷类化合物：异鼠李素-3-O-槐二糖-7-O-鼠李糖苷和丁香亭-3-O-半乳糖苷.     

Diterpene Phytoalexins Are Biosynthesized in and Exuded from the Roots of Rice Seedlings

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) produces a variety of diterpene phytoalexins, such as momilactones, phytocassanes, and oryzalexins. Momilactone B was previously identified as an allelopathic substance exuded from the roots of rice. We identified in this present study momilactone A and phytocassanes A–E in extracts of, and exudates from, the roots of rice seedlings. The concentration of each compound was of the same order of magnitude as that of momilactone B. Expression analyses of the diterpene cyclase genes responsible for the biosynthesis of momilactones and phytocassanes suggest that these phytoalexins found in roots are primarily biosynthesized in those roots. None of phytocassanes B–E exhibited allelopathic activity against dicot seedling growth, whereas momilactone A showed much weaker allelopathic activity than momilactone B. The exudation of diterpene phytoalexins from the roots might be part of a system for defense against root-infecting pathogens.     

Diterpene phytoalexins are biosynthesized in and exuded from the roots of rice seedlings

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) produces a variety of diterpene phytoalexins, such as momilactones, phytocassanes, and oryzalexins. Momilactone B was previously identified as an allelopathic substance exuded from the roots of rice. We identified in this present study momilactone A and phytocassanes A-E in extracts of, and exudates from, the roots of rice seedlings. The concentration of each compound was of the same order of magnitude as that of momilactone B. Expression analyses of the diterpene cyclase genes responsible for the biosynthesis of momilactones and phytocassanes suggest that these phytoalexins found in roots are primarily biosynthesized in those roots. None of phytocassanes B-E exhibited allelopathic activity against dicot seedling growth, whereas momilactone A showed much weaker allelopathic activity than momilactone B. The exudation of diterpene phytoalexins from the roots might be part of a system for defense against root-infecting pathogens.     

Lichen secondary metabolites affect growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Physcomitrella patens</Emphasis> by allelopathy

Lichen secondary metabolites can function as allelochemicals and affect the development and growth of neighboring bryophytes, fungi, vascular plants, microorganisms, and even other lichens. Lichen overgrowth on bryophytes is frequently observed in nature even though mosses grow faster than lichens, but there is still little information on the interactions between lichens and bryophytes.In the present study, we used extracts from six lichen thalli containing secondary metabolites like usnic acid, protocetraric acid, atranorin, lecanoric acid, nortistic acid, and thamnolic acid. To observe the influence of these metabolites on bryophytes, the moss Physcomitrella patens was cultivated for 5 weeks under laboratory conditions and treated with lichen extracts. Toxicity of natural mixtures of secondary metabolites was tested at three selected doses (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 %). When the mixture contained substantial amounts of usnic acid, we observed growth inhibition of protonemata and reduced development of gametophores. Significant differences in cell lengths and widths were also noticed. Furthermore, usnic acid had a strong effect on cell division in protonemata suggesting a strong impact on the early stages of bryophyte development by allelochemicals contained in the lichen secondary metabolites.Biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites were confirmed in several studies such as antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, antiherbivore, antioxidant, antipyretic, and analgetic action or photoprotection. This work aimed to expand the knowledge on allelopathic effects on bryophyte growth.     

菖蒲干体提取液对两种水华藻类生长的影响

通过不同浓度的提取液添加试验,研究了水生植物菖蒲的干体提取液对铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻生长的影响.结果表明:菖蒲干体提取液中含有抑藻活性的化感物质.高浓度的提取液（>40 ml·L^-1）对两种低接种密度藻的生长有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）,最高抑制率分别为9866%和9238%;而低浓度的提取液（<30 ml·L^-1）能促进蛋白核小球藻的生长,第7天最低抑制率为-4952%.但两种浓度的提取液对高密度藻的生长并无显著影响（P＞0.05）.对比提取液的半连续添加和一次性添加试验发现,提取液中的抑藻组分较易分解,表明自然水体中化感物质的持续分泌可能是菖蒲对浮游藻类产生抑制作用的重要因素.     

苜蓿化感作用的初步研究

利用生物测定法和气相色谱 /质谱 (GC/MS)联用技术对中国北方广为种植的紫花苜蓿的化感作用进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,紫花苜蓿全草的水和 95 %乙醇浸提液对玉米和小麦种子萌发均有显著的抑制作用 ,进一步用柱层析对苜蓿浸提液进行了初步分离 ,分离组份对玉米和小麦种子萌发的影响有所变化。抑制玉米萌发的活性物质主要在弱极性的二氯甲烷组份中 ,而抑制小麦萌发的活性物质不仅存在于二氯甲烷组份中 ,也存在于水中。采用GC/MS技术 ,初步推测苜蓿的化感物质是酚和皂甙两类化合物     

不同类型化感物质抑制蓝藻效益比较及联合抑藻效应评述

世界范围内的蓝藻水华持续威胁着水生生态系统功能和人类健康,化感物质凭借其环境安全和对微藻有特异毒性等特征可以短期抑制蓝藻水华的暴发和生长。文章分别概括了酚类化合物、含氮化合物、脂肪酸/酯类、萜类化合物四类化感物质及其衍生物对蓝藻的杀藻效果、潜在机制及特异作用靶点,并依据高效抑藻化感物质(EC₅₀<10 mg/L)的经济成本进一步预估其实际应用潜能。结果表明,单独胁迫下的各类化感物质具不同抑藻特性:脂肪酸/酯类的性价比最优,能以较少剂量对蓝藻产生极强毒性,对蓝藻多样的作用靶点是其具有极强抑制效果的关键,可在0.015—52.95 mg/L浓度范围内将目标蓝藻抑制50%;酚类化合物总数最多、活性普遍较高,半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)为0.05—162.53 mg/L,可通过抑制光合作用、破坏细胞氧化应激平衡和损害细胞壁/膜结构等多种机制抑制蓝藻生长,但高效杀藻酚类化合物的理论成本差异较大,性价比次于脂肪酸位于第二位;含氮化合物对蓝藻生长存在特异性和均匀高效的杀藻作用, EC₅₀集中于0.3—8.14 mg/L,主要通过破坏...     

Isolation and characterization of two phytoalexins from rice as momilactones A and B

Two phytoalexins were isolated as chromatographically homogeneous amorphous solids from UV-irradiated, dark-grown rice coleoptiles. From their mass and ¹H NMR spectra, the compounds were characterized as the known diterpenes, momilactones A and B. The same compounds were also produced in blast-infected, WL 28325-treated rice leaves. They appear to be the first clearly identified cereal phytoalexins.     

Evidence that muscimol acts in the forced swimming test by activating the rat dopaminergic system

Muscimol as well as catecholaminergic drugs reduce immobility time in the forced swimming test. In view of the fact that GABAergic drugs may facilitate some brain catecholaminergic functions, we investigated as to whether or not muscimol would reduce immobility time through activation of catecholaminergic mechanisms. The effect of muscimol (2 mg/Kg i.p.) on reduction of immobility time was prevented by intraperitoneal alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (250 mg/Kg i.p.), which reduces brain catecholamine content, haloperidol (0.5 mg/Kg) and sulpiride (100 and 50 mg/Kg), antidopaminergic drugs, and meta-chlorphenyl-piperazine (0.6 and 1.25 mg/Kg), a serotonergic agonist, but not by clonidine (0.1 mg/Kg), an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, d, 1-propranolol (5 mg/Kg), an antagonist of beta-adrenergic receptors, or subcutaneous prazosin (3 mg/Kg), an alpha1-adrenolytic drug. Our findings indicate that a) muscimol reduces immobility time by stimulating dopaminergic neurons and b) activation of the serotonergic system antagonizes muscimol effect.     

Auxin-binding proteins without KDEL sequence in the moss Funaria hygrometrica

Whereas the important plant growth regulator auxin has multiple effects in flowering plants, it induces a specific cell differentiation step in the filamentous moss protonema. Here, we analyse the presence of classical auxin-binding protein (ABP1) homologues in the moss Funaria hygrometrica. Microsomal membranes isolated from protonemata of F. hygrometrica have specific indole acetic acid-binding sites, estimated to be about 3–5 pmol/mg protein with an apparent dissociation constant (K _d) between 3 and 5 μM. Western analyses with anti-ABP1 antiserum detected the canonical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localised 22–24 kDa ABP1 in Zea mays, but not in F. hygrometrica. Instead, polypeptides of 31–33 and 46 kDa were labelled in the moss as well as in maize. In F. hygrometrica these proteins were found exclusively in microsomal membrane fractions and were confirmed as ABPs by photo-affinity labelling with 5-azido-[7-³H]-indole-3-acetic acid. Unlike the classical corn ABP1, these moss ABPs did not contain the KDEL ER retention sequence. Consistently, the fully sequenced genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens, a close relative of F. hygrometrica, encodes an ABP1-homologue without KDEL sequence. Our study suggests the presence of putative ABPs in F. hygrometrica that share immunological epitopes with ABP1 and bind auxin but are different from the classical corn ABP1.     

葡萄根系浸提液的化感作用

以晚红(Red Globe)葡萄组培苗为材料,研究了葡萄根系浸提液对葡萄幼苗生长的影响,并采用LC-MS技术对其中的主要化感物质进行鉴定.结果表明:0.02g.ml-1(风干根质量/浸提液体积,下同)、0.1g.ml-1、0.2g.ml-1的葡萄根系浸提液显著抑制了葡萄幼苗的生长,且浓度越高,抑制作用越强.葡萄根系浸提液中含有对羟基苯甲酸、水杨酸、苯丙酸和香豆酸4种酚酸类物质.盆栽模拟试验表明,不同浓度的(0.1、1、10mmol.L-1)水杨酸和苯丙酸显著抑制了葡萄植株的生长,随着作用浓度的升高,葡萄的株高、茎粗、地上和地下鲜质量、叶片净光合速率和根系活力降低,叶片可溶性糖、MDA含量升高,淀粉含量降低,而叶片蛋白质含量无明显变化规律.     

Effects of novel 5-HT1A receptor antagonists on measures of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor activation in vivo

The effects of two putative 5-HT_1A antagonists, 4-(2′-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2′-[N-(2″-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamido]ethyl]piperazine (p-MPPI) and 4-(2′-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2′-[N-(2″-pyridinyl)-p-flourobenzamido]ethyl]piperazine (p-MPPF), were examined in vivo in two tests of postsynaptic 5-HT_1A receptor activation, hypothermia and reciprocal forepaw treading, in the rat. Both p-MPPI (10 mg/Kg, I.p.) and p-MPPF (10 mg/Kg, I.p.) antagonized the hypothermia induced by the 5-HT_1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (0.5 mg/Kg, S.c.). Neither p-MPPI nor p-MPPF administered alone at a dose of 10 mg/kg (i.p.) induced hypothermia. Similarly, both p-MPPI (10 mg/Kg, I.p.) and p-MPPF (2.5 mg/Kg, I.p.) completely antagonized 8-OH-DPAT (2 mg/Kg, S.c.)-induced forepaw treading in rats pretreated with reserpine (1 mg/Kg, S.c., 18–24 hours prior to the experiment). p-MPPI and p-MPPF, at doses of 10 mg/kg (i.p.) did not induce forepaw treading in reserpine pretreated animals. The results of the present study demonstrate that p-MPPI and p-MPPF act as 5-HT_1A receptor antagonists in these measures of postsynaptic 5-HT_1A a receptor activation.     

Occurrence and toxicity ofFusarium subglutinans from Peruvian maize

Twenty-five samples of maize kernels collected at harvest time from geographically different corn fields in Peru, were examined for the occurrence of toxigenicFusarium species. The most frequently recovered species wereF. subglutinans (48%),F. moniliforme (46%), andF. equiseti (5%). OtherFusarium species isolated (up to 1%) includedF. graminearum, F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. oxysporum, andF. culmorum. Assays ofFusarium culture extracts usingArtemia salina larvae, showedF. subglutinans as one of the most toxigenic species, and its toxicity was mostly correlated to the capability to produce beauvericin (BEA). All eight tested isolates ofF. subglutinans grown on autoclaved corn kernels produced BEA (from 50 to 250 mg/Kg) as well as moniliformin (M) (from 70 to 270 mg/Kg). This is the first report on BEA and M production by maize isolates ofF. subglutinans from South America.     

The novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist Trap‐101 alleviates experimental parkinsonism through inhibition of the nigro‐thalamic pathway: positive interaction with L‐DOPA

In this study we investigated whether the recently discovered antagonist of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) opioid peptide (NOP) receptor, 1‐[1‐(cyclooctylmethyl)‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐pyridinyl]‐3‐ethyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐benzimidazol‐2‐one (Trap‐101) changed motor activity in naïve rats and mice, and alleviated parkinsonism in 6‐hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats. In naïve rats, Trap‐101 stimulated motor activity at 10 mg/Kg and inhibited it at 30 mg/Kg. Such dual action was also observed in wild‐type but not NOP receptor knockout mice suggesting specific involvement of NOP receptors. Trap‐101 alleviated akinesia/bradykinesia and improved overall gait ability in hemiparkinsonian rats, being effective starting at 1 mg/Kg and without worsening motor deficit at 30 mg/Kg. To investigate the circuitry involved in the Trap‐101 action, behavioral tests were performed in rats undergoing microdialysis. The anti‐akinetic/anti‐bradykinetic effects of Trap‐101, given systemically (10 mg/Kg) or perfused in substantia nigra reticulata (10 μM), were associated with reduced glutamate and enhanced GABA release in substantia nigra, and reduced GABA release in ipsilateral ventro‐medial thalamus. When combined with ineffective doses of l ‐DOPA (0.1 mg/Kg), Trap‐101 evoked larger neurochemical and behavioral responses. These data show that Trap‐101 is an effective NOP receptor antagonist in vivo and confirm that NOP receptor antagonists alleviate parkinsonism through blockade of nigral NOP receptors and impairment of nigro‐thalamic transmission.