Landscape pattern changes at a catchment scale: a case study in the upper Jinjing river catchment in subtropical central China from 1933 to 2005

Land use and cover changes have been reported to have a great association with the alteration of regional ecological functions, and, thus, pose significant changes to the environmental quality. The analysis of landscape pattern changes is regarded as one of the most important prerequisites to quantify such land use and cover changes. Four-year land use maps (1933, 1955, 1990, and 2005) of the upper Jinjing river catchment in Hunan Province in subtropical central China, consisting of an area of 13,500 ha and containing three administrative districts (ADs) (Jinjing, Guanjia, and Tuojia), were used for analyzing the landscape pattern changes. Our results showed that a major landscape pattern has been established since 1933. A moderate changing trend, the decrease of woodland resulting from the increase of paddy field, was also observed. From 1933 to 2005, 1,270 ha of woodland were converted to paddy field, accounting for 13 % of the woodland present in 1933. An analysis of landscape indices demonstrated that the catchment landscape became more heterogeneous from 1933 to 1990, and that the patch fragmenting trend has remained fairly stable since 1990. Compared to the other two ADs, Jinjing showed a contrasting trajectory in the temporal trend of the largest patch index, indicating a distinct urbanization in that AD since 1990. Guanjia showed a different temporal trend in the perimeter-area fractal dimension, suggesting that this district was experiencing disordered development, and, thus, a comprehensive planning should be a concern. The predominant driving forces for the land use changes were found to be the terrain and the governmental policies. Climate change and anthropogenic activities (e.g., rapid population growth and migration) may also be important factors that have impacted the landscape changes of the studied catchment.     

Participatory rural appraisal of ecosystem services of wetlands in the Amazonian Piedmont of Colombia: elements for a sustainable management concept

Considering the rapid changes in land use in tropical countries and the difficulties of law enforcement in remote areas, management of ecosystems benefits from the landscape approach. Within the landscape approach it is important to assess the different livelihoods of the local populations, as well as the vulnerability of the ecosystems that are supporting these livelihoods. Specifically for wetlands in rural tropical areas that face fast developing agro-industrial land use change, there is little information available on the attitude of stakeholders considering the ecosystems they manage. We used a combination of participatory rural appraisal and participatory mapping methods on rural wetlands in the Amazonian Piedmont region in Colombia, an area that has hardly ever been studied. We found that 77.7 % of the current livelihoods depend directly on the provisioning ecosystem services delivered by the wetlands, where fishing and hunting are the most important services that contribute to the household income. Ecotourism, which is emerging as a promising source of income, was also pointed as one key ecosystem service. However, our results revealed that the wetlands in our study area are very vulnerable (up to 41 % endangered). The main causes for wetland deterioration were cattle ranching, invasive grasses, deforestation, drainage, and burning. We conclude with a brief overview on the pros and cons of reconciling wetland conservation and human development in sensitive regions such as the Amazonian Piedmont in Colombia and other similar regions in the Tropics.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地土地覆被和景观格局的变化

根据1986、1996和2001年土地覆被数据,运用ARC／INFO软件和景观生态学方法,研究了渤海海岸线缓冲带的土地利用和景观格局变化,分析了渤海的影响程度与范围。结果表明,在空间上,1986和2001年各缓冲带土地利用程度综合指数随着距海岸线距离的增大而升高,两者呈直线关系。在1996年,随着缓冲距离的增大,土地利用程度综合指数未有明显的空间分异;在时间上,各缓冲带土地利用程度综合指数逐年增加。渤海对近代黄河三角洲土地利用的影响范围超过3km。除了优势度外,所研究的其他景观格局指标与距海岸线的距离没有显著关系。     

种植密度对冬小麦根系时空分布和氮素利用效率的影响

在大田条件下,以大穗型品种泰农18和中穗型品种山农15为材料,研究不同种植密度(泰农18：每公顷135、270、405万株;山农15: 每公顷172.5、345、517.5万株)对冬小麦根系时空分布和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明：在整个生育期,随种植密度的增加,泰农18的根长密度、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积均显著增加;在生育后期,山农15的根长密度、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积在种植密度为每公顷345万株时最大.泰农18的籽粒产量、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用效率在种植密度为每公顷405万株时最高,山农15在种植密度为每公顷345万株时最高,但与种植密度为每公顷517.5万株的处理差异不显著.随种植密度的增加,冬小麦成熟期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮在不同土层的积累量均降低.泰农18和山农15种植密度分别为每公顷405万株和345万株时,是兼顾高产和高效利用氮素的适宜种植密度.     

2000-2010年青海湖流域草地退化状况时空分析

青海湖流域属于高寒草地生态系统,草地退化状况是反映该流域生态环境状况的有效指标.在对青海湖流域退化草地分类的基础上,利用遥感手段获得流域退化草地的空间分布和变化信息.采用Markov模型、退化草地动态变化度、转类指数和景观指数对青海湖流域草地退化状况时空变化进行多角度分析.研究表明2010年青海湖流域草地状况良好,未退化草甸与未退化草原在整个流域占绝对优势,是流域面积的38％.2000-2010年期间,流域草地变化不大,退化草地转类指数为-0.0384;草地变化整体上呈极轻微退化趋势,在这11a期间呈现先退化、后改善的状况.流域内不同退化草地类别的空间景观格局表现比较稳定.青海湖流域的优势草地类别是未退化革甸,主要分布在流域中部,2000-2010年期间该类别的动态变化度为1.82％,没有发生大幅度变化,时空变化都比较稳定.中度退化草甸是退化最明显的类别,即使在流域草地呈改善状况的2006-2010年期间,有近7.4万hm2退化为重度退化草甸,占中度退化草甸转变为其他类别的65％.流域中与其他类别相互转换频繁,面积变化幅度最大的类型是轻度、中度退化草甸,及重度退化草原,在流域草地退化发生改善的2006-2010年期间,这3个类别的动态变化度达到15％-21％之间;空间上它们主要分布在流域西北部、青海湖北部以及环青海湖区域.     

长江源区土地覆盖变化与草地退化格局的时空分异

基于野外调查、遥感影像和统计资料,分析了1987-2007年长江源头地区土地覆盖变化和草地退化格局的时空分异特点,并从海拔、坡度和坡向3方面探讨了导致长江源区草地生态环境变化的主要自然因素.结果表明： 研究期间,长江源头地区土地类型破碎化整体呈增加趋势,自然地理条件和气候变化是导致土地格局变化的主要驱动因素;不同海拔草地退化面积差异显著,研究区草地退化主要发生在海拔4800～5100 m范围内,且退化面积随海拔的升高呈增加趋势,退化面积比重在不同坡度和坡向的差异较大.1987-2007年,长江源头地区气候呈暖干化趋势,区域土地覆盖类型空间结构变化明显;不同坡向、坡度和海拔的草地退化分布格局与高寒环境和人为干扰的格局基本一致,高寒环境和气候演化对草地生态系统格局起决定作用.     

克里雅河中游土地利用/覆被与景观格局变化研究

干旱内陆河流在维系绿洲形成与发展,连接干旱区绿洲各类生态子系统中具有举足轻重的作用。以克里雅河中游为研究区,基于遥感影像分析了1995年、2005年和2015年3个时期的土地利用/覆被与景观格局变化特征,采用缓冲区分析法,揭示了土地利用/覆被与景观格局的时空变化特征,用土地覆被转移指数模型计算了土地利用转移方向。研究结果表明:1)1995—2015年,克里雅河中游耕地持续增加,草地和水体呈减少趋势,耕地增加和水体减少主要发生在河道附近,草地退化在绿洲边缘较严重。在河道附近,耕地主要由水体和草地转入,水体主要转出到耕地,而在绿洲边缘草地主要转出为其他用地;2)从景观水平看,研究区整体景观具有破碎化趋势,景观多样性降低,分离度变大,整个景观向均匀化发展,此变化在河道附近和绿洲边缘较明显。从类型水平看,耕地斑块数量持续增加,有向连片生成的趋势。草地斑块分离度越来越大,逐渐失去了在绿洲中的优势。水体有破碎化趋势;3)从土地转移指数看,研究区土地覆被总体变差;河道附近土地覆被经历了退化-改善的变化过程,而其他缓冲带则是持续退化,尤其绿洲边缘退化程度最为严重。     

我国西南喀斯特地区2001—2018年植被净初级生产力时空演变

植被净初级生产力（Net primary productivity,NPP）是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要指标,定量评价NPP的变化规律是碳循环机理的主要研究内容之一。以我国西南地区为研究区域,基于土地覆盖和NPP产品分析了2001-2018年西南地区NPP的时空变化特征,利用土地转移矩阵和统计分析方法,定量描述了土地覆盖类型变化导致的NPP变化量,对NPP变化的主要原因进行分析。结果表明：（1）2001-2018年,西南地区NPP均值呈波动上升趋势。（2） NPP变化趋势在空间分布上呈南高北低,NPP呈增长趋势主要集中在四川的中东部、重庆、贵州西部和云南东部;NPP呈减少趋势出现在云南、四川中西部和贵州东部。（3）森林、草地和耕地转灌丛以及灌丛转森林是对NPP变化量影响较大的土地覆盖类型转变,土地类型转变导致的NPP净增量为20.643 TgC。（4）降水与NPP相关性低,气温与NPP有一定相关性,植被叶面积指数与NPP有显著相关关系,表明气候因子对NPP的影响较小,植被生长密度对NPP有显著影响。退耕还林还草等生态工程实施,导致耕地面积减少和森林面积大量增加,是西南地区NPP上升的主导因素,因此生态工程的实施是西南地区NPP增加的重要影响因素。研究可为生态工程实施背景下NPP的变化机理研究提供参考。     

基于高分遥感影像的滇西北村域景观格局演变——以大理市低丘缓坡山地开发区为例

人类的开发活动是造成土地覆盖和景观格局变化的主要原因.村域尺度上高强度的人类开发活动对土地覆盖及景观格局演变的影响规律研究尚不多见.本研究采用2009年的GeoEye-1数据和2014年的WorldView 3数据,利用ArcGIS和ENVI,基于面向对象和人机交互的方法解译影像,应用土地利用转移矩阵和景观指数定量研究大理市海东镇低丘缓坡山区改造过程中的土地覆盖变化和景观格局演变.结果表明: 2009年主要土地覆盖类型是林地、水田和旱地,占总面积的82.8%,2014年林地、推平未建地和水田占总面积的70.9%;研究期间,土地利用变化主要由林地、水田和旱地向推平未建地、建设用地转移,尤其是2014年推平未建地面积达531.57 hm²,其中,来自林地、旱地和水田的面积分别占42.8%、21.7%和14.2%.景观空间格局演变表现为斑块数量和密度增加,平均斑块面积变小;边缘指数和形状指数增加,斑块形状更加复杂;斑块破碎化,整体构成更加多样化.     

Comparison of land use/land cover change and landscape patterns in Honghe National Nature Reserve and the surrounding Jiansanjiang Region,China

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) determines landscape patterns and affects the ability of ecosystems to provide the services and biodiversity on which humans ultimately depend. The Honghe National Nature Reserve is a biodiversity-rich area in the Jiansanjiang region of northeast China. In this study, the LUCC and landscape patterns were compared between the reserve and the Jiansanjiang region. With remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) procedures, satellite images from 1989, 2001 and 2010 were used to calculate dynamics of LUCC amplitudes, landscape pattern index, transition matrix. The influence of LUCC on the wetland landscape of the nature reserve was discussed in the context of broader LUCC analyses. The results showed that land uses in the studied regions changed remarkedly over the time period; swamp area declined significantly as arable land increased. The ecological landscape index showed that distinct landscape patches were small, scattered and highly fragmented, moving toward a more monotonous landscape. Anthropogenic activities such as farming directly decreased the wetland landscape diversity. Furthermore, anthropogenic factors diminished wetland areas indirectly through climatic factors, namely air temperature and precipitation levels. National and regional policies on agriculture and water use have been highly influential, and the Honghe National Nature Reserve is highly susceptible to land use changes in the surrounding Jiansanjiang region.     

藏北高原地表覆盖时空动态及其对气候变化的响应

利用2001—2008年逐年的MODIS地表覆盖类型产品,根据藏北高原地表覆被特征对原始数据进行合并处理,得到每年藏北高原地表覆盖类型图;运用分类统计、动态转移矩阵、景观格局指数方法分析藏北高原地表覆盖类型的变化,并结合研究区内气象台站观测数据分析地表覆盖类型转化对气候变化的响应特征.结果表明:研究期间,由于气候变暖速率的加快,研究区冰川雪被消融加速,冰川面积迅速萎缩,融化的雪水汇集到高原湖盆,使湖面水位上升,湖泊面积增加,部分被淹没的草地形成湿地;植被覆盖状况没有表现出明显的变好或退化趋势,2001—2004年为气候暖湿化阶段,荒漠裸地减少、稀疏草地和草地覆盖面积增加,2006—2007年为气候暖干化阶段,荒漠面积增加、稀疏草地面积减小;2001—2008年,藏北高原景观破碎度减小,地表覆盖异质性降低,且各类型所占比例的差异有所加大.     

老铁山自然保护区景观格局与生境质量时空变化

由于人口数量的增长和日益频繁的人类活动促进了城市扩张,自然生态系统面积逐渐缩小,一些自然保护区内部生态环境和物种栖息地随之受到影响。因此以辽宁蛇岛老铁山国家级自然保护区中的老铁山自然保护区为研究区,以1997年、2007年和2017年该地区的遥感影像为数据源,解译出15种景观类型,分析景观格局变化趋势。再选取3个景观指数作为衡量人类干扰强度的指标,生成人类干扰强度空间分布图。InVEST模型由美国自然资本项目组开发,能够定量分析生态系统服务功能,因此采用InVEST模型计算生境质量,并探讨该地区20年来人类干扰强度与生境质量的时空变化,并分析二者的相关性。结果表明:(1)1997—2017年,老铁山自然保护区建筑用地、园地面积增加最多,林地、草地略有减少;耕地向园地的转移面积最大。(2)1997—2017年,研究区内试验区和缓冲区人类干扰强度逐年增强,而核心区部分呈现先减弱再增强的趋势,保护区整体呈现出干扰逐渐增强的趋势。(3)1997—2017年该地区的生境质量整体呈现逐渐下降的趋势,生境质量时空变化的热点集中在研究区核心区的周边地带。(4)生境质量与代表人类干扰强度的景观指数呈现出较强的负相关。     

The use of adjacency analysis for quantifying landscape changes

Abstract

The analysis of landscape changes in space and time plays an important role in landscape ecology. Analyzing landscape dynamics through time may be crucial for identifying historical and current processes that shape the actual landscapes and for developing predictive landscape models for ecosystem management and conservation. In this view, the propensity of land cover patches to change is at least partially related to the nature of their contact types. The interactions of a given patch with adjacent land cover types affect both land use exploitation by humans and vegetation dynamics. The aim of this paper is to use patch boundary dynamics for describing the landscape changes that occurred in the Lepini Mountains (central Italy) during 1954 – 2000. Results show an increase in landscape complexity in the Mediterranean land units and a corresponding decrease in landscape complexity in the Temperate land units. This differential trend is due to a complex, human-driven temporal dynamics of Mediterranean ecosystems that generates heterogeneity as opposed to a diffuse landscape abandonment in the Temperate region that leads to a more homogeneous boundary structure.     

近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制

湿地是水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,其景观格局极易受到气候变化和人类活动的影响。利用1984—2014年的11期遥感影像数据,综合运用GIS技术和景观格局指数方法,对白洋淀湿地景观格局变化特征及其驱动力机制进行了分析。结果表明,1984—2014年期间,挺水植物和沉水植物呈减少趋势,农田和居民点持续快速增长,纯水体为"增加—减少—再增加"的趋势,林地和裸土地变化幅度不大。其中挺水植物一直是白洋淀最主要的景观类型,占研究区总面积比例达到37%—61%。农田的平均斑块面积最大,挺水植物的最大斑块指数和分维度指数最高,挺水植物和农田的聚集度指数最大,居民点、林地和裸土地空间分布离散,破碎化程度高,连通性差。1989—2004年白洋淀景观多样性指数呈减少趋势,景观格局趋于不稳定,同期聚集度指数上升,湿地连通性增加;1984—1989年和2004—2014年期间白洋淀多样性指数上涨,聚集度指数逐年下降,景观异质性增加。人口和社会经济发展是影响白洋淀景观格局变化的主要因素。     

1980—2015年南四湖流域景观格局及其脆弱性

流域景观格局及脆弱性变化对流域生态环境具有重要影响.为保障南四湖流域生态环境安全,本研究以流域1980—2015年7期土地利用数据为基础,通过计算景观格局指数分析南四湖流域景观格局变化,利用景观适应度(LAI)和景观敏感度指数(LSI)构建景观格局脆弱度(LVI),并分析其空间分布与变化.结果表明: 1980—2015年,南四湖流域耕地面积比例下降4.6%,建设用地增加39.7%,其他土地利用类型呈波动变化,林地、草地、未利用地面积减少,水域面积增加.耕地一直是南四湖流域的优势景观类型.耕地和水域破碎度增加,其他地类破碎度降低.流域景观整体破碎度有所缓和,景观类型之间形成了较好的连接性,景观格局的不规则性和复杂性下降并朝着均匀化和多样化方向发展.各时期流域景观脆弱度大体上表现出东部高于西部、北部高于南部的趋势,其空间分布与流域地形,以及景观类型的分布、土地利用变化有关.研究期间,流域LVI整体下降,东部景观脆弱度严重地区的景观格局开始趋于分散,逐渐被低一级脆弱区所取代,西北部地区脆弱度的回升最明显,南部及西南部一直是低脆弱区.     

Forest ecosystem restoration due to a national conservation plan in China

China has a long history of large-scale deforestation that has contributed to serious consequences such as frequent geological disaster, flood and soil erosion. It was only recently that forest management strategy shifted from the traditional harvesting orientation to a more balanced forest ecosystem management approach with a focus on conservation. To understand the effects of such a shift, on the forest dynamics especially since the implementation of Natural Forest protection Project (NFPP), this paper examined the case of Lushuihe region, a typical region of the northeast China forest zone. Land use and landscape pattern for the period of 1975-2007 were analyzed based on Landsat MSS and TM images. Net primary, productivity (NPP), estimated with the CASA productivity model, was used to assess the human impacts on the forest ecosystem function. The results showed a reversing trend of forest cover since 1988, from continuous decrease to rather rapid increase. From 1975 to 1988, due to reckless deforestation, the forest cover in the case region decreased about 10439.39 ha (8.54% of the study area). Forest cover of the region recovered from 77.68% in 1988 to 89.56% in 1999 and 92.33% in 2007. While the forest cover increased, landscape metrics indicate that human disturbance significantly altered the composition and structure of the forest landscape. NPP change indicated a continued decreasing trend until 2007, albeit at a slower pace since 1988. In 2007, while the decreasing trend of NPP was reversed, the forest structure was still inferior to that of 1975. Looking forward, diversifying and securing the livelihoods of the still growing local population that have been heavily dependent on the traditional forestry industry remain one of the key challenges as well as solutions for enhancing and managing the regional forest ecosystem structure and function in the region.     

Mosaic-level inference of the impact of land cover changes in agricultural landscapes on biodiversity: a case-study with a threatened grassland bird

Changes in land use/land cover are a major driver of biodiversity change in the Mediterranean region. Understanding how animal populations respond to these landscape changes often requires using landscape mosaics as the unit of investigation, but few previous studies have measured both response and explanatory variables at the land mosaic level. Here, we used a "whole-landscape" approach to assess the influence of regional variation in the land cover composition of 81 farmland mosaics (mean area of 2900 ha) on the population density of a threatened bird, the little bustard (Tetrax tetrax), in southern Portugal. Results showed that ca. 50% of the regional variability in the density of little bustards could be explained by three variables summarising the land cover composition and diversity in the studied mosaics. Little bustard breeding males attained higher population density in land mosaics with a low land cover diversity, with less forests, and dominated by grasslands. Land mosaic composition gradients showed that agricultural intensification was not reflected in a loss of land cover diversity, as in many other regions of Europe. On the contrary, it led to the introduction of new land cover types in homogenous farmland, which increased land cover diversity but reduced overall landscape suitability for the species. Based on these results, the impact of recent land cover changes in Europe on the little bustard populations is evaluated.     

Exploring the association between Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural communities and environmental changes in the southern Gran Chaco

The association between land use and land cover changes between 1979-2004 in a 2.26-million-hectare area south of the Gran Chaco region and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural communities was analysed. The extent of cultural land, open and closed forests and shrubland up to 3,000 m around rural communities in the north, northwest and west of the province of Córdoba was estimated using Landsat satellite imagery. The T. cruzi prevalence was estimated with a cross-sectional serological survey conducted in the rural communities. The land cover showed the same patterns in the 1979, 1999 and 2004 satellite imagery in both the northwest and west regions, with shrinking regions of cultured land and expanding closed forests away from the community. The closed forests and agricultural land coverage in the north region showed the same trend as in the northwest and west regions in 1979 but not in 1999 or 2004. In the latter two years, the coverage remote from the communities was either constant or changed in opposite ways from that of the northwest and west regions. The changes in closed forests and cultured vegetation alone did not have a significant, direct relationship with the occurrence of rural communities with at least one person infected by T. cruzi. This study suggests that the overall decrease in the prevalence of T. cruzi is a consequence of a combined effect of vector control activities and changes in land use and land cover.     

岩溶山区景观多样性变化的生态学意义对比——以贵州四个典型地区为例

岩溶石漠化是中国西南典型的土地退化,但关于岩溶山区景观多样性的研究还不多见。岩溶山区景观异质性强,景观格局空间差异大,岩溶山区土地利用/土地覆被变化引起的景观多样性变化,其生态学意义有何差异,值得开展研究。本文采用高分辨率的航片和遥感影像,以100m?100m 网格为单元,分析了贵州省王家寨、后寨河、花江和茂兰4个典型岩溶地点的景观多样性指数在1963年和2004年的空间分布。 为了说明多样性指数变化的生态学意义,进一步,把4个研究地点景观多样性指数空间分布图与其土地退化图结合起来,对比其多样性指数变化与土地退化和生态恢复的关系。结果表明：（1）茂兰、后寨河和花江多样性指数都表现出随距聚落距离增加而减少的趋势,王家寨1963年和2004年则表现出随距聚落距离增加,多样性指数先减小后增加。（2）茂兰地区以森林为基质,后寨河地区坡耕地退耕为林、灌、草地,土地利用方式单一,景观破碎化程度降低;因此,茂兰、后寨河地区多样性指数的降低表明该地区生态实质上有所恢复;花江地区土地利用/土地覆被逐渐向多样化方向发展,石漠化景观逐渐被林灌斑块代替,多样性指数升高表明该地区植被有所恢复;王家寨地区峰丛坡地多样性指数增加表示生态有所恢复。（3）研究地点多样性的升、降不能简单地与生态变好、变差直接联系。只有正确区分岩溶地区的景观基质,才能准确运用景观指数分析石漠化土地的变化趋势。     

Relative importance of habitat and landscape scales on butterfly communities of urbanizing areas

Agricultural decline and urbanization entail rapid alterations of the patterns of organization of rural landscapes in Europe. The spread of the urban footprint to the adjacent countryside contributes to the development of new anthropogenic ecosystems in formerly rural hinterlands. In this study, butterflies are considered as biological indicators of these rapid environmental changes. Our purpose is to better understand changes in biodiversity related to the evolution of available habitats in a mutating landscape. In this study, we investigate butterfly communities of four land-use types (fallow lands, gardens, vineyards, woodlands) within different landscape contexts. Our results reveal that variations in structure and functional composition of these communities are related to different levels of human disturbance at both landscape scale and habitat scale.