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1.
An in vitro propagation system was developed for castor-bean (Ricinus communis L. cv. TMV 6) through cotyledon derived callus cultures. The impact of different concentrations of auxins, cytokinins, additives,
amino acids and sugars were evaluated for callus induction and shoot proliferation. Green compact nodular organogenic callus
was obtained on the medium fortified with Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, B5 vitamins, 2.0 mg dm−3 6-benzyladenine and 0.8 mg dm−3 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Multiple shoot proliferation from the callus cultures was achieved on the medium with MS
salts, B5 vitamins, 2.5 mg dm−3 thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.4 mg dm−3 NAA and 15 mg dm−3 glutamine. During multiple shoot induction the phenolic secretion was controlled by the addition of 15 mg dm−3 polyvinylpyrolidone. The proliferated shoots were elongated on the medium comprising MS salts, B5 vitamins, 1.5 mg dm−3 TDZ and 0.3 mg dm−3 gibberellic acid. The elongated shoots were rooted on the medium containing MS salts, B5 vitamins, 0.3 mg dm−3 indole-3-butyric acid and 0.6 mg dm−3 silver nitrate. After root induction, the plants were hardened in earthen pots containing sand, soil and vermiculite. 相似文献
2.
The induction of secondary somatic embryogenesis in Abies numidica De Lann. was achieved. Precotyledonary, cotyledonary, and desiccated cotyledonary embryos were used as explants. Cotyledonary
embryos before desiccation were the most suitable. The most beneficial was induction medium Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) with
1 mg dm−3 thidiazuron and 1000 mg dm−3 myo-inositol. Initiation frequency was from 1 to 34 %. Maturation of somatic embryos was achieved on modified Murashige and
Skoog medium supplemented with 40 g dm−3 maltose, 100 g dm−3 polyethylene glycol-4000 and 10 mg dm−3 abscisic acid. Mature somatic embryos after three weeks of desiccation germinated on SH medium with 10 g dm−3 charcoal and 10 g dm−3 sucrose.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
An efficient regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis was optimized for mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek; cv. Vamban 1]. Primary leaf explants were used for embryogenic callus induction in MMS medium (Murashige and
Skoog salts with B5 vitamins) containing 2.0 mg dm−3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 150 mg dm−3 glutamine and 3 % sucrose. Fast growing, highly embryogenic cell suspensions were established from 21-d-old calli in MMS
medium supplemented with 0.5 mg dm−3 2,4-D and 50 mg dm−3 proline (Pro), and maximum recovery of globular (39.0 %), heart-shaped (26.3 %) and torpedo-stage (21.0 %) somatic embryos
were observed in this medium. Mature cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos were cultured for 5 d in half strength B5 liquid medium
containing 0.05 mg dm−3 2,4-D, 20 mg dm−3 Pro, 5 μM abscisic acid, 1000 mg dm−3 KNO3, 50 mg dm−3 polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and 30 g dm−3 D-mannitol. Mature somatic embryos were germinated after dessication for 3 d and complete development of plantlets accomplished
in MMS medium containing 30 g dm−3 maltose, 0.5 mg dm−3 benzyladenine and 500 mg dm−3 KNO3. Profuse lateral roots, and regeneration frequency (up to 60 %) were observed in half-strength MMS medium containing 0.5
mg dm−3 indolebutyric acid (IBA). The regenerated plants were grown to fruiting and were morphologically normal and fertile. 相似文献
4.
Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf explants of Phalaenopsis amabilis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Leaf explants of Phalaenopsis amabilis var. formosa formed clusters of somatic embryos directly from epidermal cells without an intervening callus within 20 – 30 d when cultured
on 1/2-strength modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1, 1 and 3 mg dm−3 TDZ. Repetitive production of embryos involved secondary embryogenesis could be obtained by culturing segments of embryogenic
masses on TDZ-containing media. Plantlet conversion from embryos was successfully achieved on regulator-free growth medium. 相似文献
5.
Induction of somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants from young mangosteen seedlings using different concentrations and combinations
of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) was investigated. The best medium inducing the formation of globular structures
(40 %) was Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.7 mg dm−3 BAP and 0.7 mg dm−3 TDZ. For their further development, subculturing onto different maturation media was carried out, but these globular structures
did not develop futher stages of somatic embryogenesis. However, they developed shoots after 90 d of culture on the original
medium. Morphological and histological analyses were performed, and showed that the globular structures resembled closely
the undifferentiated structure of the mangosteen seed. We propose that the development of mangosteen somatic embryos does
not follow the typical course of somatic embryogenesis, but the course of development that is natural for mangosteen seed,
where procambium is the only structure observed and there is no differentiated embryo. 相似文献
6.
Somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos and monitoring the genetic fidelity of regenerated plants in grapevine 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were successfully established on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium from immature
zygotic embryos of six genotypes of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). The optimum hormone combinations were 1.0 mg dm−3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for callus induction and 1.0 mg dm−3 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 0.5 mg dm−3 6-benzyladenine (BA) for embryos production and 0.03 mg dm−3 NAA + 0.5 mg dm−3 BA for embryos conversion and plant regeneration. The frequency of somatic embryogenesis varied from 10.5 to 37.5 % among
six genotypes and 15.5–42.1 % of somatic embryos converted into normal plantlets. The analysis of DNA content determined by
flow cytometry and chromosome counting of the regenerated plantlets clearly indicated that no ploidy changes were induced
during somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration, the nuclear DNA content and ploidy levels of the regenerated plants were
stable and homogeneous to those of the donor plants. RAPD markers were also used to evaluate the genetic fidelity of plants
regenerated from somatic embryos. All RAPD profiles from regenerated plants were monomorphic and similar to those of the field
grown donor plants. We conclude that somaclonal variation is almost absent in our grapevine plant regeneration system. 相似文献
7.
Plantlet regeneration through indirect somatic embryogenesis was attempted from rhizome derived callus of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (cv. Jorlab2). Optimum callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 4 mg dm−3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Initially the callus was friable, shiny white and watery in nature. After subculturing
on MS medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin (Kn), callus was transferred onto the MS medium supplemented with 2,4 -D, Kn and
coconut water to induce somatic embryogenesis. Optimum somatic embryogenesis (78.33 %) was achieved on MS medium containing
3.0 mg dm−3 2,4-D and 0.5 mg dm−3 Kn. High frequency (65 %) plantlet conversion from embryos was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg dm−3 N6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.5 mg dm−3 Kn, 0.2 mg dm−3 calcium pantothenate and 0.2 mg dm−3 biotin. 相似文献
8.
S. Kiran Ghanti K. G. Sujata M. Srinath Rao P. B. Kavi Kishor 《Biologia Plantarum》2010,54(1):121-125
A protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was developed in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars ICCV-10 and Annigeri. Somatic embryos were induced from immature cotyledons on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium
supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T),
α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and picloram alone or in combination with 0.5 — 2.0 mg dm−3 N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or kinetin (KIN). NAA was better for somatic embryo induction compared to other auxins. The well formed,
cotyledonary shaped embryos germinated into plantlets with 36.6 % frequency on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg dm−3 BA + 0.5 mg dm−3 abscisic acid (ABA). The frequency of embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration was higher in cv. ICCV-10 as compared to cv.
Annigeri. Regenerated plants were transferred to soil (40 % survival) and grown to maturity. Histological studies of explants
at various developmental stages of somatic embryogenesis reveled that somatic embryos developed directly from the cotyledon
cells and they were single cell origin. 相似文献
9.
Influence of boron on somatic embryogenesis in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Honey Dew was investigated. Immature zygotic embryos were grown in the induction medium containing Murashige and
Skoog basal salts, with B5 vitamins, picloram (1 mg dm−3) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2 mg dm−3) and different concentrations of boric acid (30 to 500 mg dm−3). Maximum somatic embryo initiation was observed at 62 mg dm−3 boric acid irrespective of the growth regulator used. The cotyledonary stage somatic embryos were germinated on MS basal
medium devoid of growth regulators. The regenerated plantlets were hardened under greenhouse conditions and transferred to
field.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Plants of two accessions of Arachis glabrata were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic calli were initiated from leaflet explants on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented
with picloram alone or picloram in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine. Leaflets of accession A6138 induced the highest percentage
of somatic embryos in media composed of 10 mg dm−3 and 15 mg dm−3 picloram. In contrast, 5 mg dm−3 picloram with 0.1 mg dm−3 6-benzylaminopurine was one of the most effective combinations in accession AF385. MS medium supplemented with 2 g dm−3 activated charcoal (AC) used for 30 days was the most effective for embryo maturation. After 20 days of culture on MS medium
devoid of growth regulators, 6 % of embryos converted into plantlets in accession A6138. 相似文献
11.
In the present study, in vitro regeneration system for a recalcitrant woody tree legume, Leucaena leucocephala (cvs. K-8, K-29, K-68 and K-850) from mature tree derived nodal explants as well as seedling derived cotyledonary node explants
was developed. Best shoot initiation and elongation was found on full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented
with 3 % (m/v) sucrose, 100 mg dm−3 myoinositol, 100 mg dm−3 glutamine, 20.9 μM N
6-benzylamino-purine (BAP) and 5.37 μM 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Rooting was induced in half-strength MS medium containing
2 % (m/v) sucrose, 100 mg dm−3 myoinositol, 14.76 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.23 μM kinetin. The cultivar K-29 gave the best response under in vitro conditions. Rooted plantlets were subjected to hardening and successfully transferred to greenhouse. Further, somatic embryogenesis
from nodal explants of cv. K-29 via an intermittent callus phase was also established. Pronounced callusing was observed on full-strength MS medium containing
3 % (m/v) sucrose, 100 mg dm−3 myoinositol, 40.28 μM NAA and 12.24 μM BAP. These calli were transferred to induction medium and maximum number of globular
shaped somatic embryos was achieved in full-strength MS medium fortified with 3 % (m/v) sucrose, 100 mg dm−3 myoinositol, 15.0 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 5.0 μM BAP and 1.0 mM proline. Moreover, an increase in endogenous
proline content up to 28th day of culture in induction medium was observed. These globular shaped somatic embryos matured in full-strength MS medium
with 3 % (m/v) sucrose, 100 mg dm−3 myoinositol, 10.0 μM BAP, 2.5 to 5.0 μM IBA and 0.5 mM spermidine. 相似文献
12.
Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis of Areca catechu L. was established using leaf, root and stem segments as explants. Embryogenic callus was induced and maintained on medium
supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) at concentrations
2, 4, 6 and 8 mg dm−3 in darkness. Somatic embryos were found on primary callus in the presence of 2 and 4 mg dm−3 dicamba and during subculture on 2 – 8 mg dm−3 2,4-D or 2 – 4 mg dm−3 dicamba-containing media. Plantlet conversion from embryos was successfully achieved on growth regulator-free medium. The
plants grew well when transplanted to containers in shaded greenhouse. 相似文献
13.
Xueping Shi Xigang Dai Guofeng Liu Junwei Zhang Guogui Ning Manzhu Bao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(2):117-125
An efficient protocol for secondary somatic embryogenesis in camphor tree is reported. Secondary somatic embryos (SSEs), initially
obtained from the primary embryos of a nascent embryogenic culture in 2002, were proliferated and maintained for more than
4 yr via cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis. Throughout this period, the embryo populations retained a high level of competence
for plant regeneration. SSEs were produced on the surfaces of the cotyledons and radicular ends of maternal somatic embryos
(MSEs). Histological observations of the various stages of secondary embryo development revealed four typical stages, namely,
globular, heart-shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary. The process of secondary embryogenesis continued in a cyclic way, with
each newly formed embryo producing a subsequent generation of secondary embryos. In order to progress developmentally beyond
proliferation cycles, cotyledonary embryos from one of embryogenic lines (L14) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
with 0.1–3.0 mg l−1 abscisic acid (ABA) or 0.05–1.0 mg l−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) in darkness for 2 mo to achieve maturation. Matured embryos were then transferred to MS-based germination
medium containing either 0.1 mg l−1 TDZ, 0.2 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 0.5 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or 0.1 mg l−1 TDZ and 0.2 mg l−1 IBA and were cultured in light for germination. Over 50% of embryos matured in the presence of 0.5 mg l−1 ABA were able to germinate with shoots and poor root system. Frequencies of embryos germinating normal shoots among different
genotypes did not change significantly. A total of 93% of the shoots from the germinated embryos converted to plantlets on
half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg l−1 IBA by 3 wk. Plantlets acclimatized successfully to ex vitro conditions and developed as field-grown plants with normal appearance. 相似文献
14.
Oncidium cultivars gave different embryogenic responses of leaf explants when affected by auxins (2,4-D, IAA, IBA and NAA), cytokinins
(2iP, BA, kinetin, TDZ and zeatin), sucrose, NaH2PO4, casein hydrolysate, peptone, and glutamine. The best embryogenic responses of cv. Sweet Sugar were at 20 g dm−3 sucrose, 85 mg dm−3 NaH2PO4 and 3 mg dm−3 kinetin, respectively. The development of somatic embryos on leaf explants of cv. Sweet Sugar was delayed for about 10 –
20 d in comparison with cv. Gower Ramsey. On growth regulator-free medium, about 40 % of leaf derived embryos of cv. Gower
Ramsey were fused together in their basal parts and so called multiple-state embryos. However, under the same condition, the
embryos of cv. Sweet Sugar were all in multiple-state form. 相似文献
15.
The organogenic competence of leaf explants of eleven Carthamus species including C. tinctorius on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) + α-naphthaleneacetic
acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) + NAA was investigated. Highly prolific adventitious shoot regeneration was observed in
C. tinctorius and C. arborescens on both growth regulator combinations and the shoot regeneration frequency was higher on medium supplemented with TDZ + NAA.
Nodal culture of nine Carthamus species on media supplemented with BA and kinetin (KIN) individually revealed the superiority of media supplemented with
BA over that of KIN in facilitating a higher shoot proliferation index. Proliferating shoots from axillary buds and leaf explants
were transferred to medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm−3 KIN or 0.5 mg dm−3 BA for shoot elongation. Elongated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg dm−3 each of indole-butyric acid (IBA) and phloroglucinol. The plantlets thus obtained were hardened and transferred to soil. 相似文献
16.
Jing Li Yang Bo Zhao Eun Soo Seong Myong Jo Kim Won Hee Kang Na Young Kim Chang Yeon Yu Cheng Hao Li 《Plant biotechnology reports》2010,4(4):261-267
We describe culture conditions for a high-efficiency in vitro regeneration system of Papaver
nudicaule through somatic embryogenesis and secondary somatic embryogenesis. The embryogenic callus induction rate was highest when
petiole explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) (36.7%). When transferred to plant growth regulator (PGR)-free medium, 430 somatic embryos formed asynchronously
from 90 mg of embryogenic callus in each 100-ml flask. Early-stage somatic embryos were transferred to MS medium containing
1.0 mg l−1 BA and 1.0 mg l−1 NAA to germinate at high frequency (97.6%). One-third-strength MS medium with 1.0% sucrose and 1.0 mg l−1 GA3 had the highest frequency of plantlet conversion from somatic embryos (91.2%). Over 90% of regenerated plantlets were successfully
acclimated in the greenhouse. Secondary somatic embryos were frequently induced directly when the excised hypocotyls of the
primary somatic embryos were cultured on MS medium without PGRs. Sucrose concentration significantly affected the induction
of secondary embryos. The highest induction rate (89.5) and number of secondary somatic embryos per explant (9.3) were obtained
by 1% sucrose. Most secondary embryos (87.2–94.3%) developed into the cotyledonary stage on induction medium. All cotyledonary
secondary embryos were converted into plantlets both in liquid and on semisolid 1/3-strength MS medium with 1.0% sucrose. 相似文献
17.
Iyyakkannu Sivanesan Mi Young Lim Byoung Ryong Jeong 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,107(2):365-369
A simple and efficient protocol was developed for somatic embryogenesis from leaf and petiole explants of Campanula punctata Lam. var. rubriflora Makino. Somatic embryos (SE) were obtained with greater frequency from petiole explants than from leaf explants when cultured
on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA). On this medium, a mean number of 19.5 and 31.2 SE were developed per leaf and petiole explants, respectively.
Embryos were induced both light and dark conditions but culturing the explants 2 weeks in the dark followed by 3 weeks under
light resulted in high frequency of embryo formation. Globular embryos germinated best on MS medium supplemented with 0.3%
(w/v) activated charcoal (AC) and 1.0 mg L−1 GA3. The germinated plantlets grew further on MS medium containing 0.3% AC. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse
with 94% survival rate. This is the first report on induction of somatic embryogenesis in this genus and also has implications
for genetic transformation, and mass clonal propagation. 相似文献
18.
Plants of two cytotypes (2n=2x=20, and 2n=3x=30) of pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory) were regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic calli were induced from shoot tips or
immature leaves dissected from in vitro growing plants. In the case of the diploid peanut the best somatic embryogenesis was achieved when shoot tips were cultured
on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 10 mg dm−3
Picloram (PIC) and 0.1 mg dm−3 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or when explants from immature leaves were cultured on MS + 10 mg dm−3 PIC + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP. In the case of triploid peanut the highest number of somatic embryos was obtained when shoot tips were cultured on MS
+ 10 mg dm−3 PIC + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP or when immature leaves were cultured on MS + 20 mg dm−3 PIC + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP. Somatic embryos were converted into plants by culture on MS + 0.01 mg dm−3 naphthaleneacetic acid + 0.01 mg dm−3 BAP. Plants were successfully transferred to pots in greenhouse. 相似文献
19.
M. Ganesan R. Chandrasekar B. D. Ranjitha Kumari N. Jayabalan 《Biologia Plantarum》2007,51(3):414-420
A simple and reliable protocol for regeneration of okra through somatic embryogenesis from suspension cultures has been developed.
Embryogenic callus was obtained from hypocotyl explants cultured on media with Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, Gamborg (B5)
vitamins, 2.0 mg dm−3 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1.0 mg dm−3 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 25 mg dm−3 polyvinylpyrrolidone and 30 g dm−3 sucrose. More number and high frequency of healthy embryoids appeared individually in suspension culture containing MS salts,
B5 vitamins, 2.0 mg dm−3 2,4-D and 1.0 mg dm−3 kinetin. Formation of cell clusters from the single cells was clearly noticed during ontogeny. Matured embryos at the cotyledonary
stage were transferred to agar solidified medium for germination. The best conversion of embrya into plantlets (67.3 %) was
recorded on media with half strength MS salts, B5 vitamins, 0.2 mg dm−3 benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.2 mg dm−3 gibberellic acid (GA3). The plantlets were transferred to soil and hardened in the plastic pots. After proper acclimatization, the plantlets regenerated
through somatic embryogenesis were compared to seed grown plants to observe any variation. 相似文献
20.
Qian Zhang Jianjun Chen Richard J. Henny 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2006,84(2):100161-100168
A simple and effective method of regenerating Syngonium podophyllum ‘Variegatum’ via direct somatic embryogenesis has been established. Leaf and petiole explants were cultured on Murashige
and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) or N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ) with either α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Somatic embryos directly formed at one or two sides of petiole explants on MS medium supplemented 2.5 mg l−1 TDZ with 0.5 mg l−1 NAA or 2.0 mg l−1 TDZ with 0.2 mg l−1 NAA or with 0.2 and 0.5 mg l−1 2,4-D, respectively. The frequency of petiole explants with somatic embryos produced was as high as 86% when cultured on medium
containing 2.5 mg l−1 TDZ with 0.5 mg l−1 NAA. Up to 85% of somatic embryos were able to germinate after transferring onto medium containing 2.0 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.2 mg l−1 NAA. Approximately 50–150 plantlets were regenerated from a single petiole explant. However, there was no somatic embryo
formation from leaf explants regardless of growth regulator combinations used. Regenerated plantlets from petiole explants
were stable and grew vigorously after transplanting to a soilless container substrate in a shaded greenhouse. 相似文献