4种昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾的致死作用

【目的】探讨昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的侵染效果。【方法】在室内条件下采用生测试验法,测定了小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ、长尾斯氏线虫X-7、夜蛾斯氏线虫SN和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06等4种昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的致死作用。【结果】小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ与草地贪夜蛾数量比为50∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为92%和100%。长尾斯氏线虫X-7与草地贪夜蛾数量比为50∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的死亡率为80%;在数量比30∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫死亡率为100%。夜蛾斯氏线虫SN与草地贪夜蛾数量比为400∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为88%和85%。嗜菌异小杆线虫H06与草地贪夜蛾在400∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为32%和67.5%。【结论】小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ具有较好的草地贪夜蛾生物防治潜质,其次是长尾斯氏线虫X-7。     

昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的致死率及田间防治效果

【目的】为生产中应用昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考。【方法】采用室内实验和田间试验相结合的方法,室内培养皿中测定4种不同品系线虫对3和6龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力、致死时间和剂量,田间玉米6～8叶期、日落后叶面喷施线虫至喇叭口内,测试防治草地贪夜蛾的施用剂量和持效天数。【结果】Steinernema feltiae SN、Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06、Heterorhabditis beicherriana Cherry和Oscheius chongmingensis Tumian侵染草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫72 h后的致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为22.13、36.54、60.01和1369.4 IJs·larva^-1;侵染6龄幼虫72 h后的致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为18.67、31.25、45.52和897.28 IJs·larva^-1。SN、H06、Cherry和Tumian品系的最佳致死时间72 h;最佳致死剂量100 IJs·larva^-1(...     

昆虫病原线虫对腰果细蛾的致病力测定

室内测定了Steinernema carpocapsae All、S.carpocapsae Biosys、S.glaseri NC52、S.longicaudum X-7、Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06和H.indica LN2共6个昆虫病原线虫品系对腰果细蛾Acrocercops syngramma Meyrick幼虫的致病力。结果表明,线虫S.carpocapsae All、Biosys品系与线虫S.glaseri NC52对腰果细蛾幼虫的致死效果显著高于其它线虫,但供试的6个线虫品系均未能在腰果细蛾幼虫体内繁殖下一代,说明供试线虫在腰果细蛾幼虫体内难以繁殖。选择小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae All进一步研究其对腰果细蛾的致病力,结果发现,All线虫对腰果细蛾3龄幼虫处理24 h后的致死中浓度LC50为19.88 IJs/虫。腰果细蛾各龄幼虫和蛹对小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae All均表现出高度的敏感性,但不同幼虫龄期和处理时间敏感程度不同。小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae All对不同龄期腰果细蛾幼虫和蛹均表现出较强的致病力。     

噻虫嗪对昆虫病原线虫侵染韭菜迟眼蕈蚊能力的影响

【目的】为提高昆虫病原线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang幼虫的防治效果,将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型化学杀虫剂混用是一条有效途径。【方法】测定了噻虫嗪与6个昆虫病原线虫品系混用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的作用效果,以及温度和土壤含水量对作用效果的影响,并进行了田间验证。【结果】田间推荐浓度噻虫嗪(100 mg·L~(-1))对6种供试线虫存活无显著影响。处理后3 d,低浓度噻虫嗪(15 mg·L~(-1))分别与6品系线虫混合后处理韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫,其死亡率明显高于线虫和噻虫嗪单用处理。小卷蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪、印度异小杆线虫LN2+噻虫嗪和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All+噻虫嗪3种组合发挥杀虫作用的最适温度范围分别为20~25℃、25~30℃和25~30℃,显著高于其他温度;最适土壤含水量范围为10%~18%,也显著高于其他湿度。大田条件下,施用后7 d,单用噻虫嗪、线虫+噻虫嗪组合处理对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果显著高于单线虫,且以芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪的防治效果最高,达到93%以上。【结论】芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN品系与噻虫嗪组合联合防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果最好。     

淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对草地贪夜蛾幼虫血淋巴黑化反应及酚氧化酶的影响

【目的】明确淡足侧沟茧蜂Microplitis pallidipes寄生对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda血淋巴黑化率、酚氧化酶原（Prophenoloxidase,PPO）基因表达量和酚氧化酶（Phenoloxidase,PO）活性的影响,为更有效的利用淡足侧沟茧蜂防控草地贪夜蛾提供理论依据。【方法】通过室内寄生实验确定草地贪夜蛾被淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的最佳龄期;通过RT-qPCR分析草地贪夜蛾两个PPO基因（SfPPO1和SfPPO2）的时空表达谱;通过薄膜法统计草地贪夜蛾被寄生后的血淋巴黑化率;采用吸光光度法测定草地贪夜蛾被寄生后的血淋巴PO活性;采用RT-qPCR测定草地贪夜蛾被寄生后血淋巴SfPPO1和SfPPO2的相对基因表达量。【结果】草地贪夜蛾被淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的最佳龄期为3龄幼虫,SfPPO1和SfPPO2均在卵块和4龄幼虫中基因表达量较高,且主要在幼虫血淋巴中表达。草地贪夜蛾被寄生后12、24、48和72 h的血淋巴黑化率显著低于未寄生组（P<0.05）,SfPPO1和SfPPO2的相对基因表达量和PO活性也低于未寄生组。相关关系分析表明,SfPPO1的相对基因表达量与SfPPO2的表达量呈现线性关系（R2=0.9124）,PO活性与两个PPO基因相对表达量之间、黑化率与PO活性和PPO基因相对表达量之间均呈现正相关。【结论】淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生会抑制草地贪夜蛾血淋巴的黑化率,下调血淋巴中酚氧化酶原基因的表达量和PO活性,且PO活性、PPO基因相对表达量及血淋巴黑化率3个指标之中,两两之间均呈现正相关性。     

病原线虫对桔小实蝇种群的控制作用

通过室内和田间实验研究了昆虫病原线虫对桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)的控制作用。室内实验结果表明,供试的3种线虫的4个品系（小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae All品系与A24品系,夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae SN品系和嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06品系）,以小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对桔小实蝇的侵染力最强,其3天的LD₅₀和LD₉₅分别为35.0和257.1条/cm²土壤。按300条/cm²土壤的量施用,小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对当代桔小实蝇的控制效果为86.3%。用以虫期作用因子组建的生命表方法评价了小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对田间桔小实蝇下代种群的控制作用,结果表明,按300条/cm²土壤的量施用线虫,对照杨桃园的桔小实蝇种群趋势指数为105.9,而处理杨桃园的桔小实蝇种群趋势指数下降为15.5;小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系对桔小实蝇的干扰控制指数为0.146,即线虫处理果园的下代种群密度仅为对照果园的14.6%。     

草地贪夜蛾对水稻和玉米的取食和产卵选择性与适合度

【目的】明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对寄主植物水稻和玉米的取食和产卵选择性与适合度,进而分析草地贪夜蛾对水稻的为害风险。【方法】采用自由选择法,测定草地贪夜蛾对水稻和玉米的取食、产卵选择性。调查取食水稻和玉米苗的草地贪夜蛾的生长发育、存活率、繁殖力的差异,用种群增长趋势指数(I)评价水稻对草地贪夜蛾的适合度。【结果】草地贪夜蛾对水稻和玉米的取食和产卵选择性存在显著差异。接虫后2-48 h,幼虫对玉米的取食选择率随时间延长而逐渐增加,而幼虫对水稻的取食选择率随时间延长而逐渐降低;接虫后48 h,2龄幼虫和4龄幼虫对玉米的取食选择率分别为93.06%和59.72%,分别是对水稻的取食选择率的66.95倍和21.48倍。自由产卵6 d,在玉米上的产卵量是在水稻上的8.64倍。与取食玉米苗的相比,取食水稻苗的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期延长,卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、化蛹率和成虫羽化率均显著降低,雌性比率下降,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,单雌产卵量显著减少。取食玉米苗的草地贪夜蛾的种群增长趋势指数(I)为165.93,其在水稻上的相对适合度为0.21。【结论】相较于水稻,草地贪夜蛾在...     

芜菁夜蛾线虫和嗜菌异小杆线虫寄生特性的比较

对2种昆虫病原线虫(芫菁夜蛾线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhaditis bacteriphora Poinar)的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:在25℃下,在大蜡螟Galleria mellonella L.幼虫体内完成1个侵染周期芫菁夜蛾线虫Otio品系需220～230h,嗜菌异小杆线虫15-2品系需200～210h。15-2品系比Otio品系具有较强的繁殖力。2种线虫侵染大蜡螟幼虫的温度范围均为20～30℃,在此温度范围内,Otio品系的侵染力和运动能力均强于15-2品系。当土壤含水量(w/w)为5%～15%,线虫的侵染活性最高,随湿度降低线虫的侵染活性明显降低。     

乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力及对其解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

【目的】为了研究乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的毒力及作用机制。【方法】以氯虫苯甲酰胺为对照,采用表面涂抹法测定了乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾2, 3和4龄幼虫的LC₅₀和LC₉₀。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),测定不同浓度乙基多杀菌素(0.127, 0.183, 0.250, 0.400和0.572 mg/L)处理48 h后草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)以及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的活性。【结果】与氯虫苯甲酰胺相比,乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有更高的毒力,处理48 h后对2, 3和4龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.21, 0.34和0.59 mg/L, LC₉₀值分别为0.59, 0.75和2.01 mg/L。经过乙基多杀菌素处理后,草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫体内MFO和AchE活性均表现随着浓度的增加而显著增加,二者均在0.572 mg/L处理时活性最高,分别为52.23和23.98 U/mg p...     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫对常用杀虫剂相对敏感基线的建立

【目的】本研究旨在建立草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线,为我国草地贪夜蛾的抗药性系统性监测提供依据。【方法】从玉米田采集草地贪夜蛾在室内不接触任何杀虫剂连续饲养5~7代,采用浸叶法和点滴法测定了草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫以及采用饲料药膜法测定了草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫对6大类共7种常用杀虫剂(甲维盐、乙基多杀菌素、虫螨腈、茚虫威、四氯虫酰胺、虱螨脲和氯虫苯甲酰胺)的敏感性,并据此建立了草地贪夜蛾幼虫对这7种杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【结果】浸叶法测得上述7种药剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀值在0.054~12.131 mg/L之间;点滴法测得上述6种药剂(不含虱螨脲)对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的LD₅₀值在0.355~4.707 μg/g之间;饲料药膜法测得上述7种药剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀值在0.003~0.238 μg/cm²之间。【结论】采用3种生测方法建立了草地贪夜蛾幼虫对几种常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线,为我国草地贪夜蛾的抗药性监测和化学防治提供了依据。     

Interactions of two idiobiont parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Simultaneous use of parasitoids and entomopathogenic nematodes for codling moth (CM) control could produce an antagonistic interaction between the two groups resulting in death of the parasitoid larvae. Two ectoparasitic ichneumonid species, Mastrus ridibundus and Liotryphon caudatus, imported for classical biological control of cocooned CM larvae were studied regarding their interactions with Steinernema carpocapsae. Exposure of M. ridibundus and L. caudatus developing larvae to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae (10 IJs/cm2; approximately LC(80-90) for CM larvae) within CM cocoons resulted in 70.7 and 85.2% mortality, respectively. However, diapausing full grown parasitoid larvae were almost completely protected from nematode penetration within their own tightly woven cocoons. M. ridibundus and L. caudatus females were able to detect and avoid ovipositing on nematode-infected cocooned CM moth larvae as early as 12h after treatment of the host with IJs. When given the choice between cardboard substrates containing untreated cocooned CM larvae and those treated with an approximate LC95 of S. carpocapsae IJs (25 IJs/cm2) 12, 24, or 48h earlier, ovipositing parasitoids demonstrated a significant preference for untreated larvae. The ability of these parasitoids to avoid nematode-treated larvae and to seek out and kill cocooned CM larvae that survive nematode treatments enhances the complementarity of entomopathogenic nematodes and M. ridibundus and L. caudatus.     

Host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing

The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema glaseri, and Steinernema feltiae were exposed to freezing while inside their hosts. Survival was assessed by observing live and dead nematodes inside cadavers and by counting the infective juveniles (IJs) that emerged after freezing. We (1) measured the effects of 24h of freezing at different times throughout the course of an infection, (2) determined the duration of freezing entomopathogenic nematodes could survive, (3) determined species differences in freezing survival. Highest stage-specific survival was IJs for S. carpocapsae, and adults for H. bacteriophora. When cadavers were frozen two or three days after infection, few IJs emerged from them. Freezing between five and seven days after infection had no negative effect on IJ production. No decrease in IJ production was measured for H. bacteriophora after freezing. H. bacteriophora also showed improved survival inside versus outside their host when exposed to freezing.     

Rapid age-related changes in infection behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes

Nonfeeding infective juvenile (IJ) entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used as biological agents to control soil-dwelling insects, but poor storage stability remains an obstacle to their widespread acceptance by distributors and growers as well as a frustration to researchers. Age is one factor contributing to variability in EPN efficacy. We hypothesized that age effects on the infectiousness of IJs would be evident within the length of time necessary for IJs to infect a host. The penetration behavior of "young" (<1-wk-old) and "old" (2- to 4-wk-old) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (GPS 11 strain), Steinernema carpocapsae (All strain), and Steinernema feltiae (UK strain) IJs was evaluated during 5 "exposure periods" to the larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Individual larvae were exposed to nematode-infested soil for exposure periods of 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 hr. Cadavers were dissected after 72 hr, and the IJs that penetrated the larvae were counted. Larval mortality did not differ significantly between 72- and 144-hr "observation periods," or points at which larval mortality was noted, for any age class or species. However, age and species effects were noted in G. mellonella mortality and nematode penetration during shorter time periods. Initial mortality caused by S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora IJs declined with nematode age but increased with S. feltiae IJ age. Young S. carpocapsae IJs penetrated G. mellonella larvae at higher rates than old members of the species (27-45% vs. 1-4%). Conversely, old S. feltiae IJs had higher penetration rates than young IJs (approximately 8 to 57% vs. 4 to approximately 31%), whereas H. bacteriophora IJs had very low penetration rates regardless of age (3-5.6%). Our results show that the effect of age on IJ infectiousness can be detected in IJs aged only 2 wk by a 4-hr exposure period to G. mellonella. These results have important implications for storage and application of EPNs and suggest the possibility of shortening the time required to detect nematodes in the soil.     

酚氧化酶参与德国小蠊对大肠杆菌的免疫应答

【目的】探讨酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)在德国小蠊Blattella germanica对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的免疫响应中的作用。【方法】利用同源克隆和RACE方法获得德国小蠊酚氧化酶基因（BgPO）的全长cDNA序列,用MEGA5.1软件构建BgPO与其他昆虫PO的系统进化树,用RT-PCR方法检测BgPO的组织表达模式及大肠杆菌诱导后不同时间的表达量变化,用Hultmark 方法测定抑菌活力,用邻苯二酚法测定酚氧化酶活性。【结果】获得的德国小蠊BgPO基因（GenBank登录号：KJ789157）cDNA全长为2 252 bp,其中开放阅读框大小为2 085 bp,编码695个氨基酸,预测的分子量和等电点分别为79.7 kDa和6.19。Blast分析结果表明德国小蠊BgPO与其他昆虫PO有较高的同源性,其中与白蚁Coptotermes formosanus PO的氨基酸序列一致性高达80%;系统进化树分析显示其与C. formosanus PO的亲缘关系最近。基因表达检测结果表明BgPO主要在血淋巴细胞和表皮中表达。大肠杆菌诱导德国小蠊后,发现BgPO的表达量在诱导24 h后升高,在诱导后36 h达到峰值;其血淋巴的抑菌活力及酚氧化酶的活性在诱导后6-36 h内均随着诱导时间的增加而增加,且菌诱导组与PBS诱导组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。【结论】本研究获得的德国小蠊酚氧化酶基因BgPO主要在血淋巴和表皮中表达,并参与了大肠杆菌诱导的免疫应答反应。研究结果为进一步探索酚氧化酶在德国小蠊对病原菌的免疫响应机制奠定基础。     

Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with fipronil

The survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were determined after exposure to different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) of fipronil, an insecticide acting on the GABA receptors to block the chloride channel. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was very tolerant to all concentrations of fipronil, with the highest mortality of 17% being observed at 2000 ppm of fipronil after 72 h exposure. Steinernema carpocapsae showed a similar response, with the highest mortality of 11.25% of IJs being observed after 72 h exposure to 2000 ppm of fipronil. Steinernema arenarium was, however, more sensitive to fipronil, and at 2000 ppm mortality rates of 94.6% and 100% were observed after 24 and 72 h, respectively. Fipronil had negligible effects on the infectivity of the three nematode species tested. The IJs which survive exposure to all concentrations of fipronil tested can infect and reproduce in Galleria larvae. The moderate effects on entomopathogenic nematodes of a lower fipronil concentration (250 ppm) and the field rates (12-60 ppm) of fipronil used as insecticide, suggest that direct mixing of entomopathogenic nematodes and fipronil at field rates is a viable integrated pest management option.     

氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾的毒力与田间防效

【目的】本研究旨在明确氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的毒力水平和田间防治效果,为科学使用氰氟虫腙防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考依据。【方法】采用饲料混毒法在室内测定了氰氟虫腙与4种常用杀虫剂甲维盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虱螨脲和茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾3和6龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC₅₀)及LC₉₀值,以及LC₉₀浓度的这些杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的致死中时(medium lethal time, LT₅₀)值。采用人工喷雾方法测定了玉米田中22%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂(6.6 g/667 m²)、22%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂(17.6 g/667 m²)、5.7%甲维盐水分散剂(1 g/667 m²)和150 g/L茚虫威悬浮剂(2 g/667 m²)对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防效。【结果】室内生测结果显示,供试的5种杀虫剂中氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾3和6龄幼虫均具有较高的毒力,其LC₅₀值分别为2.64和4.3...     

Factors affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins

Fruit bins infested with diapausing codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.), are a potential source of reinfestation of orchards and may jeopardize the success of mating disruption programs and other control strategies. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) were tested as a potential means of control that could be applied at the time bins are submerged in dump tanks. Diapausing cocooned codling moth larvae in miniature fruit bins were highly susceptible to infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) in a series of experiments. Cocooned larvae are significantly more susceptible to infection than are pupae. Experimental treatment of bins in suspensions of laboratory produced S. feltiae ranging from 10 to 100 IJs/ml of water with wetting agent (Silwet L77) resulted in 51-92% mortality. The use of adjuvants to increase penetration of hibernacula and retard desiccation of S. feltiae in fruit bins resulted in improved efficacy. The combination of a wetting agent (Silwet L77) and humectant (Stockosorb) with 10 S. feltiae IJs/ml in low and high humidity resulted in 92-95% mortality of cocooned codling moth larvae versus 46-57% mortality at the same IJ concentration without adjuvants. Immersion of infested bins in suspensions of commercially produced nematodes ranging from 10 to 50 IJs/ml water with wetting agent in an experimental packing line resulted in mortality in cocooned codling moth larvae of 45-87 and 56 - 85% for S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae, respectively. Our results indicate that EPNs provide an alternative nonchemical means of control that could be applied at the time bins are submerged in dump tanks at the packing house for flotation of fruit.     

黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力

【目的】明确本地优势天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis对入侵我国的重大农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵及低龄幼虫的捕食能力和生防潜力。【方法】在实验室条件下采用功能反应模型评价了黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。【结果】黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的升高而增加,最后趋于捕食饱和状态,而其捕食率随猎物密度的升高而逐步下降,对不同发育阶段的草地贪夜蛾均表现为Ⅱ型功能反应。黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率a分别为0.150, 0.084和0.094,处理时间Th分别为0.282, 0.333和0.519 h,理论日最大捕食量T/Th分别为85106粒、72072头和46.242头;黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为2.018, 0.288和0.259,处理时间分别为0.102, 0.311和0.375 h,理论日最大捕食量分别为235294粒、77170头和64000头。【结论】黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫均具较强的捕食能力,其中黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫比2龄幼虫具有更强的捕食效率。     

Differences between the pathogenic processes induced by Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Nemata: Rhabditida) in Pseudaletia unipuncta (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

Larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta are moderately susceptible to infections caused by entomopathogenic nematodes, being a desirable host to study pathogenic processes caused by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, and Steinernema glaseri and their associated bacteria. The ability of the infective stage of these nematodes to invade hosts is quite different. S. carpocapsae invades the highest number of insects and presents the highest penetration rate, followed by H. bacteriophora. Regression analysis between the number of insects parasitized and the number of IJs counted per insect, over time, showed a high correlation for S. carpocapsae whereas for H. bacteriophora it was low. Dose-response was most evident at a concentration below 100 IJs per insect on H. bacteriophora, whereas on S. carpocapsae it was found for doses ranging from 100 to 2,000 IJs. Student's t test analysis of dose-response showed parallel, yet unequal, slopes for both strains of H. bacteriophora, whereas distinct regressions were obtained for S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri, thus, evidencing each species develop a distinct pathogenic process. Insects injected with Photorhabdus luminescens died within 50 h after injection, whereas those treated with X. nematophila died much later. Moreover, the mortality in insects exposed to H. bacteriophora complex and injected with P. luminescens was close, but insects injected with bacteria died faster. Insect mortality in treatments with complexes S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri was significantly higher than that which was observed in insects injected with symbiotic bacteria.