一例混合感染中H3N2和H7N9流感病毒的分子遗传特性

【目的】揭示一例混合感染中H3N2和N7N9流感病毒的分子遗传特性。【方法】通过荧光定量PCR法对标本进行流感病毒分型检测。通过二代测序技术对病毒分离物进行全基因组测序分析。【结果】2013年4月在南京市检测到一例人季节性H3N2流感病毒和禽流感H7N9病毒混合感染,混合病毒分别命名为A/Nanjing/M1/2013 (H3N2) (M1-H3N2)和A/Nanjing/M2/2013 (H7N9) (M2-H7N9)。分离株M2-H7N9 HA蛋白的Q226L位点和PB2蛋白E627K位点发生突变,增强了病毒对人体的感染能力。【结论】报道了一起人混合感染H3N2和N7N9流感病毒病例,提示人可能成为流感病毒基因“混合器”,应高度关注H7N9病毒与人季节性流感病毒的基因重配现象。     

H9N2 influenza virus in China: a cause of concern

The recent human infection with avian influenza virus revealed that H9N2 influenza virus is the gene donor for H7N9 and H10N8 viruses infecting humans. The crucial role of H9N2 viruses at the animal-human interface might be due to the wide host range, adaptation in both poultry and mammalian, and extensive gene reassortment. As the most prevalent subtype of influenza viruses in chickens in China, H9N2 also causes a great economic loss for the poultry industry, even under the long-term vaccination programs. The history, epidemiology, biological characteristics, and molecular determinants of H9N2 influenza virus are reviewed in this paper. The contribution of H9N2 genes, especially RNP genes, to the infection of humans needs to be investigated in the future.     

Phylogeography of Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in China

Virologica Sinica - The spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses poses serious threats to the poultry industry, wild bird ecology and human health. Circulation of H5 viruses between...     

山东地区16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的序列分析

为了解H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)山东分离株的遗传变异情况,采用RT-PCR技术对16株从山东不同地区分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,并对所获得的HA全序列进行同源性和遗传进化分析。结果显示,16个分离株的裂解位点均为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征;有7～9个潜在糖基化位点;受体结合位点除198位有变异,其他位点均较保守;234位氨基酸均为L,具有与哺乳动物唾液酸α,2-6受体结合的特征;16个分离株HA基因核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性分别为96.3%～99.9%和97.1%～99.6%;16个分离株同属于欧亚分支中的A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97亚群。     

The potency of newly development H5N8 and H9N2 avian influenza vaccines against the isolated strains in laying hens from Egypt during 2019

Avian influenza (AI) is a respiratory disease complex syndrome recently recorded in vaccinated flocks causing high economic losses. This study aimed to prepare inactivated vaccine from recently isolated field strains [highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N8) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) (H9N2)] and compare the efficiency of the two experimental avian influenza vaccines and some commercial avian influenza H5 and H9N2 vaccines in laying hens. The obtained results indicated that the identified experimental vaccines (H5N8 and H9N2) were protected the flocks from AI as compared to commercial H5N1, H5N3, and H9N2 vaccines, which showed a protection level of 80, 70, and 90%, respectively, indicating a high efficacy for the developed vaccines. In addition, it significantly improved the virus shedding, especially when used in booster dose. The experimental vaccines were given high antibody titer higher than commercial vaccine which was reached to 9.3 log₂, 9.7log₂ for experimental H5N8 vaccine which was significantly higher than and groups 3 and 4 especially at 2nd WPV, while at the 3rd WPV, the significant difference was with group 4 only. The HI titer was 9.3 log₂ at 2nd WPV for the experimental H9N2 vaccine that was significantly higher than group 9. In conclusion, the booster dose of the experimental vaccines could elicit strong immunity than single-dose and commercial vaccines.     

Diagnosis of influenza viruses with special reference to novel H1N1 2009 influenza virus

On 15 April and 17 April 2009, novel swineorigin influenza A (H1N1) virus was identifi ed in specimens obtained from two epidemiologically unlinked patients in the United States. The ongoing outbreak of novel H1N1 2009 influenza (swine influenza) has caused more than 3,99,232 laboratory confi rmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 and over 4735 deaths globally. This novel 2009 influenza virus designated as H1N1 A/swine/California/04/2009 virus is not zoonotic swine flu and is transmitted from person to person and has higher transmissibility then that of seasonal influenza viruses. In India the novel H1N1 virus infection has been reported from all over the country. A total of 68,919 samples from clinically suspected persons have been tested for influenza A H1N1 across the country and 13,330 (18.9%) of them have been found positive with 427 deaths. At the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi India, we tested 1096 clinical samples for the presence of novel H1N1 influenza virus and seasonal influenza viruses. Of these 1096 samples, 194 samples (17.7%) were positive for novel H1N1 influenza virus and 197 samples (18%) were positive for seasonal influenza viruses. During outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases accurate and rapid diagnosis is critical for minimizing further spread through timely implementation of appropriate vaccines and antiviral treatment. Since the symptoms of novel H1N1 influenza infection are not specifi c, laboratory confi rmation of suspected cases is of prime importance.     

人用H7N9疫苗的研究进展

2013年3月,在中国首次出现低致病性H7N9病毒感染者并致死的病例。迄今为止,中国共出现5次H7N9病毒流行的疫情。其间,H7N9病毒不断发生变异,新的基因型以及高致病性H7N9病毒相继出现。变异的H7N9病毒对禽类养殖业和人类的公共卫生造成了严重的威胁,疫苗是预防H7N9病毒流行的有效措施。目前,全世界尚无临床可用的人用H7N9疫苗,但各类备选H7N9疫苗都在研究中,如灭活疫苗、减毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗、核酸疫苗和病毒载体疫苗等。其中,一些H7N9疫苗已进入临床研究阶段。现对各类人用H7N9疫苗的研究进展作一概述。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒基因组的遗传进化分析

2009～2011年从江苏省、湖北省和安徽省等地来源于鸡、鸭、鹌鹑和鸽子的样品中分离鉴定出16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒。通过反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增出分离株的全基因片段,并对其进行测序及遗传进化分析。序列分析显示,16株病毒HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为P-S-R/K-S-S-R,符合低致病性禽流感的分子特征;226位均为L,具有与哺乳动物唾液酸α,2-6受体结合的特性。M2基因均出现了对金刚烷胺产生耐药性的N31S突变。不同宿主来源的H9亚型AIV的主要分子特征一致。全基因遗传进化分析表明16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因发生了3配体重组,即以F98亚系AIV为骨架,HA来源于Y280亚系,PB2和M基因来源于G1亚系,形成了2种新的基因型。因此,要加强对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的监测,密切关注它的重组趋势。     

一起农村小学甲型H3N2流感暴发流行的调查分析

目的了解甲型H3N2流感暴发流行特征,为制定预防措施提供依据。方法对和温村小学239名学生流感发病及流感疫苗接种情况进行调查,对发病者逐一个案调查登记,采集患者咽拭子标本送百色市疾病预防控制中心实验室检测确诊。结果该校学生流感发病33例,发病率为13.81%,学前班及1~6年级共7个班均有病例发生,发病班级为100%。发病者中,男性18例,女性15例,男女性别比为1.2∶1,男女发病率分别为14.52%(18/124)、13.04%(15/115),(χ2=0.11,P0.05),男女发病率差异无统计学意义。患者咽拭子标本5人份,经实验室检测甲型H3N2流感病毒核酸阳性率为100%。结论该校学生无流感疫苗免疫接种史,易感人群积累,是本次甲型H3N2流感暴发流行的根本原因。应在每年秋冬流感流行季节前一个月,加强中小学校学生流感疫苗接种,提高易感人群免疫力,防止甲型H3N2流感扩散蔓延。     

Genetic analysis and rescue of a triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza A virus isolated from swine in eastern China

One influenza H3N2 virus, A/swine/Shandong/3/2005 (Sw/SD/3/2005), was isolated from pigs with respiratory disease on a farm in eastern China. Genetic analysis revealed that Sw/SD/3/2005 was a triple-reassortant virus with a PB2 gene from human-like HIN1, NS from classical swine H1NI, and the remaining genes from human-like H3N2 virus. These findings further support the concept that swine can serve as reservoir or mixing vessels of influenza virus strains and maintain genetic and antigenic stability of viruses. Furthermore, we have successfully established a reverse genetics system based on eight plasmids and rescued Sw/SD/3/2005 through cell transfection. HI tests and RT-PCR confirmed that the rescued virus maintained the biological properties of the wild type Sw/SD/3/2005. The successful establishment of the reverse genetics system of Sw/SD/3/2005 will enable us to conduct extensive studies of the molecular evolution of H3N2 influenza viruses in swine.     

Selection pressure on Haemagglutinin genes of H9N2 influenza viruses from different hosts

Positive selection and differential selective pressure analyses were carried out to study Haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H9N2 influenza viruses from different hosts in this paper. Results showed that, although most positions in HAs were under neutral or purifying evolution, a few positions located in the antigenic regions and receptor binding sites were subject to positive selection and some of them were even positively selected at the population level. In addition, there were always some positions differentially selected for viruses from different hosts. Both selection pressure working on HA codons and positions differentially selected might account for the extension of the host range and adaptations to different hosts of H9N2 influenza viruses.     

甲型H7N9流感疫苗的临床研究进展

2016年10月以来,我国感染甲型H7N9流感病例数量急剧增加,截至日前,内地已新增460例病例,已死亡78例,引起了国内外的密切关注。H7N9病毒一旦获得持续人传人的能力,将造成流感的大流行。因此,研发安全有效的H7N9流感疫苗具有重要意义。本文就国内外目前处于临床试验阶段以及已有临床试验结果的H7N9流感疫苗做一综述。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的进化分析

利用RT-PCR方法,扩增了1998～2005年间分离的9株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的NS1基因,对其进行了序列测定和进化分析.序列分析表明,9株AIV NS1基因完整的阅读框均为654bp,编码217个氨基酸,其核苷酸和推导的氨基酸同源性分别为95.4%～99.8%和93.6%～100%;9株病毒的NS1蛋白的C端均有13个氨基酸的缺失;进化分析表明,9株AIV属于A群,且形成一个独立分支,在该分支中,只有Ck/HN/A3/98株属于Ck/HK/Y280/97-like亚类,且与Ck/BJ/8/98的进化关系最近,其余8株属于Ck/SH/F/98-like亚类,说明Ck/SH/F/98-like亚类的H9N2亚型AIV在中国大陆的鸡群中广泛存在.NS1基因的进化及其编码产物的特性分析,为AIV的毒力变异、致病机制、药物靶位点的设计及鉴别诊断的研究奠定了基础.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒基因组全长序列测定和各基因的遗传分析

用RTPCR技术及cDNA末端快速扩增法获得禽流感病毒分离株A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98（H9N2）代表基因组全长的8个基因片段。基因组序列比较及遗传进化分析结果表明,Chicken/Shanghai/F/98的8个基因均不属于Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97亚系,与香港禽流感事件没有直接关系。它与Chicken/Beijing/1/94的HA、NA、M、NS基因同源率分别为96.7%、96.4%、97.5%和98.0%,这4个基因属于Chicken/Beijing/1/94亚系,其中,NA基因与Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97的同源率为97.4%,而且它们均在205位后缺失9个核苷酸。而PB2、PB1、PA和NP基因与已知的3个亚系关系较远,分别在相应的进化树上另成分支。因此,Chicken/Shanghai/F/98是两个以上不同基因亚系间发生自然重排的产物。     

H9N2禽流感病毒反向遗传系统转录／表达载体的构建和验证

设计带有BsmBI、BsaI或AarI酶切位点的引物,用RT-PCR扩增H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的8个基因全长片段,克隆入双向转录/表达载体pHW2000,并在PB2、PB1和NA基因中共引入了3个沉默突变标签。将其2个表面基因(HA和NA基因)加上任意1个内部基因,而其它5个内部基因来自A/WSN/33,进行了6种3 5组合形式的基因重排,把相应组合的转录/表达质粒共转染COS-1细胞,均产生了预期组合、有感染性的H9N2亚型流感病毒,表明亲缘关系遥远的流感病毒可以互相获取基因片段产生重组病毒,提示表面结构基因和单个内部基因不足以限制H9N2AIV在哺乳动物细胞上的宿主范围,同时也验证了构建的8个转录/表达载体均能有效工作,为进一步研究H9N2亚型AIV基因结构与功能、AIV与宿主之间的关系打下了基础。     

Identification of unusual truncated forms of nucleocapsid protein in MDCK cells infected by Avian influenza virus (H9N2)

Unusual truncated forms of nucleocapsid protein (NP) were identified in the lysate of MDCK cells infected by Avian influenza virus (H9N2) using MS‐based proteomics approach. Moreover, O‐sulfonation that was considered as an unusual modification was identified in one of the tryptic peptides from the truncated NP. The findings might have implications on better understanding on the role of nucleoprotein in Avian influenza virus–host interaction.     

H9N2禽流感病毒反向遗传系统转录/表达载体的构建和验证

设计带有BsmBI、BsaⅠ或AarⅠ酶切位点的引物,用RT PCR扩增H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的8个基因全长片段,克隆入双向转录/表达载体pHW2000,并在PB2、PB1和NA基因中共引入了3个沉默突变标签.将其2个表面基因(HA和NA基因)加上任意1个内部基因,而其它5个内部基因来自A/WSN/33,进行了6种3+5组合形式的基因重排,把相应组合的转录/表达质粒共转染COS-1细胞,均产生了预期组合、有感染性的H9N2亚型流感病毒,表明亲缘关系遥远的流感病毒可以互相获取基因片段产生重组病毒,提示表面结构基因和单个内部基因不足以限制H9N2 AIV在哺乳动物细胞上的宿主范围,同时也验证了构建的8个转录/表达载体均能有效工作,为进一步研究H9N2亚型AIV基因结构与功能、AIV与宿主之间的关系打下了基础.     

用8质粒病毒拯救系统产生H9N2/WSN重组A型流行性感冒病毒

把禽流行性感冒(流感)病毒A／Chicken／Shanghai／F／98(H9N2)的血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因cDNA克隆至polⅠ-pol Ⅱ双向转录和表达载体pHW2000,用这两种质粒与8质粒病毒拯救系统中流感病毒A／WSN／33(H1N1)6个内部基因cDNA的质粒组合(6 2重排),共转染COS-1细胞,产生了能在鸡胚中高滴度增殖的H9N2／、WSN重组病毒。用A／WSN／33的8个基因cDNA质粒作对照,也产生了转染子病毒。经过EID50测定和MDCK感染实验,新基因型H9N2／WSN病毒感染鸡胚的能力强(EID50为10^-11／0．2m1),而且对鸡胚的毒力弱,在不加胰酶的情况下不使MDCK细胞产牛病变。经电镜观察,两个转染子病毒的形态与野生型流感病毒相似。反向遗传操作技术的建立,为对禽流感病毒基因功能和疫苗构建等方面的研究提供了新的手段。