毛鹃‘紫萼’秋梢花芽发育的研究

本研究首次发现了毛鹃花芽分化过程中的一个特殊现象──秋季侧花芽伸长生长现象。并认为充足的光照,适宜的气温（２５°─２６℃）及充沛的降水伴随较高的空气相对湿度是导致这种花芽伸长生长的主要环境因子。也进一步证实了毛鹃是一类较喜阳生生境的灌木花卉。     

棉纤维细胞伸长生长与过氧化物酶和IAA氧化酶的关系

棉纤维细胞于开花当天从棉胚珠表皮上发生,随即开始伸长生长,星S型生长曲线。棉纤维细胞的可溶性蛋白、过氧化物酶活性和IAA氧化酶活性同伸长生长的关系不大;而离子型结合的细胞壁蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶活性和IAA氧化酶活性同棉纤维细胞的伸长生长关系较大,表现在棉纤维细胞快速伸长期活性较低,而在伸长生长停止时出现活性高峰,同棉纤维细胞的伸长生长有负相关现象。     

抗病小麦对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的脱毒及产物的生物活性

抗赤霉病小麦品种苏麦３号、繁９能转化镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）成产物Ｘ,而感病小麦品种宁麦６号、徐州２１无转化能力。产物Ｘ对小麦黄花芽鞘的伸长生长无抑制作用,而对禾谷镰刀菌分生孢子的萌发有明显抑制。说明抗性小麦品种对赤霉病菌毒素的脱毒是小麦重要的抗赤霉病机制。     

喷施GA3和6 BA对“富士”苹果顶芽内源激素及成花成枝的影响

为探讨外源GA_3、6-BA对"富士"苹果大小年现象调控机理及其在成花成枝中的作用,试验以4年生"富士"苹果树为材料,分别在不同生长时期、相同浓度GA_3、6-BA喷施处理树体和以不同喷施次数、不同浓度的GA_3、6-BA处理树体,利用超高效液相色谱法测定枝条顶芽中内源激素(GA_3、IAA、ABA、ZT)含量,同时考察不同类型枝条成花率、成枝率和枝条长度。结果显示:(1)在不同生长时期喷施GA_3促进了顶芽中内源GA_3和ABA含量的积累,抑制了ZT和短枝IAA的合成,同时降低了不同类型枝条的成花率、促进了生理分化前期短枝的成枝率;6-BA处理增加了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3、ABA以及短枝顶芽中IAA和中长枝顶芽中ZT的合成,从而促进了花芽生理分化前期不同类型枝条的成花率、短枝的成枝率以及中长枝的伸长,但对短枝的伸长有抑制作用。(2)单次喷施GA_3抑制了所有枝条顶芽中IAA的合成,促进了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3、ABA以及短枝顶芽ZT含量的积累,使得成花率降低、成枝率增加、枝条伸长减小,GA_3浓度越大对顶芽中ZT合成的抑制越明显。多次喷施GA_3增加了所有枝条顶芽中GA_3和IAA的积累,短枝中ABA含量减小而中长枝增加,并使得成花率降低,成枝率减小,但对ZT含量和枝条伸长无显著影响。(3)单次喷施6-BA增加了短枝顶芽中GA_3和ABA含量以及所有枝条中ZT的含量,但抑制了中长枝GA_3和ABA的合成以及所有枝条顶芽中IAA的合成;使得成花率降低,成枝率增加,抑制了短枝枝条伸长而促进了中长枝伸长;多次喷施6-BA使得所有枝条顶芽中GA_3和IAA含量增加,短枝ABA含量减小,短枝ZT含量增加而中长枝ZT含量减小,并抑制了所有枝条成花率和短枝的伸长,但对成枝率和中长枝的伸长无显著影响。研究表明:不同生长时期使用外源激素可以促进顶芽中GA_3和ABA的合成,但对IAA、ZT的含量以及成花率、成枝率、枝条长度影响随处理时期的不同而有所改变。喷施次数和浓度对内源激素的合成、成枝率以及枝条的伸长有不同的调节作用,但都抑制了花芽的分化,使成花率降低。     

钙离子在花粉管伸长中的作用——介绍关于花粉管伸长机理的一个新模型

花粉管的萌发和伸长是种子植物生殖过程中的一个重要环节。研究花粉管伸长的机理,无论对生产实践还是对植物学的理论都有重大意义。虽然人们很早就发现了这一现象,但只是在人工培养花粉粒萌发成功后,其研究工作才取得较大的进展。人们发现,花粉管的生长是很迅速的,在离体培养的条件下,每小时可达数毫米,而其生长仅仅限于花粉管顶端大约3—5微     

光皮树花芽分化的形态和解剖特征观察

采用常规石蜡切片法对光皮树[Swida wilsoniana (Wanger. ) Soják. ]花芽分化过程中的解剖学特征进行了研究,并对花芽的外部形态也进行了观察.结果表明,光皮树的顶芽和腋芽都可以进行花芽分化;花芽分化在2月下旬开始,4月底基本完成;整个花芽分化过程可划分为5个时期:花芽未分化期、花序分化期、花萼分化期、花瓣分化期和雌雄蕊分化期,其中花序分化期还可分为分化前期和分化后期.在花芽分化过程中,光皮树的花芽形态逐渐增大、饱满,径向和纵向伸长,并在花瓣分化期形成塔形聚伞状花序.花芽纵切面的解剖结构显示,在花芽分化过程中,花芽内的生长锥逐渐增大并向上隆起;在花萼分化期生长锥的边缘产生4个萼片原基;在花瓣分化期花萼原基内侧分化出花瓣原基,并与花萼原基交互而生;雌雄蕊分化期在花瓣原基的内侧分化出雄蕊原基,同时在生长锥中心形成雌蕊的心皮原基.经过一系列的生长分化过程最终形成光皮树的花萼、花瓣及雌蕊和雄蕊.     

玉米胚芽鞘细胞伸长生长与富含羟脯氨酸蛋白质的关系

玉米胚芽鞘细胞伸长生长进程中,富含羟脯氨酸蛋白质的合成速率同细胞的伸长生长呈负相关,迅速伸长期较低,而伸长近终止阶段出现活性高峰。生长素促进的伸长生长与富含羟脯氨酸蛋白质的合成、累积相关。IAA使胚芽鞘高体切段细胞的伸长生长增加4倍多,细胞中较低的羟脯氨酸蛋白质的合成速率似有利于生长素的促进效应。生长素对伸长细胞中羟脯氨酸蛋白质的转运和在壁中累积有抑制作用。     

南方砂梨返花过程中内源激素含量变化及其与秋季返花的关系

为探讨花芽内源激素含量变化与返花的关系,以砂梨品种‘丰水’、‘翠冠’为材料,研究了砂梨采果后返花过程中花芽内源激素(IAA、GA3、ABA)含量变化,以及早期落叶和秋季返花特征。结果表明:(1)在采果后至返花过程中,两个品种梨花芽中内源激素IAA和GA3含量都呈逐渐缓慢下降趋势;花芽ABA含量的动态变化成升-降-升的"S"曲线。(2)花芽返花受3种激素的动态平衡控制,花芽IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和(IAA+GA3)/ABA值变化趋势均呈相似的"S"形曲线,IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和(IAA+GA3)/ABA值增加,花芽返花;比值降低,花芽逐渐步入休眠期。(3)砂梨的落叶率与返花率呈极显著正相关关系,花芽中IAA/ABA比值与砂梨落叶率和返花率相关系数分别为0.805、0.774,相关性均达到显著水平。研究认为,梨返花与早期落叶密切相关,受花芽内源激素IAA、GA3、ABA动态平衡控制;早期落叶降低了花芽中ABA的含量,从而使花芽内生长促进型激素占主导地位,阻止自然休眠的花芽进入休眠或促使进入浅休眠部分花芽解除休眠,所以出现秋季返花现象。     

高等植物下胚轴伸长的调控机制

自然条件下,植物种子在地下萌发后需要穿透土层,才能吸收阳光开始光合作用并逐步进入自养阶段。双子叶植物种子萌发后主要借助下胚轴伸长来实现出苗,单子叶植物则依靠胚芽鞘的生长来破土。下胚轴的伸长速度及长度关系到植物能否破土出苗以及苗势,因此,下胚轴的伸长生长是植物生长发育的第一个关键阶段。本文综述了高等植物下胚轴的伸长过程、伸长的细胞学机制以及植物激素、环境信号和营养代谢状况调控下胚轴伸长的分子机制及其最新研究进展。     

麻竹节间伸长过程的初步研究

竹子秆茎的快速生长是禾本科生物学的一个未解之谜,而秆茎的生长又是以节间为单位进行的。本研究以第8节为标准节,利用统计学及石蜡切片的方法,获得了麻竹的节间伸长曲线以及节间组织发育的形态解剖信息。麻竹节间的伸长呈现“慢-快”的生长趋势,早期节间以细胞分裂为主,然后节间由上到下逐渐进入细胞伸长阶段,最后节间停止伸长进入成熟生长阶段。本研究为大型丛生竹节间发育的研究提供了基础数据,有助于推动对竹子笋株快速生长机制的研究。     

Distyly in Linum pubescens and L. mucronatum

In Linum pubescens Banks & Solander and L. mucronatum Bertol. two floral morphs occur, differing in style length, stamen length, size of stigmatic papillae and, in L. mucronatum , exine sculpture of pollen grains. In both species artificial self- and intramorph cross-pollinations were incom, patible. Intermorph pollinations resulted in seed production. The inhibition of pollen-tube growth in incompatible pollinations occurs within the stigma. In L. pubescens distyly seems to be governed by a single pair of alleles. In natural populations the two morphs were found to be represented by approximately equal numbers of individuals. The effectiveness of the complementary arrangement of anthers and stigmas in promoting intermorph pollinations and in preventing pollen wastage in incompatible pollinations is discussed.     

Root cultures of linum species section Syllinum as rich sources of 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin

Linum spp. from section Syllinum are promising for the production of aryltetralin lignans like podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin (MPTOX). MPTOX is a PTOX congener that has cytotoxic activity comparable with PTOX. In this study root cultures of Linum Bungei from section Dasyllinum, L. strictum from section Linastrum, L. album, L. mucronatum ssp. mucronatum and L. nodiflorum from section Syllinum were established and their MPTOX levels were investigated in 1000 ml flasks. Root cultures of L. mucronatum ssp. mucronatum and L. nodiflorum were used to examine cell growth and production of MPTOX during a culture period of 36 days in 250 ml flasks. Considerable amounts of MPTOX in root cultures (1000 ml flasks) of L. album (6 mg/100 g DW), L. mucronatum ssp. mucronatum (770 mg/100 g DW) and L. nodiflorum (91 mg/100 g DW) were detected while it wasn't detected in root cultures of L. Bungei and L. strictum. In time course experiments, the maximum amount of MPTOX in L. nodiflorum root culture was at day 16 with 480 mg/ 100 g DW and the maximum amount of MPTOX in L. mucronatum ssp. mucronatum root culture was at day 12 with 130 mg/100 g DW. The results showed that root cultures of Linum species from section Syllinum are rich sources of MPTOX and since this lignan has remarkable cytotoxic activity, it can be used as a precursor for the production of antitumor agents.     

NaCl‐induced accumulation of glycinebetaine in four subtropical halophytes from Pakistan

Variation in both the total content and the concentration of glycinebetaine in response to increasing soil salinity was studied in the salt‐secreting Atriplex griffithii Moq., the leaf succulent Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk., the stem succulent Haloxylon recurvum Bunge ex Boiss. and the osmotically adjusting desert grass Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf. collected from a subtropical maritime desert in Pakistan. Glycinebetaine content (mmol kg⁻¹ dry weight) increased with increasing NaCl in Atriplex griffithii, Haloxylon recurvum and Halopyrum mucronatum , but peaked at 600 m M NaCl for Suaeda fruticosa and declined thereafter. Glycinebetaine concentration (mmol l⁻¹ tissue water) increased with increasing salinity in all four halophyte species and was sufficiently high to serve as an osmoticum in all cases.     

Linum mucronatum: organ to organ lignan variations

The percentage of podophyllotoxin (PTOX) and its congener lignans were measured by HPLC in Linum mucronatum ssp. mucronatum (Linaceae) fresh plant organs. The highest amounts of PTOX (0.595 +/- 0.060% g/g dry wt) and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin (MPTOX) (1.491 +/- 0.125% g/g dry wt) were found in the plant sexual organs. Whereas, the highest levels of beta-peltatin, 5'-demethoxy-MPTOX and yatein were found in not developed buds, petals and sepals, respectively.     

Light, salinity, and temperature effects on the seed germination of perennial grasses

The germination requirements of four perennial halophytic grasses, Aeluropus lagopoides, Halopyrum mucronatum, Sporobolus ioclados, and Urochondra setulosa, were studied under control conditions in the laboratory. Treatments included two light levels (12?:?12 h light?:?dark period and 24-h dark environment), six salinity concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mmol/L NaCl), and four temperature regimes (fluctuating day?:?night temperature regimes of 10°?:?20°, 15°?:?25°, 20°?:?30° and 25°?:?35°C), using a completely randomized block design. Best seed germination of all grasses was obtained in a distilled water control. Increase in salinity progressively inhibited germination of all species. For example, few seeds of H. mucronatum germinated above 300 mmol/L NaCl, while seeds of the other grasses germinated in up to 500 mmol/L NaCl. Optimal temperature regime for germination for all species was 20°?:?30°C both for light- and dark-germinated seeds. At higher temperatures differences between light and dark treatments were not significant. Absence of light had no effect on the seed germination of U. setulosa and H. mucronatum; however, germination was lower in all salinity treatments. In the case of A. lagopoides, absence of light substantially inhibited the germination both in control and saline conditions. The light effect was marked in the case of S. ioclados, which showed very low germination in the absence of light both under saline and nonsaline conditions.     

Cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant properties of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. and its secondary metabolites

The aqueous extract of Verbascum mucronatum Lam. along with its fractions and secondary metabolites were assessed for their antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three methods: as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion-chelating effect, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. The AChE activity was determined by the Ellman method using an ELISA microplate reader. Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of four iridoid glucosides, ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3) and catalpol (4), two saponins, ilwensisaponin A (5) and C (6), and a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside (7), in Verbascum mucronatum. Their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. The aqueous extract and fractions including the phenylethanoid glycoside 7 showed DPPH scavenger effect and had the best FRAP. Besides these results, one of the phenylethanoid fractions displayed the highest ferrous ion-chelating effect. While only 7 was found to possess moderate AChE inhibition, the extract, fractions, and all other tested compounds did not inhibit AChE and BChE.     

3个中山杉杂种无性系及其亲本的光合特性比较

对‘中山杉405’(Taxodium‘Zhongshanshan 405’)、‘中山杉406’(T.‘Zhongshanshan 406’)和‘中山杉407’(T.‘Zhongshanshan 407’)及其母本墨西哥落羽杉(T.mucronatum Tenore)和父本落羽杉〔T.distichum(L.)Rich.〕在7月份、9月份和10月份的光合参数进行了测定,并比较了3个无性系净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)的杂种优势。结果显示:不同月份3个无性系及其亲本的Pn值有明显差异,导致光响应曲线明显不同,但3个无性系的光响应曲线基本一致;3个无性系的Pn值在不同月份都高于落羽杉,且‘中山杉405’的Pn值高于另2个无性系。3个无性系及其亲本的光补偿点总体上表现为7月份最高、10月份最低,其中7月份墨西哥落羽杉的光补偿点显著高于3个无性系及落羽杉(P<0.05);3个无性系和墨西哥落羽杉的光饱和点则为9月份最高、7月份最低,而落羽杉的光饱和点为9月份最高、10月份最低。7月份3个无性系与其亲本的Pn日变化曲线均呈不规则型,低谷出现在中午12:00左右;9月份和10月份3个无性系和墨西哥落羽杉的Pn日变化曲线均呈单峰型,峰值出现在上午10:00;落羽杉的Pn值从上午8:00开始呈持续降低的趋势,且全天都明显低于其他树种。不同月份3个无性系的Pn、Gs、Tr和WUE的杂种优势有明显差异,总体上看,‘中山杉405’的Pn、Gs和Tr在3个月份中均保持较高的杂种优势率,而‘中山杉406’9月份的杂种优势率最高,‘中山杉407’则在7月份杂种优势率最高;3个无性系的WUE仅在10月份有明显的杂种优势,且‘中山杉405’和‘中山杉406’的杂种优势率远高于‘中山杉407’;‘中山杉405’各项指标的杂种优势率总体上高于另2个无性系。研究结果表明:3个中山杉无性系的光合能力接近其母本墨西哥落羽杉、高于父本落羽杉,其中‘中山杉405’杂种优势明显。     

PCR-RFLP and AP-PCR of rbcL and ITS of rDNA Show That × Taxodiomeria peizhongii (Taxodium x Cryptomeria) Is not an Intergeneric Hybrid

×Taxodiomeria peizhongiiZ. J. Ye, J. J. Zhang et S. H. Pan was regarded as a new intergeneric hybrid between Taxodium mucronatum Tenore (as the female donor) and Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr (as the male donor). To confirm the authenticity of the intergeneric hybrid, we analyzed the rbcL gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of 26S-18S ribosomal RNA gene of the three species using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR), and obtained the following results: i) Taxodiomeria peizhongii had the same RFLP maps of the rbcL gene and the ITS as Taxodium mucronatum, but was different from C. fortunei; ii) a 311-bp PCR amplification product was obtained in C. fortunei by AP-PCR of ITS, but was not found in Taxodiomeria peizhongii. Our results have demonstrated that C. fortunei did not provide any genome for Taxodiomeria peizhongii, implying that T. peizhongii is not an intergeneric hybrid between the two species.     

Accumulation of lignans in suspension cultures of Linum mucronatum ssp. armenum (Bordz.) Davis

For the first time callus and suspension cultures of Linum mucronatum ssp. annenum were initiated, grown in darkness at 25 degrees C and analyzed for lignans. 6-Methoxypodophyllotoxin was the main lignan besides smaller amounts of podophyllotoxin isolated and identified by chromatographic methods as well as by 1H NMR.     

落羽杉与墨西哥落羽杉3个杂交后代品系的生长和杂种优势分析

以落羽杉〔Taxodium distichum(Linn.)Rich.〕和墨西哥落羽杉(T.mucronatum Tenore)及其3个杂交后代品系'中山杉405'('Zhongshansha 405')、'中山杉406'('Zhongshansha 406')和'中山杉407'('Zhongshansha 407')2年生盆栽扦插苗为研究对象,对株高和地径的年增长量、总叶面积、株高和地径的增长量动态变化、株高和地径的生长期进行了比较分析,并根据地径增长量分析了3个杂交后代品系的杂种优势.结果表明:3个杂交后代品系的年株高增长量介于父本与母本之间但无显著差异,而三者的年地径增长量和总叶面积则明显高于父本和母本.墨西哥落羽杉与3个杂交后代品系的株高和地径生长期均一致,分别为5月11日至10月5日和6月1日至11月9日;而落羽杉的株高和地径生长期分别为5月11日至8月10日和6月8日至11月16日.5月份至10月份,墨西哥落羽杉的株高持续增长,而3个杂交后代品系的株高不连续增长,落羽杉的株高则在8月10日之后停止生长;生长初期和生长末期,3个杂交后代品系的地径增长量均高于父本和母本;秋季3个杂交后代品系均能快速进行地径生长,而此时父本和母本的地径增长量均下降.除夏季的少数时间段外,'中山杉405'在整个生长季都表现出明显的杂种优势,而'中山杉406'和'中山杉407'在整个生长季总体上表现出杂种优势,且它们的杂种优势最大值均出现在生长后期,说明供试的3个杂交后代品系在秋季也能快速生长.研究结果显示:供试的3个杂交后代品系均遗传了落羽杉地径生长迅速和墨西哥落羽杉株高生长期长的特性,秋季3个杂交后代品系的地径和株高增长量总体上均高于父本和母本,表现出明显的杂种优势.