多粘类芽孢杆菌SC2 xynD和gluB的克隆及序列分析

β-1,4-木聚糖酶和β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性检测结果表明,多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)SC2能同时产生β-1,4-木聚糖酶和β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶.以菌株SC2的基因组DNA为模板,通过TAIL-PCK方法克隆到4 807bp的DNA片段.DNAMAN软件分析,该DNA片段包含2个开放阅读框(ORF),ORF1长度为1 908 bp,编码含635个氨基酸、分子量为67.8kD的蛋白;ORF2长度为714 bp,编码含237个氨基酸、分子量为26.8kD的蛋白.BLAST分析结果表明,ORFI与已报道的P.polymyxa ATCC 842的xynD基因相似性为94%.ORF2与P.polymyxaWY110的gluB基因相似性为99%.基因序列的系统发育分析进一步说明.ORFI和ORF2分别为β-1,4-木聚糖酶基因xynD和β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因gluB.     

纤维素酶在生物质转化中的应用研究进展

纤维素酶是木质纤维素转化的重要酶系,主要是由内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶、外切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶组成,水解不同位置的糖苷键从而形成葡萄糖。本文总结了纤维素酶近几年来的研究开发与应用研究进展,包含产酶菌和菌种选育、辅助蛋白,介绍了纤维素酶来源和组成、纤维素酶工业化生产的最新研究进展以及纤维素酶在生物质转化方面的应用,纤维素酶在1.5代、2代纤维素燃料乙醇及生物质制气中都有重要的应用。     

木霉内切葡聚糖酶的研究现状及应用

木霉因其能有效地生产纤维素酶,并且具有很高的降解纤维素能力而备受关注。其中木霉纤维素酶由内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EC.3.2.1.4)、外切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EC.3.2.1.91)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC.3.2.1.21)三种酶组成,而内切葡聚糖酶能够随机作用于纤维素长链内部,将纤维素降解成小分子多糖,是纤维素酶系中重要的组成部分。近几年,主要木霉内切葡聚糖基因被克隆与分析,同时通过有效的方法进行异源表达,使其能够得到高效利用。本文综述了内切葡聚糖酶的结构、特性和催化机制,内切葡聚糖酶基因的生物信息学特点,基因在不同宿主体内表达和改造,以及内切葡聚糖酶在工业中应用的最新研究进展,并且提出了一些尚需深入研究的问题,为以后的研究提供参考。     

纤维素酶滤纸酶活测定方法的改进

微生物的纤维素酶是多组分的酶系。用粘度法测CX酶活(内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶)和以水杨苷等为底物测定β-葡萄糖苷酶活都能不受其它组分的影响而准确测得～纤酶系中这两个组分的活力。在菌种选育和酶的生产中,主要需了解一纤酶系作用于纤维性材料时产生还原糖的能力,这是C1酶(外切β-1,4-葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶)与上述     

家蝇β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的克隆及重组表达

克隆家蝇内源性β-葡萄糖苷酶(beta-glucosidase,BG)基因并建立原核表达体系,检测其表达产物的活性,了解家蝇内源性BG酶特点,为进一步解释家蝇极强环境适应能力和发现新的种群控制措施提供分子生物学基础。以草地贪夜蛾等结构信息相对完整且研究较为透彻的6种代表性昆虫的BG酶基因序列为参照对象,利用同源克隆结合RACE-PCR的方法,从家蝇cDNA中克隆得到BG酶基因的全长cDNA序列并对其进行生物信息学分析。分别采用原核表达载体pET-28a(+)构建原核表达体系并在大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中诱导表达BG酶基因的融合蛋白。采用七叶苷平板显色法和DNS法检测表达体系融合蛋白的酶活性,并对其性质进行初步的分析。家蝇体内克隆得到了长度为1933 bp的家蝇BG酶基因全长cDNA序列,推导其为562个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白多肽。重组原核质粒经诱导表达后,在65 kDa附近均出现特异性蛋白条带,证实重组质粒成功表达。重组表达的家蝇BG酶兼具内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶、外切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶和BG的酶活性。家蝇BG酶是一种新的多功能纤维素酶,是昆虫纤维素酶研究的重要补充。     

粗糙脉孢菌C2H2转录因子家族基因敲除突变体产纤维素酶筛选分析

丝状真菌的木质纤维素水解酶基因的表达很大程度上受到转录水平的调控,对纤维素酶系调控转录因子的研究对提高纤维素酶的产量具有重要意义。为了挖掘纤维素酶表达新调控基因,本研究对粗糙脉孢菌锌指转录因子C₂H₂家族的57株基因敲除突变株在以2%结晶纤维素为唯一碳源的培养条件下进行产纤维素酶水平分析筛选。通过测定发酵液的蛋白、内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活、外切纤维素酶酶活、β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活、木聚糖酶酶活及生物量,发现突变株L-38、L-85、L-40、L-64、L-99、L-07、L-86在蛋白水平及内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活水平均比野生型有25%-77%不等的显著提高,而突变株L-87、L-06在蛋白水平及内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活水平均比野生型有65%-80%不等的显著降低。这些纤维素酶新调控基因的获得为后续相关表达调控的研究提供了新素材。     

粗糙脉孢菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶家族基因敲除库纤维素酶表达分泌研究

【目的】蛋白磷酸化在丝状真菌细胞对外界纤维素酶诱导信号感应以及信号胞内的传导过程中有着重要的作用,而蛋白磷酸化是由蛋白激酶来完成的。为了挖掘在丝状真菌纤维素酶表达过程中发挥重要作用的激酶基因,对粗糙脉孢菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸家族的61株蛋白激酶单基因突变体的纤维素酶表达分泌情况进行了分析测定。【方法】在以微晶纤维素为唯一碳源的条件下,7株单基因突变体胞外分泌蛋白产量有显著变化,随后,对这7株突变体胞外蛋白进行了详细的SDS-PAGE分析和内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活、β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活、外切纤维素酶酶活以及木聚糖酶酶活的测定。【结果】突变株W14、W38、W87和W40胞外分泌蛋白含量提高了30%以上,除了突变株W14外,其它突变体的内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活分别显著提高了62%、42%和42%。而突变株W85、W26和W46胞外分泌蛋白含量降低了50%以上,相对应的内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活也分别下降了86%、75%和84%。【结论】这些关于粗糙脉孢菌丝氨酸/苏氨酸家族蛋白激酶基因的挖掘,为进一步深入研究蛋白激酶在纤维素酶诱导表达调控中的分子机理奠定了基础。     

真菌和细菌纤维素酶的差别及内、外切葡聚糖苷酶的底物专一性

通常认为纤维素的降解过程,首先是纤维素酶（纤酶）分子吸附到纤维素表面,然后,内切葡聚糖苷酶（内切酶）在葡聚糖链的随机位点水解底物,产生寡聚糖;外切葡聚糖苷酶（外切酶）,从葡聚糖链的非还原端进行水解,主要产物为纤维二糖,需要两类酶的"协同"才能完成对纤维素的降解。纤维素酶分子由催化结构域（ｃａｔａｌｙｔｉｃｄｏｍａｉｎ,ＣＤ）、纤维素结合结构域（ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎｇｄｏｍａｉｎ,ＣＢＤ）和一个连接桥（ｌｉｎｋｅｒ）三部分组成。近年来,纤维素酶分子结构与功能的研究取得了实质性的进展。不同…     

枯草芽孢杆菌SC2-4-1葡聚糖酶基因gluB的克隆及序列分析

β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性检测结果表明,从辣椒根际筛选的拮抗菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)SC2-4-1能产生β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶.以菌株SC2-4-1的基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法克隆了该菌的葡聚糖酶基因gluB,其开放阅读框为711bp,编码237个氨基酸.Blast分析,该序列与已报道的多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)ATCC 842的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因gluB相似性为85%.所得基因序列的系统发育分析显示,该基因属于β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因.DNAMAN软件比对,所得葡聚糖酶氨基酸序列具有催化裂解β-1,3-和β-1,4-糖苷键的葡聚糖酶活性位点.     

造纸废水纸浆沉淀物中未培养微生物纤维素酶基因的克隆和鉴定

提取纯化造纸废水纸浆沉淀物的宏基因组DNA并构建16S rDNA文库,系统发育分析显示该环境中存在大量的未培养细菌且具有种类的多样性。以柯斯质粒为载体构建了1个含10000个克隆的宏基因组文库,文库容量为3.53×108bp。筛选文库得到2个表达内切葡聚糖酶活性的克隆、3个表达外切葡聚糖酶活性的克隆和2个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的克隆。从表达不同活性的克隆中分别挑选活性最强的进行鉴定,得到3个新的纤维素酶基因umcel5L、umcel5M和umbgl3D。umcel5L、umcel5M和umbgl3D分别编码产生内切葡聚糖酶、纤维糊精酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶,其编码产物与已报道的纤维素酶一致性最高的分别为43%、48%和46%。这是第一次采用未培养方法对造纸废水纸浆沉淀物中的细菌多样性进行分析并从中克隆纤维素酶基因的报道。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.