磷脂酶D(PLD)基因的结构、表达及其表达产物在信号转导中的作用

磷脂酶D(PLDEC 3 .1 .4.4)水解磷脂 (PL) ,磷脂构成生物膜的骨架 ,磷脂酶的激活不仅对细胞的结构和稳定性有很重要的作用 ,而且调控许多重要的细胞生理功能 ,例如PLD在信号转导、小泡运输、有丝分裂、激素作用的发挥、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和衰老过程中都起重要作用。近年来它在跨膜信号转导中的重要作用 ,越来越引起人们的重视 ,成为新的研究热点。介绍了磷脂酶基因的结构特点、亚细胞定位、表达的激活抑制以及其表达产物作为胞内信号分子在植物信号转导中的重要作用。     

PLD 的生化特性及在信号传导中的作用

磷脂酶 D(PLD)是一种分解磷脂的多功能酶,磷脂酶可激活调控许多重要的细胞生理功能,在信号转导、小泡运输、有丝分裂、激素作用的发挥、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和衰老过程中都起重要作用．主要介绍了磷脂酶基因的生化特性及在植物信号转导中的作用．     

植物磷脂酶D基因表达与衰老的关系

磷脂酶D (PLD)是一种重要的磷脂水解酶,在植物细胞中普遍存在。磷脂酶D能激活许多重要的细胞生理功能,包括调控细胞膜的重建、跨膜信号传导及细胞内调控、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和植物的衰老等。对磷脂酶D的基本特性、磷脂酶D基因特异性表达模式及其活性抑制与植物衰老的关系进行了综述,并探讨和展望了今后植物磷脂酶D基因的研究方向。     

磷脂酶D与病原微生物感染

磷脂酶D(phospholipase D,PLD)普遍存在于细菌,真菌以及哺乳动物中.在病原微生物中,PLD作为毒力决定因子在减数分裂、孢子形成等过程中起作用;在哺乳动物细胞中,PLD主要在胞膜转运、调节有丝分裂和细胞肌动蛋白骨架等一些信号转导中起作用.在病原菌感染宿主细胞的过程中,病原体和宿主细胞的PLD都被激活并发生级联反应,病原菌PLD可调节自身肌动蛋白丝的聚合和重排,并引起宿主细胞局部肌动蛋白丝的集聚,诱导宿主细胞对其吞噬.深入探讨PLD激活对感染发生的调控作用对透彻理解病原菌感染宿主细胞的分子机制具有重要意义.     

磷脂酶Dβ在拟南芥低温信号中的转导作用

磷脂酶D(PLD)不仅是植物中一类主要的磷脂水解酶,而且是一类重要的跨膜信号转导酶类.PLD的磷脂降解功能和信号转导功能均影响植物的抗冻性.本研究以PLDβ基因被敲除的拟南芥突变体及其野生型植株为材料,进行低温驯化和冻害胁迫处理,并分析其作用途径.结果表明,PLDβ基因介导低温信号转导作用,参与渗透调节途径中脯氨酸的调控和抗氧化系统中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的调控,并且与低温信号激素ABA不在同一条信号转导途径.本研究为探索通过调控PLD的活性提高植物抗冻性提供了新的途径,并为深入揭示植物的抗冻机理以及磷脂信号转导机制提供实验支持.     

过表达磷脂酶D3影响成肌细胞中Akt磷酸化水平

磷脂酶D(PLD)催化卵磷脂(Phosphatidylc holine,PC)水解产生胆碱(Choline)和磷脂酸(Phosphatidic acid,PA),其代谢产物参与调控细胞内许多生理和生化过程。在过表达磷脂酶D3(PLD3)的成肌细胞(C2C12细胞)中,研究了PLD3对胰岛素刺激后Akt通路激活的影响。研究结果表明,PLD3过表达细胞的Akt磷酸化水平比对照组低,并且不受胰岛素浓度变化的调控。虽然PLD3过表达细胞中Akt磷酸化水平随胰岛素刺激时间的延长而有所增加,但磷酸化总水平比对照组低。磷脂酶D抑制剂丁-1醇能够抑制对照组胰岛素刺激下Akt磷酸化,却不能抑制PLD3过表达细胞的Akt磷酸化,并且PLD3过表达细胞Akt磷酸化水平比对照组高6倍。用磷脂酸(PA)做刺激时,对照组的Akt磷酸化明显增加,而PLD3过表达细胞株的Akt磷酸化没有显著变化;用PA和胰岛素同时刺激时,PLD3过表达株和对照组的Akt磷酸化均比PA单独刺激时降低。这说明PLD3的过表达抑制成肌细胞内胰岛素信号的传导。     

李斯特菌诱导宿主细胞骨架重排与磷脂酶D

无论是免疫细胞对病原体的主动吞噬,还是病原体诱导非吞噬细胞的被动吞噬,均是不同细胞膜受体介导的细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排过程,受到单体G蛋白和肌动蛋白骨架相关蛋白的精密调控。细胞内重要信号蛋白,磷脂酰胆碱专一性磷脂酶D(PLD)的活性变化与细胞肌动蛋白骨架重排密切相关,其参与调节了由抗体受体(FcγR)及补体受体(CR3)介导的免疫细胞的主动吞噬,而细胞肌动蛋白骨架解聚蛋白cofilin被磷酸化后可与PLD结合并激活PLD,进而调节肌动蛋白骨架重排。另一方面,cofilin磷酸化状态严格调控李斯特菌感染细胞过程中的肌动蛋白骨架重排。因此,阐明PLD是否在李斯特菌感染细胞过程中被激活并参与调节肌动蛋白骨架重排,将有助于揭示PLD激活对感染发生的调控作用,对透彻理解细菌感染宿主细胞的分子机制具有重要意义。     

植物磷脂酶C的功能研究进展

磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)是一类重要的水解酶,根据作用底物的不同可主要区分为磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C(phosphoinositide-specific PLC,PI-PLC)和非特异性磷脂酶C(non-specific PLC,NPC)。在植物细胞的信号转导中,PLC及其产物均发挥重要的媒介作用。不同于动物细胞,植物细胞中的六磷酸肌醇(inositol hexaphosphate,IP_6)和磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)被认为是传递植物磷脂信号的主要成员。现概述磷脂酶C的结构、家族成员的分类以及它们在细胞信号转导过程中发挥的作用,并对相关领域今后的研究方向提出展望。     

磷脂酶D的细胞信号转导作用

磷脂酶D(PLD)是一类重要的跨膜信号转导酶类.分别由一个基因家族的不同成员编码.植物PLD的总体域结构相似,只是不同类型之间在某些单元上有重要差异.它们各具独特的生物化学特性.不同的PLD在不同的胁迫类型启动的特定的细胞过程中执行独特的细胞信号转导功能.PLD与其它磷脂酶及Ca2 信使之间有交互作用,形成复杂的信号转导网络.这一网络在不同植物种类、器官、组织和细胞类型中表现出特异性.文章最后讨论了PLD研究中有待揭示的问题并展望了今后的发展方向.     

磷酯酶D在胞吞与胞吐中的作用

磷脂酶D（phsopholipaseD,PLD)水解其主要底物磷脂酰胆碱是细胞信号转导的重要途径之一。大量研究表明PLD激活是受体介导的胞吞和胞吐过程中关键的一步。本文主要介绍PLD在受体介导的胞吞和胞吐过程中的作用及作用机制的研究发展。     

Localization and possible functions of phospholipase D isozymes.

The activation of PLD is believed to play an important role in the regulation of cell function and cell fate by extracellular signal molecules. Multiple PLD activities have been characterized in mammalian cells and, more recently, several PLD genes have been cloned. Current evidence indicates that diverse PLD activities are localized in most, if not all, cellular organelles, where they are likely to subserve different functions in signal transduction, membrane vesicle trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics.     

Localization and possible functions of phospholipase D isozymes

The activation of PLD is believed to play an important role in the regulation of cell function and cell fate by extracellular signal molecules. Multiple PLD activities have been characterized in mammalian cells and, more recently, several PLD genes have been cloned. Current evidence indicates that diverse PLD activities are localized in most, if not all, cellular organelles, where they are likely to subserve different functions in signal transduction, membrane vesicle trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics.     

Phospholipase D Stimulates Release of Nascent Secretory Vesicles from the trans-Golgi Network

Phospholipase D (PLD) is a phospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme whose activation has been implicated in mediating signal transduction pathways, cell growth, and membrane trafficking in mammalian cells. Several laboratories have demonstrated that small GTP-binding proteins including ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) can stimulate PLD activity in vitro and an ARF-activated PLD activity has been found in Golgi membranes. Since ARF-1 has also been shown to enhance release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN of endocrine cells, we hypothesized that this reaction occurred via PLD activation. Using a permeabilized cell system derived from growth hormone and prolactin-secreting pituitary GH3 cells, we demonstrate that immunoaffinity-purified human PLD1 stimulated nascent secretory vesicle budding from the TGN approximately twofold. In contrast, a similarly purified but enzymatically inactive mutant form of PLD1, designated Lys898Arg, had no effect on vesicle budding when added to the permeabilized cells. The release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN was sensitive to 1% 1-butanol, a concentration that inhibited PLD-catalyzed formation of phosphatidic acid. Furthermore, ARF-1 stimulated endogenous PLD activity in Golgi membranes approximately threefold and this activation correlated with its enhancement of vesicle budding. Our results suggest that ARF regulation of PLD activity plays an important role in the release of nascent secretory vesicles from the TGN.     

Differential role for phospholipase D1 and phospholipase D2 in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate-stimulated MAPK activation, Cox-2 and IL-8 expression

Phospholipase D (PLD) is expressed in many tissues and stimulated by growth factors and cytokines. However, the role of PLD in signal transduction is still not well-understood. Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells exhibit low levels of both PLD1 and PLD2 mRNA, however, only PLD1 protein was detected by Western blot. When either isoform of PLD was stably expressed in HEK-293 cells, we observed an increased PLD activity in a cell-free system and a 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate (TPA)-stimulated increase in PLD activity in intact cells. This system was then used to elucidate the effects of PLD activity on TPA-stimulated signaling pathways. Two such pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 are activated by growth factors and cellular stress, respectively. We found that TPA stimulated ERK phosphorylation regardless of the expression status of PLD. In contrast to ERK kinase, HEK-293 cells were unable to induce p38 phosphorylation by TPA stimulation. When HEK-293 cells expressed either PLD1 or PLD2, we observed elevated p38 phosphorylation in response to TPA stimulation. The ERK and p38 MAPKs can also stimulate the expression of both cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). We used this system to differentiate the effect of PLD1 or PLD2 activity on the expression of Cox-2 and IL-8. Increased Cox-2 and IL-8 expression was found only in HEK-293 cells expressing PLD1. These data identify a novel role for the PLD1 isoform in the induction of gene expression and provide new insight into the differential role of PLD1 and PLD2 in cells.