甘肃省大豆品种生育期组的划分及地理分布研究

甘肃省地域广大,地形复杂,气候多样,大豆品种资源丰富,但甘肃各地大豆品种生育期生态类型并不明确.本试验以25份MG 0～Ⅴ的北美大豆生育期组标准品种为对照,将从甘肃各地收集到的151个大豆品种在甘肃境内5个生态区进行生育期性状鉴定和生育期组划分.结果 表明,甘肃地区种植的大豆品种的生育期组在MG 00和MGⅥ之间.在所...     

2002年我国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源的蛋白质和脂肪含量分析

对2002年全国14个主要大豆种植省(区)的大豆品种及其种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪含量进行了分析。结果表明,种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪平均含量均高于生产用品种。其中种质资源脂肪含量的变化幅度较大,显示了在未来的育种中更强的高脂肪含量的选择优势。国内种质资源蛋白质平均含量高于国外种质资源。国外种质资源脂肪含量总体上高于国内种质资源。黄淮海生态区品种蛋白质平均含量高于北方生态区品种。新育成黄淮海区域试验品种蛋白质平均含量高于目前黄淮海生态区生产用品种。同品种异地种植,其脂肪含量有明显变化。     

中国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源主要品质状况分析

对2003年中国19个主要大豆种植省(直辖市、自治区)的大豆品种与种质资源的蛋白、脂肪含量和部分大豆品种水溶性蛋白含量进行了分析.结果表明,大豆种质资源的蛋白含量和蛋脂总量总体上与品种持平.品种脂肪含量总体上明显高于种质资源脂肪含量,说明当前中国种植的大豆中高脂肪的品种已经占有一定的比例. 北方、黄淮海、南方三大生态区大豆品种和种质资源蛋白含量呈现自北向南递增的趋势,而脂肪含量呈现递减趋势.生态、气象因子对大豆蛋白含量的影响大于对脂肪含量的影响.大豆水溶性蛋白含量总体上较高,基本适合豆制食品加工业的需要.     

黄淮海大豆优异种质齐黄1号的育种应用

齐黄1号是中国衍生品种最多的大豆种质之一,在全国11个省市衍生出92个高产优质品种和优异品系,其中黄淮海地区衍生出87个品种(系).1个品种获国家科技进步二等奖;2个品种获国家技术发明三等奖;2个品种获国家科技进步三等奖.蛋白质含量45%以上的品种23个,其中46%的品种5个、47%的品种2个、48%的品种3个、51%的品种2个.脂肪含量22%以上的品种6个,其中23%的品种1个.抗大豆花叶病毒品种27个,其中抗霜霉病品种7个.齐黄1号在育种中的成功应用,说明优异种质对大豆育种至关重要,筛选配合力高的优异杂交组合可有效地提高大豆育种效率,种质创新是大豆育种的重要组成部分.     

不同大豆品种磷吸收利用特性比较研究

土壤缺磷和低磷利用率是现代农业生产发展的主要限制因素之一,筛选和培育磷商效吸收利用品种是提高磷素利用率的有效途径。采用土壤盆栽试验方法进行了不同大豆（Glycine max（L.）Merr．）品种磷吸收利用特性比较研究。结果表明。在缺磷和正常供磷条件下,不同大豆品种植株在株离、根干重、地上部干重、根冠比率、植株磷含量和其相对值、磷吸收量和其相对值、磷利用效率和其相对比值等方面表现出显著的差异。多数达到了极显著水平。相关分析表明,在缺磷条件下,大豆不同品种植株磷的利用效率及其相对比值与植株磷含量和磷吸收量以及它们的相对值呈显著或极显著负相关。植株磷含量与植株磷吸收量呈极显著正相关。以植株干物质量和其相对值、植株磷吸收量和其相对似以及植株磷利用效率为筛选指标,筛选出3个大豆磷高效品种。     

优异大豆组合郑州135/泗豆2号的育种贡献

郑州135×泗豆2号是黄淮海地区衍生大豆品种最多的组合之一,以郑州135×泗豆2号及其衍生种质为亲本材料在全国8个省市选育出87个通过省审或国审的大豆品种,其中国审品种39个、高蛋白品种20个、高油品种11个,获省部级以上奖13项。郑州135和泗豆2号的育种贡献,证明了优异种质资源在育种中的重要作用。本文就种质创新提出几点思考和建议,以期为大豆育种提供参考。     

高产大豆品种的高光效特性

利用荧光射光谱技术及荧光诱导动力学技术,研究了不同基因型大豆,高产大豆黑农４０和黑农４１及你燕大豆黑农３７的光能吸收,传递和转化等特性。结果表明,高产大豆的叶绿素（Ｃｈｌ）和类胡萝卜素（Ｃａｒ）的含量增高于黑农３７,但不同的品种种差异幅度有所不同。吸收光谱表明高产大豆叶经体对光能有更强的吸收能力;Ｍｇ＾２＋对高产大豆叶绿体ＰＳＩ和ＰＳⅡ之间激发能分配的有力均高于低产品种;高产大豆叶片ＰＳⅡ原初光能     

大豆种质资源萌发期耐旱性评价

随着全球气候的变化,干旱已成为限制大豆产量的重要环境因素之一,大豆种质资源耐旱性鉴定对大豆耐旱品种的培育及大豆耐旱机理的研究具有重要的意义。本研究首先选择4份耐旱性不同的材料,以PEG-6000作为渗透胁迫剂,研究了大豆种质在0%、10%、15%、16%、18%、20%、30%的PEG-6000溶液的胁迫下,相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对胚根长度、萌发耐旱指数的变化。结果表明15%~18%PEG-6000溶液是大豆萌发期耐旱鉴定的适宜浓度范围。本研究采用16%PEG-6000溶液对568份大豆资源进行大豆种子萌发期耐旱鉴定,以相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对胚根长度、相对苗高、萌发耐旱指数、活力指数作为评价指标,应用平均隶属函数评价法对大豆种质萌发期耐旱性进行综合评价,筛选出耐旱种质4份,较耐旱种质18份,中间型种质110份,较敏感种质194份,敏感型种质242份。     

Comparisons of plasma membrane polypeptides from soybean and alfalfa

Polypeptides were solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate from plasma membrane vesicles of eight varieties of soybean roots [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and of cultured alfalfa cells (Medicago sativa L.). The solubilized polypeptides were analysed by 2D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Apparent isoelectric point and MW values were obtained for 80 soybean plasma membrane polypeptides and 44 alfalfa plasma membrane polypeptides. From these data composite distribution patterns were constructed, which are representative of the soybean or alfalfa 2D-gels, respectively. The results showed that the general polypeptide staining patterns were similar for all the soybean varieties, but some minor differences were evident. The alfalfa electrophoretograms differed markedly from the soybean electrophoretograms in specific details, though some general pattern similarities were noted. The data are discussed in terms of a physiological role for the integral plasma membrane polypeptides and in terms of the potential for distinguishing among soybean varieties and between species at the plasma membrane polypeptide level.     

Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial Colonization of Genetically Modified and Conventional Soybeans

We grew plants of nine soybean varieties, six of which were genetically modified to express transgenic cp4-epsps, in the presence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal colonization and nodule abundance and mass differed among soybean varieties; however, in no case was variation significantly associated with the genetic modification.     

马铃薯/大豆套作对3个大豆品种光合指标和产量的影响

以大豆品种中黄30(早熟)、冀豆17(中熟)和齐黄34(晚熟)单作为对照,在大田条件下,研究马铃薯/大豆套作模式中3个品种生育期叶面积指数的变化及干物质积累的特征,分析套作马铃薯收获前后对大豆光合指标、产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明： 生育前期阴蔽导致套作大豆叶面积指数(LAI)降低,干物质积累变缓,营养生长期相对延长,不同品种套作大豆光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(g_s)均低于单作.生育后期套作大豆生长加快,尤其是马铃薯收获后晚熟品种增幅显著提高.此时,套作大豆受光条件得到较大改善,表现出较强的补偿效应,LAI、干物质积累、P_n和g_s相对于单作上升幅度加大,接近于单作大豆,但不同品种补偿能力不同.与单作相比,套作模式下不同大豆品种的有效荚数、单株粒数及每荚粒数均有所降低,其中早熟品种分别显著下降22.0%、36.0%、17.6%,中熟品种下降5.1%、13.1%、8.9%,晚熟品种下降5.7%、7.6%、2.1%.套作模式下,中、晚熟大豆品种的产量较早熟品种分别高92.4%和163.4%,总土地当量比(LER)分别达到1.81和1.84.表明中、晚熟大豆品种与马铃薯组合套作优势更强,有利于马铃薯收获后大豆的补偿生长,促进套作大豆产量提高,充分发挥了复合群体的产量优势.     

Effects of weed management systems on canopy insects in herbicide-resistant soybeans

The effects of transgenic herbicide-resistant soybean varieties and their corresponding weed management strategies on canopy insects were examined in studies at two locations in Iowa in 1997 and 1998. Weed management systems that allowed more weed escapes typically had higher insect population densities. However, systems with fewer weeds seemingly were preferred by potato leafhoppers. Bean leaf beetles and potato leafhoppers showed preferences for certain soybean varieties, but these effects were attributed to soybean plant height. These findings indicate that although the transgenic soybean varieties did not strongly affect insect populations, weed management systems can affect insect populations in soybean. However, this impact is likely related more to weed suppression effectiveness than to a direct effect of the herbicides on the insects.     

SNPs discovery and CAPS marker conversion in soybean

To discover new SNPs and develop an easy assay method in soybean, we compared the high-throughput pyrosequencing ESTs with whole genome sequences in different soybean varieties and identified 3899 SNPs. Transitions were found to be much more frequent than transversions in these SNPs. We found that SNPs were widely distributed in the soybean genome, targeting numerous genes involved in various physiological and biochemical processes influencing important agronomic traits. A set of 16 SNPs were validated in nine soybean varieties, and seven SNPs were converted into CAPS. From functional gene association analysis, the marker CAPS282 on the 3′-UTR of gene Glyma07g03490 was identified as associated with 100-seed weight in soybean. The SNP discovery and CAPS markers conversion system developed in this study is fast and cost effective, and holds great promise for molecular-assisted breeding of soybean.     

A Novel System for Proliferation,Maintenance and Plantlets Germination from Somatic Embryo of Soybean

Somatic embryogenesis was successfully induced with auxin in high concentration from immature cotyledons of eighteen varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) adaptable for planting in Northeast China. The frequency of somatic embryogenesis varied from 0.29% to 77.62% among eighteen genotypes of soybean. The proliferative somatic embryos were gained from ten varieties of soybean at rate of 5.2%-22.1%. For the first time, plantlets were obtained even after subcultured and maintained on solid medium for over one year. This system provided a new and efficient receptor for genetic transformation of soybean.     

AvrB mutants lose both virulence and avirulence activities on soybean and Arabidopsis

The Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea effector protein AvrB induces resistance responses in soybean varieties that contain the resistance gene Rpg1-b and Arabidopsis varieties that carry RPM1. In addition to this avirulence activity, AvrB also enhances bacterial virulence on soybean plants that lack Rpg1-b and induces a chlorotic phenotype on Arabidopsis plants that lack RPM1. We screened a library of avrB mutants for loss of avirulence on soybean and Arabidopsis, and assayed selected avirulence mutants for loss of virulence on both plants. All mutants screened were recognized similarly on both plant species. Nine single-site avrB mutations that affected avirulence localized to a solvent-accessible pocket in the protein structure. Seven of these mutated residues are absolutely conserved between AvrB and its nine homologues. Avirulence mutants generally lost virulence enhancement on susceptible soybean varieties and lost the ability to induce a chlorotic response on the rpm1 null Arabidopsis variety Mt-0. Three of four avirulence mutants tested failed to interact with RIN4, an Arabidopsis protein previously shown to be required for RPM1 function. Our results suggest that soybean and Arabidopsis recognize AvrB in the same manner, and that AvrB enzymatic activity is required for its function as an avirulence and virulence effector on two different plant species.     

Molecular and genetic polymorphism of cultivated soybean detected by AP-PCR, SSRP and SSR

Molecular-genetic polymorphism of cultivated soybean from different geographic regions was analysed using three PCR methods (AP-PCR, SSRP and ISSR). The dendrogram of phenogenetic relationship was constructed on the base of obtained data. The allocation of varieties are in a good agreement with pedigree information. Main parameters such as polymorphism level, expected heterozygosity, and marker index were calculated. It was shown that ISSR is the method of choice for the differentiation of soybean varieties.     

大豆出苗期和苗期对盐胁迫的响应及耐盐指标评价

比较了4个大豆品种出苗期和苗期的耐盐性,测定150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下的株高、下胚轴长、侧根数、地上干/鲜重、根干/鲜重、MDA含量、SOD活性、游离Pro含量,并将幼苗移栽到田间生长至成熟。结果表明:出苗期和苗期盐胁迫下4个品种的株高都显著降低、地上干/鲜重和根干/鲜重降低;出苗期胁迫侧根数减少,下胚轴长降低;而苗期胁迫侧根数增加,下胚轴长升高。未胁迫条件下,出苗期和苗期耐盐性强的品种22021-1的MDA含量和SOD活性高于耐盐性弱的品种22293-1。胁迫后,22021-1的MDA含量降低、SOD活性升高,其MDA含量分别比对照低51.03%和21.45%,SOD活性比对照高5.85%和45.77%;22293-1的MDA含量出苗期比对照高58.97%,苗期基本无变化,SOD活性出苗期和苗期升高都不显著。MDA和SOD可以作为大豆耐盐性筛选指标。早期的短时胁迫对不同耐盐性大豆品种的经济产量影响不同。     

大豆生理生态特性与产量的关系

比较研究了1970s、1980s和1990s期间不同大豆 ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.)品种的生理生态特性:光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度、水分利用效率、胞间CO2浓度和叶片水势,分析了各生理生态特性之间以及与产量在不同生育期的关系.研究表明光合速率和产量之间存在显著的相关关系,高产大豆同时具有高的气孔导度和水势,胞间CO2浓度则很低,特别是在鼓粒期关系更为显著.高产大豆的光合作用在鼓粒期达到最高值,光合作用日变化呈双峰曲线.在鼓粒期高产大豆的光合产物大量运往籽粒中,对于高产品种和高光效-"源"固然重要,而"流"-光合产物的合理运转和分配对产量则更为重要.     

优异种质资源克4430-20在黑龙江省大豆育种中的应用

本文分析了克4430-20的来源及特征特性,研究了克4430-20作为优异亲本的利用情况及其衍生品种的生产应用情况.研究结果表明,克4430-20是黑龙江省衍生品种最多的大豆种质资源之一,以其作直接或间接亲本共衍生42个高产大豆品种.1个品种获国家科技进步二等奖,1个品种获国家科技进步三等奖,4个品种获省科技进步二等奖,2个品种获省科技进步三等奖.克4430-20在育种中的成功应用,说明优异大豆种质资源的创新对大豆育种至关重要,选择配合力高的亲本进行杂交组配可有效提高大豆的育种效率.