AERIAL DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYS OF NARWHALS, MONODON MONOCEROS, IN NORTHWEST GREENLAND

Narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) abundance in Inglefield Bredning and adjacent fjords in Northwest Greenland was estimated using aerial digital photographic techniques in August 2001 and 2002. Two digital, large-format cameras continuously downloaded images to two laptop computers together with information on position, altitude, pitch, and roll of the aircraft. In 2001 a total of 11,628 images were obtained corresponding to a swept area of 840 km². The survey of the entire area was repeated four times and produced a count of 360 narwhals on the images or an average abundance in the surveyed area of 873 narwhals (CV = 0.35) at the surface. In 2002 the area was surveyed seven times and approximately 11,402 images were obtained. This corresponded to a swept area of 2,208 km² with 566 narwhals counted on the images, and an average estimated abundance of 562 narwhals (CV = 0.24) at the surface. Correcting these figures for availability bias (assuming narwhals are submerged deeper than 2 m for 62% of the time) results in abundance estimates of 2,297 (95% CI: 1,472–3,122) in August 2001 and 1,478 (95% CI 1,164–1,793) in August 2002. The uncorrected estimates, when compared to the results of visual line-transect surveys conducted in 1985 and 1986 (Born et al. 1994), show a 10% decline in recent years in the abundance of whales visible at the surface.     

WINTER FEEDING INTENSITY OF NARWHALS (MONODON MONOCEROS)

Stomach contents from 121 narwhals ( Monondon monoceros ) harvested in the eastern Canadian High Arctic and West Greenland were used to quantify seasonal changes in feeding activity and prey selection. Stomachs collected from summer harvests were mostly empty with little evidence of recent feeding. Stomachs collected in late fall and winter harvests had considerable amounts of undigested material with evidence of recent feeding. In summer, Arctic cod ( Arctogadus glacialis ), polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ), and Gonatus squid spp. constituted the narwhal diet. In fall, Gonatus fabricii was the only prey item observed. In late fall and winter, Greenland halibut ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides ) and G. fabricii were the dominant prey items, observed in 51% and 73% of stomachs collected, respectively. Greenland halibut taken by narwhals were on average 39 cm (SD 8) and 556 g (306) and G. fabricii were on average 23 g (15) with mean mantle lengths of 85 mm (24). The low diversiry of prey species indicates narwhals have a restricted diet across all seasons. This study presents the first information on the winter diet of the narwhal and suggests Baffin Bay and Davis Strait are heavily utilized for feeding, in contrast to limited food intake during the summer period.     

THE NARWHAL, MONODON MONOCEROS, IN THE NORWEGIAN HIGH ARCTIC

Narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) are known to frequent the waters of the Norwegian arctic archipelago of Svalbard. An attempt is made to summarize narwhal observations from the Svalbard area, and from this to deduce their distribution. Observations have been gathered from the literature, sealing vessel log books and official statistics. Interviews have also been conducted with residents of Svalbard. I con&de that narwhals are most frequently observed in the area off the north-west corner of Spitsbergen.     

DESCRIPTION OF AN ANOMALOUS MONODONTID SKULL FROM WEST GREENLAND: A POSSIBLE HYBRID?

Abstract: The complete skull of an anomalous odontocete cetacean from outer Disko Bay, West Greenland, is described and compared with the skulls of adult narwhals, Monodon monoceros , and belugas, Delphinapterus leucas . The anomalous whale's skull is much larger than those of normal narwhals and belugas. In particular, the rostrum and mandibles are relatively long and massive. The dentition is unlike that of any known cetacean, but some features of the teeth are considered analogous to those of both narwhals and belugas. The intermediate characteristics of the skull and dentition are consistent with the hypothesis that the anomalous whale was a narwhal-beluga hybrid.     

ICEBREAKER NOISE IN LANCASTER SOUND, N.W.T., CANADA: IMPLICATIONS FOR MARINE MAMMAL BEHAVIOR

Abstract: In 1986, we recorded the MV Arctic , CCGS des Groseilliers and MV Lady Franklin during routine icebreaking operations and travel to and from the mine at Nanisivik, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. We found that the Arctic generated more high frequency noise than did the other vessels we recorded. Monitoring of vessel noise levels indicated that belugas and, probably, narwhals should be able to detect the high frequency components of Arctic noise at least as far as 25 to 30 km from the source. The ability of whales to detect the MV Arctic at long distances may explain why belugas and narwhals in Lancaster Sound seem to react to ships at longer distances than do other stocks of arctic whales.     

Variability and context specificity of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) whistles and pulsed calls

The behavioral and environmental context of animal calls provides insights into their functions. Narwhals are a highly vocal species and, like other social cetaceans, rely on acoustic signals to communicate. We characterize and categorize narwhal whistles and pulsed calls, as well as investigate variation in these calls under different contexts (behavior, herd, and year) using recordings made during the month of August 2006–2008, in Koluktoo Bay (72°04′N, 80°32′W). We detected similarities among whistles but not pulsed calls that were produced under a similar behavioral context. Both whistles and pulsed calls recorded within the same herd were more similar than whistles and pulsed calls recorded within different herds. We did not find any type of whistle to be associated with a specific behavior although some acoustical features might be behavior specific. Both whistles and pulsed calls show properties that are consistent with the hypothesis that narwhals produce group‐ or individual‐specific calls.     

Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate‐change sensitivity in the narwhal,Monodon monoceros

Rapid changes in sea ice cover associated with global warming are poised to have marked impacts on polar marine mammals. Here we examine skeletal muscle characteristics supporting swimming and diving in one polar species, the narwhal, and use these attributes to further document this cetacean's vulnerability to unpredictable sea ice conditions and changing ecosystems. We found that extreme morphological and physiological adaptations enabling year‐round Arctic residency by narwhals limit behavioral flexibility for responding to alternations in sea ice. In contrast to the greyhound‐like muscle profile of acrobatic odontocetes, the longissimus dorsi of narwhals is comprised of 86.8%± 7.7% slow twitch oxidative fibers, resembling the endurance morph of human marathoners. Myoglobin content, 7.87 ± 1.72 g/100 g wet muscle, is one of the highest levels measured for marine mammals. Calculated maximum aerobic swimming distance between breathing holes in ice is <1,450 m, which permits routine use of only 2.6%–10.4% of ice‐packed foraging grounds in Baffin Bay. These first measurements of narwhal exercise physiology reveal extreme specialization of skeletal muscles for moving in a challenging ecological niche. This study also demonstrates the power of using basic physiological attributes to predict species vulnerabilities to environmental perturbation before critical population disturbance occurs.     

斑节对虾精子发生的超微结构

斑节对虾精子发生划分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子五个阶段。精子发生中，从精原细胞到精子，染色质经历了从以异染色质为主变为高度凝聚态，再经解聚为弥散絮状的变化过程。同时，核从具有完整核膜变为核膜不完整。成熟的的精子含有核仁。顶体由高尔基囊泡逐渐演化而成，并向外伸长成为棘突。这是斑节对虾精子发生的主要特征。     

A SUMMARY OF THE TAXA IN THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES,CANADA AND GREENLAND

A tabular summary, by family, of the 56,431 computerized names of those native and naturalized plant taxa included in the “Synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada and Greenland” (including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) indicates a flora of 21,588 species in 2,921 genera in 254 families. There are also 740 named hybrids and, under current concepts, 2,491 subspecies and 8,008 varieties in our flora. There are 20,429 pertinent or “manual level” synonyms, with the number of synonyms exceeding the number of accepted names in many families (especially those families of high agricultural, horticultural or other economic importance).     

THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN THE ECOLOGY OF THE RINGED SEAL IN BARROW STRAIT, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA

Predation on ringed seals ( Phoca hispida ) was examined in Barrow Strait between March and May 1984 to 1986. Polar bears were the most important predator. Evidence of bear predation was observed at 18–30% of the ringed seal subnivean structures we located. Ten to 24% of predation attempts were successful, with pups making up 75% to 100% of the seals killed. Bears killed an average of 0.08 to 0.51 seals/km², which comprised 8 to 44% of the estimated annual pup production. Bears were successful on average in 11.3% of their attempts to kill pups hidden inside birth lairs. On southeast Baffin Island where snow was soft and pups were exposed, bears were successful in 33.5% of their attempts to kill a seal. Negative correlations were found between mean snow depth and predation by polar bears ( r = -0.896, P = 0.04, n = 5) in 1985, and between snow depth and the number of predation attempts ( r = -0.613, P = 0.02, n = 14) in 1986.     

REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE CUTTLEFISH, SEPIA OFFICINALIS (L.) IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE BAY OF BISCAY

The sexual cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, fromthe northern part of the Bay of Biscay was followed over severalyears (1988 to 1990 and 1992 to 1993). Successive maturity stagesare reached at the same time regardless of site in the northernpart of the Bay. In this area, the majority of cuttlefish reproduceduring their second year of life (group II) whereas the remainderreproduce in their first year (group I). The first visible signsof sexual development concern the testis in males and the genitaltract in females. Males mature earlier than females: the firstspermatophores appear in July (group II) and October (groupI) while mature eggs appear from December (group II) and March(group I). The breeding season lasts from about mid-March tolate June (3.5 months). (Received 2 February 1996; accepted 30 May 1996)     

斑节对虾血淋巴中诺氟沙星含量测定及药代动力学

采用Agilent 110 0液相色谱仪测定斑节对虾血淋巴中诺氟沙星含量 ,并初步研究了斑节对虾一次性肌肉注射诺氟沙星的药代动力学 ,斑节对虾血淋巴药 时曲线可以用开放性二室模型来描述。由此推算诺氟沙星的药动学参数 ,分布和消除半衰期分别为 0 .0 6 35和 0 .6 12h ;曲线下面积 (AUC)、总体消除率 (CLs)和表观分布容积 (Vd)分别为 12 .42 5ug·h/mL、80 4.83mL/kg·h和 710 .35mL/kg。     

DIVING BEHAVIOR OF THE PACIFIC HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDII) IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA

Physical environment and physiological characteristics of marine mammals potentially affect the duration and depth of diving. Härkönen (1987b) proposed a hypothesis that the harbor seal would gain maximum energy by foraging at intermediate depths. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied diving behavior of the Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina ricbardii) during 1995 through 1997 in Monterey Bay, California. Dive depths (n = 13,063 dives) were recorded via time‐depth recorders. Approximately 80% of recorded dives were classified as square dives (type I), which typically were associated with foraging in pinnipeds. Approximately 11% of dives were V dives (type II; 1,402 dives), and the remainder (1,225 dives) were skewed dives (type III and IV). The deepest recorded dive was 481 m, while the greatest duration was 35.25 min. Body mass explained the variability of durations of long dives for females (95th percentile; D₉₅♂=‐5.47 + 0.18 × (mass♀), r²= 0.91, 95% CI for slope = [0.08, 0.28], n= 5) and for males (D₉₅♂=‐5.86 + 0.18 × (mass♀), r²= 0.83, 95% CI for slope = [0.12, 0.24], n= 11). The large proportion of variability in deep dives, however, was explained by body mass only for males (95th percentile; Z₉₅♂=‐363.9 + 6.05 × (mass♀), r²= 0.83, 95% CI for slope = [3.93, 8.17], n= 11) and not for females (Z₉₅,♂=?148.1 +3.11 × (mass♀), r²= 0.58, 95% CI for slope = [‐1.7, 7.9], n= 5, 95% CI for slope= [?1.7, 7.9]). Median depths of presumed foraging dives of harbor seals in the Monterey Bay area were between 5 and 100 m, which were within the range of the previously reported depths for other areas (< 100 m). Our findings generally supported Härkönen's hypothesis that harbor seals forage in the intermediate depth in their environment.     

四川盆地西北缘林麝种群密度及保护与利用

1986年10月-1987年5月在四川盆地西北缘,利用粪堆计数法,对保护区和非保护区的4种不同生境及不同海拔区间林麝种群密度进行了调查研究。得到保护地区原生林、次生乔木林、次生灌木林、人工林4种生境中林麝种群密度(M±SE)分别为3.94±1.57、1.55±0.23、0.61±0.22、0.00头/平方公里,其中最佳生境林麝密度为9.88头/平方公里;非保护地区次生乔木林中林麝种群密度(M±SE)为0.15±0.09头/平方公里,非常显著地低于保护地区次生乔木林(P<0.005),此区已丧失了利用价值。按年平均增长率49.80%计算,在无任何人为猎取的情况下,要恢复到1.5-2.5头/平方公里(正常栖息密度),约需6-7年。而后,可按每年自然繁殖总量的60%或总数量的20%猎取。同时得到决定林麝水平分布的关键因子是植被类型、乔灌木密度及基底硬度;决定林麝垂直分布的主要因子是植被垂直分布和人为干扰程度。     

黔西北地区农田鼠类群落结构的研究

本文根据黔西北地区农田鼠类的种类组成和数量,将该地区农田鼠类划分为如下４个鼠类群落：Ａ．高山姬鼠＋社鼠群落,Ｂ．黑线姬鼠＋锡金小家鼠＋高山姬鼠群落,Ｃ．黑线姬鼠＋大足鼠＋锡金小家鼠群落和Ｄ．黑线姬鼠＋小家鼠群落。在群落Ｂ中多样性指数（１．４３３）和均匀性指数（０．６８９）最高,最低是群落Ａ,分别为０．８８９和０．４５７;最高的优势度指数（０．５０５）是群落Ａ,而群落Ｂ是０．３０３为最低;群落Ｂ和群落Ｃ之间的相似性指数（０．７５０）最高,群落Ａ和群落Ｄ之间是０．０７５为最低。     

滇西北马先蒿属传粉生物学的初步研究

对云南西北部的中甸和德钦高山地区４种马先蒿属（ＰｅｄｉｃｕｌａｒｉｓＬ．）植物的传粉生物学进行了观察。晚夏开花的马先蒿与传粉熊蜂（ＢｏｍｂｕｓＬａｔｒ．）的出现在物候上有一定的相关性。其中短管、无喙、无蜜腺的肉根马先蒿（Ｐ．ｒｏｙｌｅｉＭａｘｉｍ．）和茨口马先蒿（Ｐ．ｔｓｅｋｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＢｏｎａｔｉ）是由熊蜂工蜂震动花粉、背触式传粉,这与其花冠类型的较原始性有关;长管、具喙、无蜜腺的斑唇马先蒿（Ｐ．ｌｏｎｇｉｆｌｏｒａｖａｒ．ｔｕｂｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ（Ｋｌｏｔｚ．）Ｔｓｏｏｎｇ）和云南长管马先蒿（Ｐ．ｓｉｐｈｏｎａｎｔｈａＤｏｎ．ｖａｒ．ｄｅｌａｖａｙｉ（Ｆｒａｎｃｈ．）Ｔｓｏｏｎｇ）通过熊蜂工蜂震动花粉、腹触式传粉。长管类马先蒿在植株相对矮小的情况下,通过较长的花冠管具喙向外伸出以实现授粉,这可能是与其传粉熊蜂协同进化的结果。     

广西防城港湾表层沉积硅藻分布特征

本文对广西防城港湾23个表层沉积物样品中硅藻进行分析,鉴定出硅藻170种,分属50属。其中Thalassionema nitzschioides是本区域内最为丰富的硅藻种类。分析结果表明,防城港湾表层沉积硅藻分布主要受到海水盐度的影响,其中Cyclotella striata,C.stylorum,T.nitzschioides,T.frauenfeldii可以作为高盐度海水环境的指示种,Cocconeis disculus多出现于陆上淡水与外洋海水交汇的半咸水海域,而Achnanthes levanderi,Navicula minima,N.minuscula则可以很好地指示低盐度环境。     

渤海湾岛屿的丛枝菌根真菌*

从渤海湾岛屿上的天然植被根围土壤中分离到丛枝菌根真菌7属35种, 其中无柄囊霉属Acaulospora5种,原囊霉属Archaespora1种,内养囊霉属 Entrophospora 1种,球囊霉属Glomus属18种,巨孢囊霉属 Gigaspora3种, 类球囊霉属Paraglomus属1种,盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora6种。群生盾巨孢囊霉Scutellospora gregaria和易误巨孢囊霉Gigaspora decipiens为我国的新记录种。标本保藏于莱阳农学院菌根生物技术实验室。     

柴达木盆地新生界生物地层年代研究

柴达木盆地新生代地层广泛分布,富含油气资源。长期以来,各组时代归属存在较大争议。本文以介形类、孢粉和轮藻微体化石为基础,重新探讨了柴达木盆地新生界各组的地质年代归属:路乐河组为古新世—始新世中期;下干柴沟组沉积时代主体为始新世中晚期,渐新世早期也有部分沉积;上干柴沟组为渐新世早期—中新世早期;下油砂山组为中新世早—中期;上油砂山组为中新世中—晚期;狮子沟组为中新世晚期—上新世晚期;七个泉组为更新世早—中期。柴达木盆地新生界各组地质年代的确定对盆地内油气勘探工作具有重要意义。