Gross and net primary production in the Scotia-Weddell Sea sector of the Southern Ocean during spring 1988

Summary Daily rates of gross and net primary production were calculated in the Scotia-Weddell Sea sector of the Southern Ocean during spring 1988 (EPOS, Leg 2) on the basis of kinetic experiments, which combine radiotracer technology and classic biochemical procedures, and by taking into account the light regime, the physical structure of the water column, the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a, and the protozoan grazing pressure. From these calculations, three distinct sub-areas were identified: the Closed Pack Ice Zone (CPIZ), characterized by the lowest average gross primary production (0.36 gC · m^–2 · day^–1); the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) with a maximum mean value of 1.76 gC · m^–2 · day^–1; and the Open Ocean Zone off the ice edge (OOZ) with an intermediate mean value of 0.87 gC · m^–2 · day^–1. Net primary production fluctuated nearly in the same proportions, averaging 0.55, 0.2 and 1.13 gC · m^–2 · day^–1 in the OOZ, CPIZ and MIZ respectively, representing 53% of the total photo-assimilated carbon under heavy ice cover (CPIZ) and 64% in the two other areas. Available light, strongly dependent on the ice cover, was shown to control the level of primary production in the sea ice associated sub-areas, whilst protozoa grazing on phytoplankton determined the moderate primary production level characteristic of the well illuminated OOZ area.Data presented here were collected during the European Polarstern Study (EPOS) sponsored by the European Science Foundation     

Elemental composition of suspended matter in the Scotia-Weddell Confluence area during spring and summer 1988 (EPOS leg 2)

Summary During austral spring and summer 1988 the upper 500 m of water column in the Scotia-Weddell Confluence was sampled for the elemental composition of total suspended matter. For particulate organic carbon surface water concentrations ranged between 2.5 and 15 mol/l, with an estimated 19 to 47% of this pool being detrital carbon. In late November, the highest surface water particulate organic carbon concentrations (15 mol/l) occurred in the Confluence area where they coincided with a maximum in particulate Si (1.7 mol/l). Later in the season particulate Si in the Confluence area decreased to 0.3 mol/l. In the Scotia Sea on the contrary, surface water particulate Si increased with time and reached 3 mol/l in late December. For particulate Ca and Sr in surface water, strong gradients are observed across the Scotia Front (e.g. Ca: from 230 to 10 nmol/l; Sr: from 1.0 to 0.1 nmol/l), with highest concentrations in the Scotia Sea. In general, these distributions are confirmed by the observations on plankton species composition, done by other participants. In the Scotia Sea heavily calcified coccolithophorids and diatoms occurred throughout the season, while in the Confluence area heavily calcified coccolithophorids were absent and a switch-over from diatom to naked flagellate dominance was observed following a krill event. In the surface waters, the lithogenic Si fraction represents on average only 4% of the total particulate Si content. However, this fraction reaches 60% below 100 m depth in the Confluence area, due mainly to the presence of a sub-surface maximum in the aluminosilicate load (particulate Al content up to 30 pmol/l), probably reflecting advection of resuspended shelf sediments. Subsurface Ba/barite concentrations are highest in the Scotia Sea (280 pmol/l) and decrease through the Scotia Front to reach values of 100 pmol/l and less in the Confluence area, the marginal ice zone and the closed pack ice zone.Data presented here were collected during the European Polarstern Study (EPOS) sponsored by the European Science Foundation     

Biogenic particles and nano/picoplankton in water masses over the Scotia-Weddell Sea Confluence,Antarctica

Summary We studied the particle composition in the ocean surface layer (20–100 m), in terms of non-living versus living particles (< 20 m), along a transect over the Scotia Sea/Weddell Sea transition. The data are related to characteristics of the phytoplankton community and used in a Principal Component Analysis to differentiate between water masses. There was a striking change in particle community characteristics from Scotia Sea to Weddell Sea waters, especially clear at shallow depths (20 m). Total particle concentration decreased greatly moving south over the Confluence but the proportion of living particles increased enormously. This paralleled a change in the composition of the phytoplankton community, from a bloom to a regenerating system, with a striking reduction in the prominence of non-living particles. Densities of auto- and heterotrophic nanoflagellates and bacteria reached maximal values towards the southern end of the transect (8.0 × 10³cm^–3,4.6 × 10³cm^–3,1.0 × 10⁶cm^–3). The PCA based on particle characteristics and chlorophyll a, POC and PON values, distinguished Scotia from Weddell Sea waters and separated shallow from deeper stations.Data presented here were collected during the European Polarstern Study (EPOS) sponsored by the European Science Foundation     

Abundance, encystment and sedimentation of acantharia during autumn 1990 in the East Greenland Sea

The abundance and sedimentation of acantharia and their cystswas recorded in the water column and sediment traps in the EastGreenland Sea in August-September 1990. Although acanthariaconstituted <1% of total suspended particulate organic carbon(POC) in the water column, up to 90% (average 55%) of the POCsedimenting in 100 m was present in the form of acanthariancysts during a 9 day drift experiment. Rapid dissolution ofstrontium sulphate, of which their shells and spines are constructed,was evidenced by their disappearance with depth in the watercolumn, maximum dissolution occurring between 500 and 1000 mwater depth. Mass encystment and sedimentation of this singlegroup of sarcodine protozoa can have dramatic effects on, themeasurement of particulate fluxes in the open ocean, and maybe a recurrent phenomenon in the eastern North Atlantic.     

Copepod feeding study in the upper layer of the tropical South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is the world’s largest marginal sea being notable for vertical mixing at various scales resulting in a sequence of chemical and biological dynamics in surface waters. We investigated the ingestion, gut content, evacuation and clearance rates of copepods collected from six stations (including a South East Asia Time Series station) along a transect line in the tropical of a SCS cruise during September 27, 1999 to October 2, 1999. The goal of the present study was to understand the feeding ecology of copepods in the upper water layers (0–5 m) of the northern SCS during autumn. We measured the gut pigment contents of 33 copepod species by the gut fluorescence method. The gut chlorophyll a values of most small size copepods (<1 mm) were lower than 1.00 ng Chl a individual⁻¹. The highest gut pigment content was recorded in Scolecithrix danae (7.07 ng Chl a individual⁻¹). The gut pigment contents of 33 copepod species (including 70 samples and 1,290 individuals) estimated is negatively correlated with seawater temperature (Pearson correlation r = −0.292, P = 0.014) and is positively correlated with the chlorophyll a concentration of ambient waters (Pearson correlation r = 0.243, P = 0.043). Mean gut pigment content, ingestion and clearance rates (from 80 samples and 1,468 individuals) show that larger copepods (>2 mm) had significantly higher values than medium sized copepods (1–2 mm) and smaller sized copepods. The present study shows that the performance of feeding on phytoplankton was variable in different sized copepod groups, suggesting that copepods obtained in the tropical area of the southeastern Taiwan Strait might be opportunistic feeders.     

Blood sedimentation rate patterns in the Netherlands during the period 1955–1965

During the period from 1955 to 1966 blood sedimentation rate (Westergren method) patterns of a group of healthy male donors at the blood bank in Leiden, The Netherlands, were studied and correlated with meteorological factors. Values of 1–2 mm/1st hr were most frequent; the percentage of donors with these values varied considerably between donor days. If strong atmospheric cooling preceded the donor day the percentage of donors with 1–2 mm/1st hr was high and if atmospheric warming preceded the donor day it was low. The highest percentage of donors with these low BSR values was observed in winter and the lowest in summer. The greatest difference between average winter and summer values was 23% in 1958.The yearly average percentage of 1 to 2 mm/1st hr was 29.9% in 1955; it increased to 59% in 1958, decreased to 30.7% in 1960, increased again to 39.3% in 1963 and decreased gradually to 22.9% in 1966.

---

Zusammenfassung Während einer Periode von 1955–1966 wurden die Werte der Blutsenkungsreaktion nach Westergren in einer Population von gesunden,männlichen Blutspendern der Blutbank in Leiden, Holland,untersucht und mit Wetteränderungen korreliert. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung zeigte,dass die meisten Werte 1–2 mm/1.Std. betrugen. Der Prozentsatz der 1–2 mm Werte schwankte erheblich von einem Spendertag zum anderen. Wenn am Vortag eine starke atmosphärische Abkühlung bestand,war der Prozentsatz hoch und umgekehrt bei atmosphärischer Erwärmung am Vortag war der Prozentsatz niedrig. Der grösste Prozentsatz von 1–22 mm/1.Std. Werten wurde im Winter gefunden,der niedrigste im Sommer. Der grösste Unterschied zwischen Winter und Sommer Durchschnittswerten betrug 23% im Jahre 1958. Der mittlere jährliche Prozentsatz der 1–2 mm/1.Std. Werte war 1955 29.9%, stieg 1958 auf 59%, fiel 1960 auf 30.7%, stieg bis 1963 wieder an auf 39.3% und fiel bis 1966 auf 22.9%.

---

Resume Durant 11 ans (de 1955 à 1966), on a établi la vitesse de sédimentation du sang selon la méthode de Westergren et on l'a mise en regard des éléments météorologiques. Le sang examiné provenait de donneurs masculins, sains alimentant la banque du sang de Leiden (Hollande). Des valeurs de l à 22 mm/h furent les plus fréquentes. Le taux de donneurs présentant ces valeurs varie considérablement d'un jour à l'autre. Si le jour précédant celui de la prise de sang était caractérisé par un fort refroidissement atmosphérique, le taux de donneurs présentant une vitesse de sédimentation de l à 2 mm/h était élevé. Au contraire, si l'on constatait un réchauffement atmosphérique la veille des prises de sang, on pouvait noter un taux faible. Le plus fort pourcentage de donneurs présentant des vitesses de sédimentation aussi faibles s'est rencontré en hiver et le pourcentage le plus bas en été.La plus grande différence entre les moyennes d'hiver et d'été a été enregistrée en 1958 et s'élève à 23%. La moyenne annuelle du taux des donneurs présentant des vitesses de sédimentation de l à 2 mm/h fut de 29,9% en 1955. Elle s'est élevée à 59,0% en 1958. Elle s'abaisse à 30,7% en 1960, pour remonter à 39,3% en 1963 et redescendre graduellement à 22,9% en 1966.

     

Organic carbon and mineral nutrient limitation of oxygen consumption, bacterial growth and efficiency in the Norwegian Sea

To evaluate the role of bacteria in the transformation of organic matter in subarctic waters, we investigated the effect of mineral nutrients (ammonia and phosphate) and organic carbon (glucose) enrichment on heterotrophic bacterial processes and community structure. Eight experiments were done in the Norwegian Sea during May and June 2008. The growth-limiting factor (carbon or mineral nutrient) for heterotrophic bacteria was inferred from the combination of nutrient additions that stimulated highest bacterial oxygen consumption, biomass, production, growth rate and bacterial efficiency. We conclude that heterotrophic bacteria were limited by organic carbon and co-limited by mineral nutrients during the prevailing early nano-phytoplankton (1–10 μm) bloom conditions. High nucleic acid (HNA) bacteria became dominant (>80%) only when labile carbon and mineral nutrient sources were available. Changes in bacterial community structure were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA genes. The bacterial community structure changed during incubation time, but neither carbon nor mineral nutrient amendment induced changes at the end of the experiments. The lack of labile organic carbon and the availability of mineral nutrients are key factors controlling bacterial activity and the role of the microbial food web in carbon sequestration.     

Changes in the Aral Sea ecosystems during the period 1960–1990

Salt and water balance in the Aral Sea are described together with the endemic fauna and flora which were mainly of freshwater origin. During the last thirty years the fauna and flora have undergone dramatic changes due partly to a great increase in salinity as the result of water abstraction from the inflowing rivers and partly as the result of the deliberate and accidental introduction of a wide variety of marine invertebrates and fishes. The increased salinity has eliminated most the species of freshwater origin while many of endemic saline species have been lost as the result of competition with the marine ones. Changes in productivity are described and future prospects for the sea are discussed.     

永春县柑橘林生态系统的碳储量及其动态变化

通过野外实地调查对永春县天马山柑橘林生态系统碳储量及分布特点进行研究。结果表明:柑橘的树高和基径的相关系数为0.8933。柑橘各器官生物量回归模型显示,柑橘各器官的生物量与其树高和基径的相关性较好,其中树干、树叶、果实器官的相关系数均大于0.90。柑橘林生态系统有机碳密度为222.796t.hm-2,其中土壤(0-100cm)碳密度为200.214t.hm-2,占总有机碳密度的89.864%,果树碳密度为22.582t.hm-2,占10.136%。1952-2007年,永春县柑橘林生态系统碳储量从445.592t增加到2.205×106t,表现为碳汇。     

春季赤潮频发期东海微型浮游动物摄食研究

2002年4～5月在东海长江口及其邻近水域的8、11、14、23和28号5个典型站位采样。用现场稀释法对春季东海水域浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力等方面进行了研究．结果表明,微型浮游动物的摄食行为在东海赤潮过程起到关键作用．各站位微型浮游动物主要以急游虫、红色中缢虫和夜光藻为主,在种类上砂壳纤毛虫是主要的类群．微型浮游动物的摄食速率范围在0．28～1．13d-1,对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力范围在35．14％～811．69％。对浮游植物潜在初级生产力的摄食压力范围在74．04％～203．25％,对浮游植物碳的摄食率范围在9．58～97．91μg·L-1·d-1,靠近岸边的站位,微型浮游动物的摄食速率、对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力和对浮游植物碳的摄食率相对较高。而远离岸边的站位对浮游植物潜在初级生产力的摄食压力却较高．与世界其它海区比较此水域微型浮游动物摄食压力处于较高水平．急游虫是控制东海主要赤潮原因生物具齿原甲藻生长的关键种类．     

Phytoplankton distribution in relation to sea ice,hydrography and nutrients in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during EPOS

Summary Phytoplankton biomass and distribution of major phytoplankton groups were investigated in relation to sea ice conditions, hydrography and nutrients along three north-south transects in the north western Weddell Sea in early spring 1988 during the EPOS Study (European Polarstern Study), Leg 1. Three different zones along the transects could be distinguished: 1) the Open Water Zone (OWZ) from 58° to 60°S with high chlorophyll a concentrations up to 3.5 g l^–1; 2) the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) from 60° to about 62.5° with chlorophyll a concentrations between 0.1 and 0.3 g l^–1, and 3) the closed pack-ice zone (CPI) from 62.5° to 63.2°S with chlorophyll a concentrations below 0.1 gl^–1. Nutrient concentrations increased towards the south showing winter values under the closed pack-ice. Centric diatoms such as Thalassiosira gravida and Chaetoceros neglectum forming large colonies dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in terms of biomass in open water together with large, long chain forming, pennate diatoms, whereas small pennate diatoms such as Nitzschia spp., and nanoflagellates prevailed in ice covered areas. Fairly low concentrations of phytoplankton cells were encountered at the southernmost stations and many empty diatom frustules were found in the samples. The enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the Weddell-Scotia-Confluence area is achieved through sea ice melting in the frontal zone of two different water masses, the Weddell and the Scotia Sea surface waters.Data presented here were collected during the European Polarstern Study (EPOS) sponsored by the European Science Foundation     

东海春季水华期浮游植物生长与微型浮游动物摄食

2005年4～6月在东海有害水华频发区14个站位采样,通过现场稀释法实验对春季东海水域浮游植物比生长率和微型浮游动物比摄食率进行了研究.结果表明东海有害水华频发区浮游植物群落以甲藻为优势.浮游植物比生长率在水华爆发前相对较低,平均为1.18 d~(-1);进入水华期后比生长率明显升高,但在水华站位随现存量增加而降低;非水华区比生长率近岸高、远岸低.微型浮游动物主要以急游虫和桡足类幼体为主,而种类上以砂壳纤毛虫居多.微型浮游动物比摄食率在水华爆发前波动较大,介于0.53～1.73 d~(-1),平均为0.90 d~(-1);在水华区比摄食率较为稳定,浮游植物比生长率的降低导致群落净生长率持续下降;在非水华区,比摄食率整体较高,近岸低而远岸高.微型浮游动物的摄食对浮游植物群落的生长有一定的控制作用,但在水华爆发后这种控制作用将减弱.     

Temporal and regional variation in the copepod community in the central Barents Sea during spring and early summer 1988 and 1989

In this study, we examined a 3000 km² area to the southeastof Bear Island in the central Barents Sea with respect to copepodabundance and depth distribution at nine stations in March,April and May of 1988 and 1989. In order to describe the populationdynamics of the most prominent species in the area during theperiod of study, the annual ascent and abundance of Calanusfinmarchicus, Metridia longa and Calanus glacialis are shown.Stage abundance, vertical distribution and cohort developmentdid vary between species and years at one site. The number ofspecies and the complexity of the data for the entire area studiedhave encouraged us to search for more significant and persistentpatterns by using a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Weincluded a total of 27 species and stage categories, latitude,salinity and sigma from the nine stations in 1989 We performedthis analysis for 1989. since we only have environmental data(CTD) available from the same stations in that year The species-environmentrelationship showed that the zooplankton community could notbe grouped according to area (latitude) or environmental (sigma,salinity) conditions during March–May in 1989. This meansthat the differences in environmental conditions in the areaof study in 1989 do not mediate any consistent gradient in thezooplankton community. When comparing the copepod data for bothyears. the largest differences are associated with the depthand month vectors. The largest interannual variation is seenin the copepod community in the depth strata from 100 to 400m. and is related to a lesser degree of similarity among thespecies and stages found in this depth interval throughout thestudy. Two species were particularly responsible for the interannualdifferences: Pseudocalanus acuspes CV and females, and C glacialisCV and adults. Changes in these two species are clearly relatedto major shifts in the hydrographic conditions between the 2years, where 1988 was generally colder compared to 1989.     

Studies on carbon flow in Crassulacean acid metabolism during the initial light period

In the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants Kalanchoë tubiflora and Sedum morganianum a shift in the pathways occurs by which external CO₂ enters the metabolism during the initial light period (phase II of the diurnal CAM cycle). At the beginning of phase II, CO₂ is fixed mainly by the C₄ pathway; during late phase II, however, it is fixed mainly via the C₃ pathway. The C₃ pathway contributes to the phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase-mediated CO₂ fixation by the provision of three-carbon skeletons. Since the shift in the carbon-flow pathway is delayed after a CO₂-free night when malic-acid accumulation in the vacuoles is prevented, it is very likely that the amount of malic acid in the vacuole is integrated in the mechanism which controls CAM during the initial light period. A light-on signal at the beginning of phase II is not required to bring about the shifts in the carbon-flow pathways, as is shown by the reaction of plants to a prolonged dark period. A model of carbon flow during phase II is proposed.Abbreviations CAM Crassulacean acid metabolism - PEP-Case phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase     

Trophic structure in open waters of the marginal ice zone in the Scotia-Weddell confluence region during spring (1983)

The structure of the food web was investigated in open waters adjacent to the marginal ice zone in the southern Scotia Sea in spring 1983. Diets were defined for dominant zooplankton, micronekton, and flying seabird species and then aggregated by cluster analysis into feeding groups. Most zooplankton were omnivorous, feeding on phytoplankton, protozoans, and in some cases, small metazoans (copepods). Only two species were found to be exclusively herbivorous:Calanoides acutus andRhincalanus gigas. Micronekton were carnivores with copepods being the dominant prey in all their diets. The midwater fishElectrona antarctica was the dominant food item in seven of the nine seabird species examined. Cephalopods, midwater decapod shrimps and carrion were also important in the diets of a few seabird species. Comparison (cluster analysis) of diets in spring with other seasons (winter, fall) indicated that over half the species examined (18 of 31) had similar diets in all seasons tested. The significant intraspecific shifts in diet that did occur were attributable to regional, seasonal, and interannual effects. A scheme is presented that describes the major energetic pathways through the open water ecosystem from phytoplankton to apex predators. At the base are phytoplankton and protozoans which are the principal food resource for the biomass copepods and krill. Krill and the biomass copepods are the principal forage of the midwater fishElectrona antarctica which, in turn, is the central diet component of flying seabirds as well as important food for the Antarctic fur seal and cephalopods. Krill are a major diet element for the fur seal and cephalopods, and the principal food of the minke whale.     

鸟类的求偶行为及其生物学意义

鸟类的繁殖具有明显的季节性。每当进入繁殖季节以后 ,随着鸟类性腺的发育 ,会出现一系列的繁殖活动。其中第一步常常是通过求偶行为而形成一定的配偶关系。求偶行为是鸟类通过婉转鸣唱 ,展示华丽多彩的婚羽或色彩斑斓的冠囊、角、裙等附属物 ,进行婚飞、戏飞或其它行为姿态吸引异性的一种活动。1　求偶行为的主动性雌鸟和雄鸟由谁先出现求偶行为呢 ?谁在求偶行为中表现主动呢 ?这是由鸟类的外貌决定的。我们知道 ,多数鸟类的雌雄鸟外貌之间存在着明显的差别。一般雄鸟具有色彩艳丽的羽毛或“婚装” ,而雌鸟的羽色较为平淡。所以 ,大多数鸟…     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间可溶性碳动力学研究

2005年2月23日—4月28日,对三峡水库香溪河库湾内一样点进行每天采样,监测水体中叶绿素a与可溶性碳(DOC)浓度的变化,研究在春季水华暴发期间DOC的动力学特性。监测结果表明,随着时间的推移,叶绿素a有逐渐升高的趋势。其间共暴发了两次水华,其中第一次历时较短,第二次历时较长。DOC的变化趋势与叶绿素a基本吻合。整个暴发过程中的叶绿素a与DOC的回归分析表明,二者具有较好的相关性(R2=0.62),但第一次暴发过程中的相关性很高(R2=0.72),而第二次暴发过程中的相关性较低(R2=0.30)。根据天然水体中DOC来源的主要途径,推测在第一次暴发过程中DOC的来源主要是水体中藻类的光合作用的代谢产物,而第二次暴发过程中DOC的来源主要是水体中藻类死亡腐烂而产生的有机物质。     

亚热带河口养殖塘沉积物有机碳矿化及其影响因子

亚热带河口的养殖塘是温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的重要排放源,但其沉积物有机碳矿化动力学特征目前尚未厘清.以我国东南沿海亚热带闽江、木兰溪以及九龙江河口区的6个凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖塘为研究对象,对沉积物取样,并进行为期60 d的室内厌氧培养,对养殖塘沉积物CO2累积产量曲线利用一阶动力学模型...