环境胁迫对库拉索芦荟叶片超微结构影响研究

对1年生库拉索芦荟分别用盐(1.8%的NaCl)、低温(10℃)、干旱[25%(w/v)的聚乙二醇-6000]3种胁迫条件处理7d后,对其叶肉细胞超微结构进行观察.结果发现:3种胁迫处理均可使库拉索芦荟细胞膜系统、叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等结构受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体周围出现许多小泡,导致细胞内膜系统紊乱,细胞器结构稳定性降低;盐胁迫下高尔基体在细胞质中解体;盐和低温胁迫下均可见线粒体膜与叶绿体膜发生融合、线粒体嵌在叶绿体当中的现象.另外,本研究发现,盐胁迫、低温胁迫比干旱胁迫对库拉索芦荟细胞膜的损伤更严重,而水分胁迫对其的伤害程度较小,表明库拉索芦荟的抗旱性较其抗盐性更强.     

盐胁迫对库拉索芦荟叶片中NADP-苹果酸酶基因的诱导表达

为弄清景天酸代谢植物 库拉索芦荟中NADP 苹果酸酶 (NADP ME)基因的表达与其耐盐间的关系 ,根据已知NADP 苹果酸酶序列设计引物 ,从库拉索芦荟的 2个月幼苗中扩增克隆了NADP 苹果酸酶 4 96bp的cDNA片段 ,并对其进行了序列测定 ;选用敏感品种皂质芦荟和耐盐品种库拉索芦荟做材料 ,分别检测高盐胁迫条件下NADP ME的表达和NADP ME的活性。结果表明 ,两者在不同品种的芦荟中均被诱导 ,但诱导的强度与芦荟的耐盐程度相关。Northern杂交分析表明 ,高盐、干旱、外源ABA均能强烈诱导苹果酸酶的表达 ,但寒冷对其影响不大 ,这与库拉索芦荟的生物学特性相符合 ;此外 ,为了检测库拉索芦荟中NADP 苹果酸酶受盐诱导情况 ,利用Western印迹对样品进行了分析 ,结果显示高盐条件不仅明显诱导NADP ME的合成 ,而且随着处理时间的延长其合成量也在增多。     

盐胁迫下植物细胞离子稳态重建机制

土壤盐渍化是困扰世界粮食产量的一大难题。在盐胁迫环境中,植物获得耐盐能力的一个重要策略是建立新的离子稳态(ionic homeostasis)。盐胁迫下植物细胞离子稳态依赖于膜转运蛋白(泵、载体和离子通道)。利用蛋白质的生化功能分析和突变体功能互补等方法,目前已克隆和鉴定了许多参与离子稳态重建的膜转运蛋白。综述了盐胁迫下植物细胞离子稳态重建的最新研究进展。     

等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗生长和离子分布的效应

 研究了等渗透势（-0.44、-0.88 MPa）NaCl和PEG 6000处理对六叶龄芦荟(Aloe vera)幼苗叶片生长速率、干物质积累、电解质渗漏和离子吸收、分配的效应。结果表明: -0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理10 d均明显抑制芦荟幼苗叶片伸长生长,植株干物质积累速率显著降低, 叶片含水量降低,叶片细胞电解质渗漏率上升。NaCl对芦荟幼苗生长的抑制作用显著大于PEG处理的。不同器官离子含量、根系和叶片横切面X-射线微区分析结果表明, NaCl胁迫导致芦荟体内Na+、Cl－含量显著上升,根中增幅明显高于叶片,其中Cl－尤为显著。NaCl胁迫严重抑制芦荟对K+ 和Ca2+ 的吸收及其向叶片的运输,根、叶K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+ 比率显著下降,而PEG胁迫对离子平衡的干扰较轻,是芦荟对水分胁迫的适应能力高于盐胁迫的主要原因之一。但芦荟对 -0.44～-0.88 MPa NaCl胁迫仍有一定的适应能力,主要原因是：1) 根系对离子的选择性吸收和运输较强,并随着盐胁迫强度增加其选择性增强; 2) 芦荟叶片中的盐分在贮水组织中显著积累,明显高于其它组织细胞。同时,芦荟是CAM（景天酸代谢）途径植物,蒸腾极小,盐分随蒸腾流进入地上部的机会小。     

褪黑素对盐胁迫下香椿幼苗生长及离子吸收和光合作用的影响

以香椿幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究不同浓度褪黑素(0、50、100、200和400μmol/L)对盐(150 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下香椿幼苗生长指标、矿质元素离子(Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)等光合作用指标的影响,以探究外源物质褪黑素对盐胁迫下香椿幼苗生长和生理的调控作用。结果表明:(1)在盐胁迫条件下,香椿幼苗的生长受到显著抑制,叶绿素含量和P_n显著降低,叶片和根系中Na~+含量比对照(CK)显著增加,而K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)含量以及离子含量的比值(K~+/Na~+、Mg~(2+)/Na~+和Ca~(2+)/Na~+)则明显下降,且丙二醛含量显著增加。(2)施加适宜浓度褪黑素能显著促进盐胁迫下香椿植株生长,降低其叶片和根系中Na~+含量,提高其K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量和离子含量比值以及叶片P_n、T_r、水分利用效率(WUE)和G_s和C_i,但却降低了气孔限制值(L_s)。(3)适宜浓度褪黑素使盐胁迫下香椿植株叶片的丙二醛积累明显下降,叶绿素含量显著上升。研究发现,外施适宜浓度的褪黑素能降低盐胁迫下香椿幼苗叶片和根系内Na~+浓度,增加K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)浓度,调控植物体内细胞的离子平衡状态,增强对营养元素的吸收,提高光合作用效率,从而提高香椿幼苗对盐胁迫的抗性,并以100μmol/L褪黑素处理的效果最佳。     

盐胁迫下Ca^2＋对小麦根无机离子分布和膜脂脂肪酸的影响

用扫描电镜、Ｘ－射线能谱仪和等离子耦合吸收光谱分析发现,培养在含ＮａＣｌ培养液中,小麦根吸收大量Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾－,Ｋ＾＋和Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收降低、质膜相对透性提高,Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾－的相对外渗百分率增加,培养在补充ＣａＣｌ２含ＮａＣｌ培养液的,Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾－含量明显减低,Ｋ＾＋和Ｃａ＾２＋提高,质膜相对透性下降,Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾－相对外渗百分率减少。由气相色谱分析可知,用含Ｎａ     

磷对海水胁迫下芦荟幼苗离子分布的影响

研究了磷对海水胁迫下库拉索芦荟(A loe vera)幼苗干物质积累、植株含水量、在器官和组织水平上离子分布的影响。增磷显著缓解海水胁迫对芦荟生长的抑制,明显提高海水胁迫下芦荟幼苗的干物质积累和含水量。器官离子含量和X射线微区分析结果都表明,30%浓度海水胁迫下,外源磷水平的提高能显著降低芦荟幼苗根系N a 、C l-的吸收,增强K 、C a2 向地上部的运输和分配,从而维持叶片较高的K /N a 、C a2 /N a 比率,而这很可能是增磷提高芦荟对海水胁迫抗性的主要原因之一。     

盐胁迫下杨树根际系统盐分离子分布特性

在温室条件下,采用盆栽根箱培养的方法研究盐胁迫下I 69杨(PopulusdeltoidesBartr.cv.'Lux')和NL 1381杨〔PopulusdeltoidesBartr.cv.'Lux'×P.euramericana(Dode)GeninierCL'I 45 51'〕根际、非根际土壤盐分分布特征。盐处理浓度共设3个水平:CK(NaCl0g kg)、处理A(NaCl1g kg)和处理B(NaCl2g kg),采用完全随机设计。结果表明,2个杨树无性系根际水溶性K+亏缺,水溶性Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+富集。K+的亏缺率及Na+的富集率随NaCl处理浓度的增大而减小,Ca2+和Mg2+的富集率在非盐渍条件下最低,处理A达最高,处理B较处理A略有下降。在盐胁迫下,无性系NL 1381杨根际土壤Na+的浓度和电导率均低于无性系I 69杨,可以有效减轻盐分对根系的渗透胁迫,相对而言具有较强的抗盐性。     

硅对盐胁迫下枣树组织培养苗细胞壁形成和相关酶活性的影响

盐胁迫（75mmol·L^-1 NaCl）下,枣树微茎段外植体成活率、生根率及枣苗的侧根条数和长度、苗高、单株重量均较对照显著减小;盐胁迫下加硅（Si）（0．75mmol·L^-1 KSiO3）,枣苗的前述指标与对照无显著性差异。盐胁迫下,枣组织培养生根苗细胞壁提取率显著下降,细胞壁中蛋白和低分子量果胶含量显著降低,EDTAU溶性果胶和碱溶性果胶含量显著提高,半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;盐胁迫下加Si,枣苗细胞壁提取率显著提高,细胞壁主要戍分的含量水平与对照相近。与盐胁迫下相比,盐胁迫下加Si,虽然枣苗果胶甲酯酶（PME）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性升高未达显著性差异水平,但纤维素酶（Cx）活性显著降低,3种水解酶活性的比值均显著增大,细胞壁共价结合态H^＋-ATP酶活性显著升高。结果说明,提高培养基可溶性Si水平,可显著改善受盐胁迫枣苗细胞壁水解酶的活性平衡、组分含量的均衡及细胞壁内外溶质的适应性分配,从而为枣苗较好生长奠定了基础。     

盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬体内无机离子含量分布特点的研究

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa)植株后,测定并比较老叶、幼叶及根部的无机离子含量和对K的选择性,叶片及根部的Na^ 、Cl^-含量随盐度的增加而升高,且累积趋势相似,盐胁迫下根部Na^ 、Cl^-及总离子含量（K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ,NO3^-,Cl^-)明显低于叶片,说明盐地碱蓬地盐胁迫下,以叶片优先积累大量离子（如Na^ ,Cl^-) 为其适应特征。NaCl处理下,叶片的K^ ,Ca^2 含量低于对照,但随盐度的增加保持相对稳定,而根部K^ 含量,K/Na比、对K的选择性则高于叶片,这对盐胁迫下地上部的K^ 亏缺有一定补偿作用。低盐度处理（100mmol/LNaCl)促进NO3^-的吸收,另外随盐度的增加,叶片渗透势下降,渗透调节能力增强,幼叶渗透势低于老叶,但渗透调节能力相同。     

库拉索芦荟幼苗对海水胁迫的响应

采用砂培试验,研究库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera）幼苗对海水胁迫的响应特征。结果表明：（1）30％海水处理20d,库拉索芦荟幼苗的干重与对照无显著差异,而30％海水处理库拉索芦荟的根干重明显高于10％海水及淡水处理;（2）海水胁迫下,库拉索芦荟幼苗中离子区域化明显：从地下部和地上部来看,Na^＋、Cl^＋明显在芦荟根部积累,海水比例越高,根部Na^＋、Cl^＋含量越大,而K^＋却相反;海水胁迫下芦荟地上部分功能叶片中Na^＋、Cl^＋含量最低,K^＋含量最高,而淡水处理从老叶到新叶,Na^＋、Cl^＋含量总是呈下降趋势,而K^＋正好相反;随海水胁迫在库拉索幼苗中Ca^2＋含量下降,而Mg^2＋含量七升;（3）随海水胁迫时间增加芦荟叶片质膜透性呈显著上升,MDA含量呈波动变化。     

外源氯对库拉索芦荟生长及品质的影响

通过4个水平的砂培试验研究了外源氯对库拉索芦荟(Aloe vera)生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)根系相对干质量的含水量、植株干质量、根冠比分别在施氯浓度≥25mmol·L-1、≥50mmol·L-1、≥100mmol·L-1时显著下降(P<0.05);(2)外源氯胁迫下,Cl-主要在芦荟根部积累,且外源氯浓度越高,根系Cl-含量越多而叶片的Cl-含量越少;(3)硝酸盐主要分布在根系和功能叶(5叶)上,施氯≤50mmol·L-1时叶片和根系的硝酸盐含量都显著低于对照;(4)随氯浓度水平的升高,蒽醌和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,游离氨基酸含量变化不大,芦荟甙含量在施氯≤50mmol·L时显著下降。     

Studies on Stem Tissue Culture and Organgenesis of Aloe vera

tem segments of Aloe vera were cultured on MS medium with different hormones and successfully regenerated into a large number of plantlets via callus-globoid-adventitious bud. In application of various cytokinins, the effect of zeatin on organgenesis was better than kinetm and the enhanced effect was apparent when NAA was combined with zeatin or kinetin on MS medium. The best results were obtained on the medium with zeatin 2ppm+NAA 0.5ppm. With scanning electron microscope and histocytological method the observation showed that the globoid which is a cell mass with hollow on the top originated from the surface of callus. After differentiation of scale primordium twice, the primordium of adventitious bud was formed between scale primordia. Finally, the adventitious bud was developed into plantlet. Therefore the globid can be considered as a proliferation unit producing adventitious bud.     

遮荫对库拉索芦荟蒽醌类物质的影响

采用高效液相色谱技术,研究了遮荫65%处理6个月对库拉索芦荟叶片中主要有效成分蒽醌类物质的影响,以探讨遮荫导致芦荟有效成分变化的原因.结果显示:(1)遮荫使芦荟叶中总蒽醌、芦荟素和芦荟大黄素含量分别比自然光下显著减少了39.22%、18.65%和40.96%.(2)遮荫处理下芦荟叶片中大部分物质含量较对照减少,且化学成分种类也明显减少,但在24、46 min两个时间遮荫处理出现的物质含量明显高于对照.(3)遮荫使芦荟叶中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量较自然光下分别显著减少33.33%和73.05%,MDA含量显著减少48.78%.研究表明,遮荫使芦荟叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量下降,致使同化产物合成效率降低,次生代谢物合成前体减少,最终影响总蒽醌、芦荟素和芦荟大黄素的合成和积累.     

First report of Phoma betae on Aloe vera in India

Leaf spot disease of A. vera was observed in nurseries of Gwalior city afterthe post-rainy season. As the disease progressed, the tip of the leaf shrank, then dried and eventually broke. The causal agent was identified as Phoma betae A.B. Frank. This is the first report of leaf spot disease on Aloe vera caused by P. betae in India.     

Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats

Wound healing is a fundamental response to tissue injury that results in restoration of tissue integrity. This end is achieved mainly by the synthesis of the connective tissue matrix. Collagen is the major protein of the extracellular matrix, and is the component which ultimately contributes to wound strength. In this work, we report the influence of Aloe vera on the collagen content and its characteristics in a healing wound. It was observed that Aloe vera increased the collagen content of the granulation tissue as well as its degree of crosslinking as seen by increased aldehyde content and decreased acid solubility. The type I/type III collagen ratio of treated groups were lower than that of the untreated controls, indicating enhanced levels of type III collagen. Wounds were treated either by topical application or oral administration of Aloe vera to rats and both treatments were found to result in similar effects.     

盐胁迫对药用蒲公英生长特性及有效成分积累与离子吸收分配效应的影响

以药用蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale)为试材,研究不同浓度盐胁迫对其生长特性、有效成分积累和离子吸收分配的影响。结果表明,低盐胁迫(0.1%NaCl)对药用蒲公英生长和菊苣酸含量无显著影响,叶中Na⁺含量与对照无显著差异,K⁺含量及K⁺/Na⁺显著升高;高盐胁迫(≥0.2%NaCl)下其生长受到显著抑制,菊苣酸含量显著降低,类囊体膜结构随着盐胁迫加剧趋于紊乱,光合能力减弱,叶片Na⁺含量显著上升,而K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量下降,K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺和Mg²⁺/Na⁺显著降低。离子运输选择性系数(S_Ca,Na、S_Mg,Na、S_K,Na)随着盐胁迫加剧呈先升后降趋势。相关性分析表明,盐胁迫下...     

库拉索芦荟的多倍体诱导及其变异初报

在组织培养条件下,对库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera L.)用秋水仙素进行染色体加倍的诱导处理,结果表明：用含0.06%秋水仙素处理12h后诱变频率可达50％,其效果最佳。经秋水仙素诱导的加倍群体与正常二倍体植株比较,植株的大多数叶片变厚,叶色变深,叶片变大,气孔增大而单位叶面积气孔数减少。对变异材料进行细胞学研究所发现,体细胞中期染色体为2n=4x=28,为4倍体。未加倍前的二倍体为2n=2x=14。检测中也发现有少数植株有2n=14和2n=28两种细胞型的情况。     

The Relation Between Activity of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase and Photosynthesis in Aloe vera Leaves

The chlorophyllous layer of leaf of a PEP-CK type CAM plant Aloe vera was stripped tiff from the colorIess water storage tissue and used to stuly the interrelation between the activity of decarboxylating enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and photosynthesis. Oxaloacetate, malate+ADP, and NaHCO3 were found to stimulate photosynthetic oxygen evolution. During the period from 6:00 to 18:00 of the day time, a diurnal fluctuation was observed in both PEPCK activity and the rate of oxygen evolution. The maximum of photosynthesis appeared at 10-12:00, but the maximum PEPCK activity appeared at 14:00. The PEPCK activity and photosynthetic rate in leaf discs increased with temperature from 10 to 35℃, then decreased at 45℃. Similar decline of both parameters was found in the leaf discs stressed by different concentration of PEG-6000 solution for 4.5 h. At light intensity of 900 mol m-2 s-1 and 25℃, the PEPCK activity and photosynthetic rate of leaf discs rised with the illumination time, then a slight inhibition followed at the time of 30 min (Pn) or 40 min (PEPCK). The strong response of PEPCK activity to high light intensity in leaf discs, and a progressive increase of PEPCK activity in direct illumination of crude enzyme extractm the range of 0-55 min, indicated that light s likely to be an activator for PEPCK. Leaf discs were infiltrated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea, DL-glyceraldehyde and 2,4-dimitrophenol resulted in the partial inhibition of light-ependent photosynthesis and decarboxylation of C4 acid. The activity of PEPCK was also stimulated by Mg2+ or Mg2++ATP infiltrated into the leaf discs in the dark. The evidence presented here suggested that PEPCK activity of CAM plants showed a close interrelation with photosynthesis. Both of them were regulated by the environmental changes. The activity of PEPCK might be coupled to electron trsnsport and photophosphorylatiou.