叶氏隆肛蛙(无尾目,蛙科)的补充描述

对采自河南省商城县隆肛蛙标本进行了形态学研究,发现该标本在形态上与巫山隆肛蛙及太行隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)taihangnicus存在明显差异,定为1新种,即叶氏隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)yei.文中对该种作了详细记述.     

Improved plant regeneration from wheat anther and barley microspore culture using phenylacetic acid (PAA)

Summary The effect of the auxin phenylacetic acid (PAA) on wheat anther and on barley anther/microspore culture was investigated. With PAA the induction response was not usually significantly different from controls but a significantly higher number of green plants were produced in wheat anther and barley microspore culture. For wheat anther culture 100 mg/L PAA was beneficial. For barley microspore culture the optimum levels were from 1 to 100 mg/L, depending on genotype. In barley anther culture there were no improvements using PAA. In wheat anther culture, 145 green plants/100 anthers were obtained with cultivar VeeryS, while the average response from twelve F₁ hybrids in the breeding program was 332 green plants/100 anthers. At least 1000 green plants were obtained using isolated microspores from 100 anthers in barley cv. Igri. With cv. Bruce, regeneration occurred only when 100 mg/L PAA was used. The influence of PAA appears at the embryogenic phase of the culture system. The possible mechanisms by which PAA may improve regeneration are discussed.     

太行隆肛蛙补充描述(无尾目,蛙科)

对采自我国河南济源市邵原镇太行山的隆肛蛙标本进行了形态学观察分析,发现该地标本在形态上与模式产地巫山隆肛蛙标本及其它种群存在明显差异,这表明太行山的隆肛蛙应是一独立种,即太行隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)taihangnicus.本文对该种进行了详细的记述,并依据遗传学资料做了相应的分类讨论.     

水稻穗顶部退化基因PAA2的精细定位

鉴定和克隆水稻穗顶部退化突变体新基因,对研究小穗顶部退化的分子机制及克服育种和生产实践中因穗顶部退化引起的产量损失具有重要的理论和现实意义。本研究报道了一个来源于中花11的穗顶部退化突变体,暂命名为Panicle Apical Abortion 2(paa2)。该突变体的穗顶部小穗发育异常、退化,后期退化部分脱落,稻穗形成秃尖,使穗粒数减少。遗传分析表明该突变体受1个显性基因控制。利用群体分离分析法(BSA,bulked segregation analysis)将PAA2基因定位在2号染色体的长臂端L2-33和L2-50之间,物理距离为80 kb的范围内。该研究结果为PAA2基因的图位克隆奠定了基础。     

西藏聂拉木地区波留宁棘蛙的记述

有关西藏聂拉木的亚东蛙Rana yadongensisWu的分类问题,曾在《西藏两栖爬行动物》(胡淑琴,1987)已有讨论,文中指出聂拉木的标本与亚东者有“变异”,并言:“Dubois(1979)根据地理分布将分布于亚东的亚东蛙作为布兰福棘蛙Rana(Paa) blanfordii Boulenger之异名;分布于聂拉木的标本可能属于波留宁棘蛙Rana(Paa)polunini Smith.”当时由于缺乏尼泊尔的标本对证,该书暂未采用Dubois上述意见.费梁等(1990)将亚东蛙改隶为亚东棘蛙Paa yadongensis.1994年11月和1996年4月我们与法国学者Dubois教授在互访成都和巴黎期间,先后两次共同核查了亚东、聂拉木和尼泊尔3地的标本.     

A possible role for phenyl acetic acid (PAA) on Alnus glutinosa nodulation by Frankia

Phenylacetic hopanetetrol is a Frankia specific lipid present in vesicles. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is known as an auxinomimetic, exhibiting the same effect on plant growth as indole acetic acid (IAA). We hypothesize that PAA, only bound by an ester link to the hopanetetrol basic unit, would be easily released and could thus play a role in nodule formation. HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to show that 2 Alnus- (ACoN24d and ACN14a) and 2 Elaeagnus-infective strains (EaI1 and EaI3) released PAA into the culture medium, at concentrations of about 10^–5 to 10^–6 M, whereas IAA was not detected. Furthermore, exogenous PAA added to axenically-grown Alnus glutinosa roots at a concentration of 5×10^–5 M, resulted in the formation of thick, short lateral roots which resembled actinorhizal nodules. phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone syntase (CHS) induction by incompatible and compatible Frankia strains in A. glutinosa roots and the different contents in salicylic acid precursors (cinnamic acid and benzoic acid) observed between nodules and roots support the idea that PAA would be produced in nodules to the detriment of salicylic acid production. These results provide evidence that in actinorhizal root nodules, phenylpropanoid metabolism may play a multiple role in symbiotic interactions including the limitation of the induction of the systematic acquired resistance (SAR) by the plant.     

Biochemical characterization of AtHMA6/PAA1, a chloroplast envelope Cu(I)-ATPase

Copper is an essential plant micronutrient playing key roles in cellular processes, among them photosynthesis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, copper delivery to chloroplasts, mainly studied by genetic approaches, is thought to involve two P(IB)-type ATPases: AtHMA1 and AtHMA6/PAA1. The lack of biochemical characterization of AtHMA1 and PAA1, and more generally of plant P(IB)-type ATPases, is due to the difficulty of getting high amounts of these membrane proteins in an active form, either from their native environment or after expression in heterologous systems. In this study, we report the first biochemical characterization of PAA1, a plant copper-transporting ATPase. PAA1 produced in Lactococcus lactis is active, forming an aspartyl phosphate intermediate in the presence of ATP and the adequate metal ion. PAA1 can also be phosphorylated using inorganic phosphate in the absence of transition metal. Both phosphorylation types allowed us to demonstrate that PAA1 is activated by monovalent copper ions (and to a lower extent by silver ions) with an apparent affinity in the micromolar range. In agreement with these biochemical data, we also demonstrate that when expressed in yeast, PAA1 induces increased sensitivities to copper and silver. These data provide the first enzymatic characterization of a P(IB-1)-type plant ATPase and clearly identify PAA1 as a high affinity Cu(I) transporter of the chloroplast envelope.     

西藏东南部棘蛙属一新种记述(两栖纲：蛙科)

对产于西藏东南部察隅和墨脱的察隅棘蛙通过形态特征和数值分类作了进一步比较研究,结果认为：产于察隅的察隅棘蛙是一个有效种,而产于墨脱的标本应为一个新种,即墨脱棘蛙Paa medogensis sp.nov.。     

Cu/PAA的制备及其抗菌性能研究

采用两步阳极氧化法制备出孔径为75nm的多孔阳极氧化铝(PAA75),并使用交流电沉积技术在PAA75孔道内装载纳米Cu。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)观察样品微观形貌,进一步采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对材料化学组成及晶型进行了表征和分析。选用大肠杆菌(E.coli ATCC 8099)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus ATCC6538)测试Cu/PAA的抗菌性能。研究结果表明,本方法制备的Cu/PAA中Cu主要以Cu0存在,并且Al和Cu所占原子比为17.77∶0.71。体外抗菌测试表明,Cu(10s)/PAA对E.coli的1d、2d和3d抑菌率分别为82%±11%、78%±7%和45%±4%,对S.aureus的1d、2d和3d抑菌率分别为89%±4%、75%±8%和56%±11%。     

Paa bourreti的有效性及其在中国的新纪录

用线粒体12S和16S基因序列对双团棘胸蛙Paa yunnanensis的8个种群和越南的Paa bourreti进行分子系统发育分析,结果表明,双团棘胸蛙景东种群与Paa bourreti聚为一支,而其他7个种群聚为一支;以上两支问的遗传分化水平已经达到种级.此外,形态比较结果表明景东地区标本与双团棘胸蛙形态特征不同而与P.bourreti基本一致.因此,支持P.bourreti为有效种,双团棘胸蛙景东种群应为P.bourreti,为中国新纪录;推测其在云南南部其他区域也有分布.根据云南景东的标本,本文对P.bourreti进行了形态补充描述.     

福建九龙棘蛙和小棘蛙的核型和Ag—NORs研究

福建两种棘蛙的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ观察结果如下：九龙棘蛙，２ｎ＝２６（２２Ｍ＋４ＳＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ，小棘蛙，２ｎ＝２６（２０Ｍ＋６ＳＭ），ＮＦ＝５２，５＋８模式，次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ在６ｐｉｎｔｅｒ。二者均未发现与性别分化相关的异形染色体。根据已知棘蛙属内的核型资料，对该属种间和居群间的核型演化机制进行了讨论。     

Ultrasensitive staining-free protein detection after PAA gel electrophoresis using deep UV fluorescence

We present the observation of separated protein bands after polyacrylamide (PAA) gel electrophoresis based on the staining-free detection of their ultra violet (UV)-induced fluorescence employing deep UV confocal fluorescence microscopy. Mixtures of the three biological compounds beta-Galactosidase (from Escherichia coli), apo-Transferrin (bovine) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been separated and a staining free detection limit below 80 pg (7.0 x 10(8) molecules) per band has been achieved. This corresponds to approximately 270 molecules in the detection volume for confocal microscopy.     

云南三种同域分布的棘蛙（蛙科Ranidae：无尾目Anura）的核型和银带研究

本文比较分析了云南景东地区三种同域分布棘蛙的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ。花棘蛙２ｎ＝２６（１６Ｍ＋ １０ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１ｐｉｎｔｅｒ,Ｎｏｓ．２－４,８,９等为ＳＭ。棘肛蛙２ｎ＝４０（１６Ｍ＋ ２０ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ＋２Ｔ）,ＮＦ＝７８,Ｎｏｓ．５－９,１１－１３,１５,１７等１０对为ＳＭ,Ｎｏ．３为ＳＴ,Ｎｏ．１８为Ｔ,其余 均为Ｍ,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ位于１１Ｐ。二种的Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ都有异形现象。双团棘胸蛙２ｎ＝６４Ｔ,次缢痕和Ａｇ－ ＮＯＲＳ在４ｑｐｅｒ。都未发现异形性染色体。最后,对棘蛙属的核型演化机制和物种形成方式作了讨论。     

PAA1, a P-type ATPase of Arabidopsis,functions in copper transport in chloroplasts

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element with important roles as a cofactor in many plant functions, including photosynthesis. However, free Cu ions can cause toxicity, necessitating precise Cu delivery systems. Relatively little is known about Cu transport in plant cells, and no components of the Cu transport machinery in chloroplasts have been identified previously. Cu transport into chloroplasts provides the cofactor for the stromal enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) and for the thylakoid lumen protein plastocyanin, which functions in photosynthetic electron transport from the cytochrome b(6)f complex to photosystem I. Here, we characterized six Arabidopsis mutants that are defective in the PAA1 gene, which encodes a member of the metal-transporting P-type ATPase family with a functional N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide. paa1 mutants exhibited a high-chlorophyll-fluorescence phenotype as a result of an impairment of photosynthetic electron transport that could be ascribed to decreased levels of holoplastocyanin. The paa1-1 mutant had a lower chloroplast Cu content, despite having wild-type levels in leaves. The electron transport defect of paa1 mutants was evident on medium containing <1 micro M Cu, but it was suppressed by the addition of 10 micro M Cu. Chloroplastic Cu/ZnSOD activity also was reduced in paa1 mutants, suggesting that PAA1 mediates Cu transfer across the plastid envelope. Thus, PAA1 is a critical component of a Cu transport system in chloroplasts responsible for cofactor delivery to plastocyanin and Cu/ZnSOD.     

Copper (II) and cobalt (II) complexes of chiral tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (TTF-OX) and tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyl-oxazoline (TTF-SMe-OX) derivatives

Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of the first paramagnetic transition metal complexes containing chiral ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (EDT-TTF-OX) 1a-c and ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyloxazoline 2 (EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX) ligands based on copper (II) and cobalt (II) are described. The racemic [EDT-TTF-OX][Cu(hfac)₂] complex 3a crystallizes in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group , whereas the enantiopure counterparts 3b-c crystallize in the triclinic non-centrosymmetric space group P1. Cu(II) adopts a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry, a much weaker Cu?S_TTF interaction also being identified. The same coordination pattern around Cu(II) is observed in the complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Cu(hfac)₂] (4) in spite of the bidentate nature of the redox active ligand. DFT theoretical calculations afforded two equilibrium configurations for a corresponding model complex, in which the metal centre establishes secondary coordination either with one S_TTF or with the SMe group. The same ligand coordinates the cobalt (II) to afford the octahedral complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Co(hfac)₂] (5). In all these novel complexes, the paramagnetic centres are structurally and magnetically isolated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show the stability of the radical cation species.     

Binding of tetrakis(pyrazoliumyl)porphyrin and its copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes to poly(dG-dC)2 and poly(dA-dT)2

Interactions of cationic porphyrins bearing five-membered rings at the meso position, meso-tetrakis(1,2-dimethylpyrazolium-4-yl)porphyrin (MPzP; M is H₂, Cu^II or Zn^II), with synthetic polynucleotides poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ have been characterized by viscometric, visible absorption, circular dichroisim and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopic and melting temperature measurements. Both H₂PzP and CuPzP are intercalated into poly(dG-dC)₂ and are outside-bound to the major groove of poly(dA-dT)₂, while ZnPzP is outside-bound to the minor groove of poly(dA-dT)₂ and surprisingly is intercalated into poly(dG-dC)₂. The binding constants of the porphyrin and poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ are on the order of 10⁶ M⁻¹ and are comparable to those of other cationic porphyrins so far reported. The process of the binding of the porphyrin to poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ is exothermic and enthalpically driven for H₂PzP, whereas it is endothermic and entropically driven for CuPzP and ZnPzP. These results have revealed that the kind of the central metal ion of metalloporphyrins influences the characteristics of the binding of the porphyrins to DNA.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.