SMV种传特性及其田间流行的种子传毒率预测

SMV感染供试品种种子传毒率最高为29.60％,最低1.04％。SMV弱毒株系的传毒率高于其强毒株系。大豆品种营养生长的V_4时期以前感染SMV种子传毒率最高,花期感染种传率显著下降。供试品种中,有初花期感病种子即不传毒;有盛花期感病仍有很低的种传率;亦有结荚初期感病还有很低种传率的品种。SMV流行的收获种子传毒率高低主要取决于大豆营养生长和花期田间病株率的高低。根据品种间早期感染SMV的最高种传率不同、花期感染种传率显著下降的特性,建立了SMV田间流行的种子传毒率预测模型。     

四棱豆不同节位各器官中SOD活性的测定

测定实验表明 :位于四棱豆植株中部节位叶片中的SOD活性高于植株下部和上部节位叶片中的SOD活性 ;而位于下部节位豆荚和种子中的SOD活性要高于位于上部节位豆荚和种子中的SOD活性 ,且随着结荚部位升高 ,SOD活性呈降低趋势。     

大豆植株不同冠层种子活力及其萌发中抗氧化酶活性

以吉农15号和吉农24号大豆(Glycine max)品种为材料,根据植株高度平均分为下部、中下部、中部、中上部和上部5个冠层,分析不同冠层种子百粒重、种子活力及萌发7天子叶中抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的变化。结果表明,随着植株冠层的升高,大豆百粒重呈先略上升后逐渐下降的趋势,上部冠层种子的百粒重最小。大豆植株下部与中下部冠层种子的发芽率和发芽势较高;并且该两层的种子活力指数显著高于中上部与上部冠层,种子萌发后幼苗的茎粗也显著大于中上部及上部冠层幼苗。下部与中下部冠层种子萌发时子叶中的抗氧化酶活性高于上部,而丙二醛含量低于上部,说明该两层的大豆种子活力高,萌发后幼苗健壮且子叶新陈代谢旺盛,是优选良种的最佳冠层。     

大豆体内大豆花叶病毒(SMV)浓度与种子传毒率的关系

用枯斑反应和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检查了感染SMV的六个大豆品种的叶、花、未成熟和成熟的去皮种子内的SMV浓度,并与种子传毒率做了相关分析。结果表明,不同品种间,叶片、未成熟种子内SMV浓度显著不同,(P<0.05),但与品种间在种子传毒率上的差异无相关性。不同品种间,花叶SMV浓度无明显差別。成熟的去皮种子内,群体病毒浓度与种子传毒率呈明显正相关,r=0.95(P<0.05)而与病种子群体内SMV浓度无关。因此认为,品种间在种子传毒率方面的差异不是由于其叶片、未成熟种子内病毒浓度不同所致,而是由于种胚和子叶在即将成熟或成熟时受SMV侵染率的高低所决定的。而后者可通过检查成熟的去皮种子群体内SMV浓度来估计。     

5种甘草属植物花序和种子生产的位置效应及繁殖资源分配模式初步研究

以种植于新疆石河子的光果甘草( Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)、胀果甘草( G. inflata Batal.)、乌拉尔甘草( G. uralensis Fisch.)、黄甘草( G. eurycarpa P. C. Li)和蜜腺甘草( G. glabra var. glandulosa X. Y. Li)为研究对象,对植株不同部位的花序数量、花序正常发育率、每花序单花数量和果穗干质量,以及植株不同部位和花序不同部位的生物量投入比、座果率、结籽率、种子投影面积和种子千粒质量进行测定;在此基础上,对供试5种甘草属( Glycyrrhiza Linn.)植物的繁殖资源分配模式和种子生产策略进行分析。结果表明：同一植株内,光果甘草、乌拉尔甘草、黄甘草和蜜腺甘草的花序数量、花序正常发育率、每花序单花数量和果穗干质量从植株下部到上部总体上依次递减,而胀果甘草植株不同部位间这4项指标总体上无显著差异。同一植株内,胀果甘草植株中部的生物量投入比和座果率均较高,但其生物量投入比、座果率和结籽率在植株不同部位间均无显著差异;而供试另4种植物的生物量投入比、座果率和结籽率从植株下部到上部总体上依次递减。同一花序内,胀果甘草花序中部的生物量投入比明显高于花序上部和下部,座果率从花序下部到上部依次递减,结籽率则在花序不同部位间无显著差异,而供试另4种植物的生物量投入比、座果率和结籽率从花序下部到上部总体上依次递减。供试5种植物的种子投影面积和种子千粒质量在植株不同部位间和花序不同部位间均无显著差异。综合研究结果显示：在资源竞争、结构效应和花粉限制的影响下,供试5种甘草属植物存在2种不同的资源分配模式和种子生产格局。其中,光果甘草、乌拉尔甘草、黄甘草和蜜腺甘草通过减少对晚发育的花或果实的资源投入来保障早发育的花或果实获得较多的资源,达到繁殖成功的目的;而胀果甘草则采取对花和果实随机败育的方式减小资源竞争的压力,这2种繁殖资源分配模式和种子生产策略对提高甘草属植物的繁殖成功率具有重要作用。     

斑纹芦荟若干生理生化参数分析

研究结果表明 ,不同产地的芦荟植株不同叶位、花器间生理生化量值变化与生境背景水平息息相关。总的变化趋向 :POD活性以野生植株 >棚栽植株 ,下部叶片高于上、中部叶片 2 5 .91%、2 7.42 %;糖类组分含量以总糖>多糖 >葡萄糖 >果糖 ;花器间 4种活性酶含量差异显著 (S .P <0 .0 5 ) ,AST >GPT >β HBDH >LDH H ;蛋白质电泳谱带是上部叶片比下部叶片的带多且色深 ,活性强。     

孕穗期玉米上端功能叶中不同部位的光合作用和水分状况

孕穗期玉米功能叶的气孔导性是叶上部>中部>下部。光合速率,照光后糖分的积累速度,PEPC酶活力和含氮量都是叶上部>下部。叶片含水量,叶ψ_ω,ψ_s和ψ_p则是叶下部>中部>上部,但叶上部也保持较高ψ_p。叶上部蒸腾速率较下部大,角质蒸腾则相反。引起上述差异的主要原因之一是叶片各部位所受光照强度不同。     

大豆花叶病毒(SMV)种子带毒的研究

[1] 种子带毒部位的测定,证实种子的胚部和子叶都带有病毒,种皮内基本上测不到病毒的存在。大豆花叶病毒是典型的种胚带毒类型。 [2] 在种子形成过程中,种子内的带毒率很高。种子成熟豆荚干枯后,种子的带毒率急剧下降。不同品种的种子带毒率下降幅度不同,造成品种间种子带毒率和传毒率的差别。种子在干燥贮藏过程中使种皮内的病毒钝化。贮藏时期中,种胚内的带毒率没有明显变化。 [3] 病株上有褐斑和无褐斑种子的带毒情况,虽然结果都是褐斑种子的带毒率和传毒率较高,但是褐斑粒也有不带毒和不传毒的。而无褐斑粒仍然有相当高的带毒率和传毒率。褐斑粒出现的多少还与不同品种和发病时期的环境因素都有关系。因此,褐斑不能作为种子带毒与否的唯一指标。 [4] 测定病株上的无绒毛豆荚种子的带毒率都略高于正常豆荚的种子,但是这种差别不明显。 [5] 枯斑寄主(菜豆Top-Crop)检测种子带毒率的方法与直接播种检查种子传毒率所得到的结果趋势一致。     

光照和温度对大百合种子萌发的影响

研究了不同光照和温度条件对大百合种子萌发的影响。结果表明:光照对大百合种子的萌发有明显促进作用,可提高种子萌发率。种子萌发率以24 h光照20℃恒温最佳。避光条件下温度对大百合种子萌发有影响,其种子萌发最适温度为20℃,11 d开始萌动,3周左右萌发完全,随着温度的升高或降低其种子萌发率下降。萌发前经不同预处理的大百合种子的萌发率不同。同一果实内中部种子萌发最好,上部种子次之,下部种子最差,上、中、下三部分种子萌发率与其千粒重呈正相关。     

乌拉尔甘草不同部位叶片气孔泌盐与光合气体交换特征

以野生乌拉尔甘草为研究对象,对其不同部位叶片(上部、中部及下部)的气孔泌盐状况、叶绿素含量、叶片解剖结构、净光合速率以及气孔导度进行比较分析。结果显示:(1)上部叶片气孔未见盐分积累,中部叶片气孔内有少量盐分分泌和累积,下部叶片气孔的泌盐量最大。(2)上部和中部叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于下部叶片。(3)上部叶片叶肉细胞排列最致密,中部叶片次之,下部叶片叶肉细胞排列疏松。(4)不同部位叶片的净光合速率和气孔导度也均存在显著差异,均表现为上部叶片净光合速率最高,中部叶片次之,下部叶片净光合速率最低。研究认为,野生乌拉尔甘草上部叶片的气孔在植物生长过程中主要进行光合气体交换,几乎不分泌盐;下部衰老叶片的光合能力最弱,其气孔主要负责将体内多余的盐分排出体外,以维持植株体内的离子平衡,保证乌拉尔甘草新陈代谢的正常进行;不同部位的叶片分工协作,在气孔的气体交换和泌盐这两种利益冲突的行为之间实现了巧妙的权衡,是乌拉尔甘草对高盐环境的一种适应策略。     

Effect of Plant Age on Resistance of Alfalfa to Meloidogyne hapla

Meloidogyne hapla-resistant plants grown from cuttings and inoculated with M. hapla larvae were free of galls. However, 35 to 48% of the seedling intercross progeny of resistant genotypes that were inoculated in the germinated seed stage were galled. There was an inverse relationship between the age of plants grown from seed and the percentage of plants galled by M. hapla; the older the plants at inoculation, the greater the percentage of gall-free plants. The per cent of galled plants was significantly reduced when galled roots were removed and plants reinoculated. Reproduction of M. hapla on galled progeny of resistant plants was significantly less than that on susceptible plants. There were no differences in nematode reproduction on galled progeny of resistant plants, regardless of age at time of inoculation. An in,ease in inoculum levels from 100 to 10,000 M. hapla larvae did not affect resistance or susceptility. There was a direct correlation between galling of inoculated seedlings of resistant progeny and temperature; inoculated 8-week-old cuttings of resistant plants were galled only at 32 C.     

Interactions between a seed-borne strain of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus and its lupin host

The relationship between time of inoculation with cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and the growth, seed production and rate of seed transmission of virus in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Illyarrie) was studied in field-grown plants. Plants inoculated at the seedling stage (2 days post-emergence) showed 45% mortality. Plants infected through the seed were more stunted than plants inoculated at the seedling stage. Plants inoculated up to the mid-vegetative growth stage (58 days post-emergence) yielded ≤ 27% of the dry matter and ≤ 9% of the seed of healthy plants. Late inoculation (114 days post-emergence) did not affect dry matter yield, but reduced seed yield to 75% of that of healthy plants. Rate of seed transmission depended on the time of inoculation of plants. The maximum rate was 24.5% for plants that were inoculated at the mid-vegetative growth stage (58 days post-emergence). However, early inoculation caused a large reduction in seed yield, and it was shown that plants inoculated at the beginning of flowering (94 days post-emergence) produced greater numbers of infected progeny than plants inoculated at earlier or later times. No relationship was observed between seed weight and transmission of CMV. Infectious CMV was recovered from the embryo, but not from the testa. A simple seed transmission model was used to evaluate several hypothetical epidemics and to determine the time of inoculation which results in greatest rates of seed transmission of CMV. For example, when fewer than 73% of plants in a crop become infected with CMV, then the rate of transmission of virus in crop seeds will be greatest when inoculations are at the beginning of flowering.     

Further studies on seed transmission of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik -Virus in field beans (Vicia faba)

Broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik-Virus (EAMV) were detected in the seed coat and embryo sac fluid of immature seeds from infected field beans (Viciafaba minor) by inoculation to Phaseolus vulgaris; BBSV was also detected in immature embryos. The proportion of seeds infected with either virus decreased during maturation. The viruses were transmitted to seedlings as often through fully ripened seeds from which the seed coats had been removed as through intact seeds. Both viruses were detected in pollen from infected plants, but in glasshouse tests only BBSV was transmitted through pollen to seeds. Delaying fertilization in plants infected with BBSV or EAMV seemed not to affect seed transmission of either virus. In glasshouse tests BBSV was transmitted more often through seeds from plants that were inoculated before flowering than during flowering, and was not transmitted through seeds from plants inoculated after flowering; EAMV was transmitted only through seeds from plants inoculated before flowering. In tests on seed from naturally infected plants BBSV was transmitted more often through seeds from plants that developed symptoms before flowering than during flowering. Both viruses were seed-borne in all cultivars tested and there was no marked difference in the frequency of transmission of either virus among the spring-sown cultivars most common in Britain. Both viruses persisted in seed for more than 4 yr.     

Effect of disabling bacteroid proline catabolism on the response of soybeans to repeated drought stress

The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of bacteroidproline catabolism as an adaptation to drought stress in soybeanplants. To accomplish this, soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.)were inoculated with either a parental strain of Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum which was able to catabolize proline, or a mutantstrain unable to catabolize proline. A large strain-dependentdifference in nodule number and size was observed. In orderto separate inoculant-dependent effects on nodulation from effectson bacteroid proline catabolism, plants inoculated with eachstrain were only compared to other plants inoculated with thesame strain, thus removing the observed inoculant-dependentdifferences in nodulation as a bar to interpretation of theresults. This experimental design allowed a comparison of thedrought penalty on yield for plants with parental bacteroidsand for plants with mutant bacteroids. The two results werethen compared to each other in order to evaluate the impactof the ability of bacteroids to catabolize proline on the responseto drought stress. When water stress was mild, soybean plants inoculated with bacteriaunable to catabolize proline suffered twice the percentage decreasein seed yield as did plants inoculated with bacteria able tocatabolize proline. However, when stress was severe there wasno significant effect of the ability of bacteroids to catabolizeproline on drought imposed decrease in seed yield. These resultssuggest that increasing the oxidative flux of proline in bacteroidsmight provide an agronomically significant yield advantage whenstress is modest, but that severe drought stress would probablyoverwhelm this yield benefit. Key words: N₂-fixation, proline dehydrogenase, drought stress     

Incidence, field spread, seed transmission and effects of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik-Virus in Vicia faba in eastern Scotland

In eastern Scotland seed-borne infection with broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and/or Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik-Virus (EAMV) was detected in five of 39 seed lots of field bean in 1975 and in four of 21 commercial crops of field bean or broad bean sampled in 1975 or 1976. Tests failed to detect the main weevil vector of these viruses, Apion vorax, in 1975 and 1976 but Sitona weevils were found in most crops and were numerous in many, reaching maximum numbers in August. No spread of BBSV and EAMV was detected in commercial crops containing seed-borne infection. In experimental field bean crops containing plants manually inoculated with virus, no virus spread was detected in 1975, and only 0–015% uninoculated plants became infected with EAMV in 1976. Sitona, therefore, was an inefficient vector. The percentage of virus infection in seed harvested from field bean plants manually inoculated 3, 5, 7 and 11 wk after emergence in the field was 1–5, 2–7, 0–4 and 0–06 for BBSV and 0–5, 2-1, 0–6 and 0 for EAMV respectively. Seed harvested from unrogued and rogued plots of field bean grown from seed containing 3–4% seed-borne infection produced 0–05% and no infected plants, respectively. Yield losses in field bean plants manually inoculated with virus before flowering were up to 20% but were much greater in plants infected through the seed. Loss in yield was largely caused by a decrease in number of seeds per pod. The absence of A. vorax, the late arrival of Sitona weevils in the crop and their inefficiency as vectors, and the smaller effects of BBSV and EAMV on crop yield than in southern England appear to make eastern Scotland very suitable for the production of bean seed free from BBSV and EAMV.     

Effect of sowing date on incidence of Sudanese broad bean mosaic virus in, and yield of, Viciafaba

Delaying the sowing of irrigated field beans in the Sudan after October greatly lowered the yield of seed, and increased both infestation by aphids and the incidence of Sudanese broad bean mosaic virus (SBBMV). Yield per plant was positively correlated with number of pods, but negatively with percentage infection with SBBMV. In greenhouse conditions, SBBMV was readily acquired from diseased plants and inoculated to healthy plants in 5 min feeding periods by both Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon sesbaniae.     

紫花苜蓿种子对逆境贮藏条件的反应

以陇东紫花苜蓿 (MedicagosativaL .cv .“Longdong”)种子为材料 ,在室温、35℃和 35℃ +10 %的种子含水量 (SMC) 3种贮藏、接种或不接种燕麦镰刀菌 (Fusariumavenaceum (Fr.)Sacc .)的条件下 ,1年贮藏期内对各逆境处理的种子每隔 6 0d进行 1次标准发芽试验 ,2 0℃恒温、第 10d统计种子的发芽率和死亡率 ,试验结束时计测种子幼苗的长度和感病率 ;在大田条件下观测各处理种子的出苗率 ,确定催腐 (CD)与各种贮藏条件下的苜蓿种带真菌种类和检出率 .结果表明 ,随着贮藏温度和种子含水量等逆境贮藏条件胁迫的加剧 ,苜蓿种带真菌检出率逐渐增高 ,从室温、35℃条件下的 10 %上升到CD +35℃ +10 %SMC条件下的 2 9% ;抗病性逐渐减弱 ,35℃ +10 %SMC条件下幼苗的感病率和种子死亡率显著 (P <0 .0 5 )高于室温和 35℃下的感病率和种子死亡率 ;室内种子发芽率和田间出苗率逐渐下降 ,35℃ +10 %SMC条件下的种子的发芽率和田间出苗率显著 (P <0 .0 5 )低于在室温和 35℃下的发芽率和田间出苗率 ;幼苗生长受到抑制 ,35℃ +10 %SMC条件下的苗长和根长显著 (P <0 .0 5 )低于在室温和 35℃下的幼苗长度 .随着贮藏时间的延长 ,种子真菌检出率和田间出苗率下降 ,幼苗感病率增加 .与未接种的对照相比 ,接种燕麦镰刀菌的种子     

Effects of ascochyta blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes Berk. & Blox.) on biomass production, seed number and seed weight of dried-pea (Pisum sativum L.) as affected by plant growth stage and disease intensity

The effects of ascochyta blight due to Mycosphaerella pinodes on biomass production, seed number and seed weight according to physiological stage and disease intensity were examined. Pea plants were grown in a glasshouse and inoculated with various concentrations of conidia before flowering, at flowering of the second fructifer node (FLO2), at the start of seed filling of the first fructifer node (FSSA1) or the second fructifer node (FSSA2). Uninoculated plants were used as controls. Whatever the stage of inoculation (FLO2 or FSSA2), the disease reduced plant growth and the decrease depended on disease intensity on foliar organs. The seed number was reduced for plants inoculated before flowering, at FLO2 and at FSSA1 and the reduction was linked to disease intensity on foliar organs. At each node, seed number was reduced if the disease occurred before FSSA of the node. The mean seed weight per plant was decreased in plants inoculated at FSSA1 and FSSA2 and the higher the disease intensity on aerials organs, the greater was the reduction of the seed weight. For individual nodes, only inoculations after the beginning of seed filling had a negative effect on mean seed weight at harvest. We found that the decrease of seed number induced by the disease was proportional to aerial biomass production before the end of the period of seed production.     

The effect of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (blackleg) on potato plants. II. Compensatory growth

In field experiments in 1981 and 1982, uninoculated seed tubers (cv. Désirée) and those inoculated with Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica at the rose (apical) or heel (stolon attachment) ends were planted at normal (35 cm) or double spacing; in additional plots, inoculated and uninoculated tubers were planted alternately. Inoculation, especially at the rose end, decreased plant height and sometimes resulted in blackleg symptoms. Individual plant yields were recorded at the end of the season. In plots of uniform seed type at normal spacing, inoculation decreased total yield compared with uninoculated by 12–13% (heel-end inoculation) or 26–40% (rose-end inoculation). At double spacing, yields increased compared with normal spacing by 44–58% (uninoculated or heel-end inoculation) or 30–39% (rose-end inoculation). When rose-end-inoculated and uninoculated seed tubers were planted alternately, inoculated plants yielded less and uninoculated plants more than in plots planted throughout with the same seed treatment. The abilities of inoculated and uninoculated plants to compensate for weak or missing neighbours were combined using equations to predict the yields of crops with different proportions of diseased or missing plants.