Effects of dietary soybean meal and photoperiod cycle on osmoregulation following seawater exposure in Atlantic salmon smolts

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar juveniles were fed either fishmeal-based diets (FM) or diets in which soybean meal (SBM) partly replaced the FM from first feeding on. The fish were kept at continuous daylight during the juvenile stage. During the last 3 weeks before reaching 100 g body mass, all fish were subjected to 12L:12D. Starting at 100 g body mass, groups of 60 fish from each feeding background were subjected to continuous light for 12 weeks (short winter), or a square-wave photoperiod cycle to stimulate parr to smolt transformation with 8L:16D during the first 6 weeks, and then continuous light during the last 6 weeks (long winter). After the 12 weeks, 20 fish from each treatment were subjected to 0, 24 or 96 h seawater exposure at a water salinity of 34. Hypo-osmoregulatory ability at seawater exposure was assessed by mortality, intestinal pathology, plasma ion concentrations and osmolality, gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and element concentrations in the cytoplasm of distal intestinal enterocytes using X-ray microanalysis. The hypo-osmoregulatory capacity was higher in fish kept at short winter than at long winter, apparently due to more rapid development of gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. Fish fed SBM suffered typical soybean meal-induced histological alterations of the distal intestine and apparent reductions in digestive function in the more proximal gastrointestinal regions. The net osmoregulatory capacity of these fish was maintained, as indicated by higher gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and lower plasma Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and osmolality compared to the FM-fed fish. Thus, feeding SBM did not impair the hypo-osmoregulatory ability of the Atlantic salmon following seawater exposure.     

水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆幼鱼消化率的影响

设计5组等氮等脂等能的饲料, 在室内流水系统进行68d的养殖实验, 探讨高植物蛋白饲料中添加不同分子量水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus L.（16.050.03） g幼鱼消化能力的影响。分别在高植物蛋白饲料中添加5.4%超滤水解鱼蛋白（UF）、5.5%未经超滤水解鱼蛋白（FPH）、5.5%超滤截留水解鱼蛋白（RF）, 其均占饲料蛋白的10%, 以及不添加水解蛋白（PP）, 以上各组鱼粉含量均为18%, 对照组（FM）鱼粉含量为67.5%。研究结果表明, FM组的大菱鲆特定生长率与UF、FPH及PP组无显著差异（P0.05）; 饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率在FM组与UF组无显著差异（P0.05）, 但显著高于FPH、RF及PP组（P0.05）; 饲料干物质和蛋白质消化率在UF、FPH及RF组显著高于PP组（P0.05）, 但显著低于FM组（P0.05）, 在UF组显著高于FPH和RF组（P0.05）; 不同处理对饲料氨基酸和牛磺酸的消化率均产生显著影响（P0.05）, 趋势为FM组最高, 其次为UF组, PP组最低; 半胱氨酸和牛磺酸的消化率在添加水解鱼蛋白的3组（UF、FPH和RF组）和不添加水解鱼蛋白的2组（FM和PP组）呈相反的趋势。上述结果表明, 在高植物蛋白饲料中添加低分子量水解鱼蛋白（UF）, 大菱鲆幼鱼的生长和饲料利用有升高的趋势, 但UF、FPH以及RF都显著提高了大菱鲆对饲料干物质、蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率, 且UF效果优于FPH和RF。此外, 添加不同分子量水解鱼蛋白都降低了牛磺酸的消化率。       

Larval rearing of fringe-lipped carp,Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) with low cost diets including green bottle fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) larvae meal incorporated diet

A study was conducted with non-conventional ingredients to test their efficacy as fishmeal (FM) replacers in the diet of fringe- lipped carp. Labeo fimbriatus first feeding larvae and fry were reared for 30 and 60 days in indoor, 50 L, aerated, circular plastic tanks at 100 and 30 numbers tank⁻¹, respectively. In the first feeding larvae to fry rearing experiment (Exp. 1), the fish were fed with either of the following isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets – live plankton, FM diet, green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata) larvae meal (GBFLM) diet and silkworm pupa (SWP) diet. The fry to fingerling rearing (Exp. 2), was also conducted using the same diets described above except live plankton. All compounded diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein for the experiment 1 and 35% for experiment 2 and were fed ad libitum. Triplicate tanks were maintained for each treatment in both the experiments. In Exp. 1, the mean final weight of fry was higher with plankton and FM diets, while no difference (p > .05) was observed between FM and GBFLM diets. Weight of fish fed SWP diets was not statistically different from those fed GBFLM diet. No difference (p > .05) in final length, survival and condition factor was recorded. Analysis of digestive enzyme activity of whole fish revealed lower (p < .05) activity of amylase in fish fed plankton. In Exp. 2, no difference (p > .05) was observed between the different diet groups in terms of mean final weight, length, survival and condition factor. Analysis of digestive enzyme activity of whole fish revealed no difference (p > .05) in the activity of digestive enzymes between the treatments except a lower (p < .05) activity of trypsin in FM diet and lipase in FM and GBFLM diets. Since the survival and condition factors of animals is the most important aspect during nursery rearing, similar (p > .05) values recorded in different treatments indicate the possibility of incorporation of these non-conventional protein sources in the diet of L. fimbriatus during first feeding larvae to fry and fry to fingerling rearing.     

Utilization of several plant proteins by gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Six isonitrogenous (gross protein content 35%) and isoenergetic (gross energy content 17 kJ g⁻¹) diets were formulated to investigate the effects of inclusion of plant proteins on the gibel carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio L.). The plant proteins tested were: soybean cake (SBC), potato protein concentrate (PPC), peanut cake (PNC), cottonseed cake (CSC) and rapeseed cake (RSC). Fish meal (FM) was used as control. In each diet, 27% of the protein was supplied by fish meal, and the rest supplied by the plant protein tested. Each diet was fed to three groups of gibel carp for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Specific growth rate (SGR) in fish fed the control diet was significantly higher than those in the other groups, and SGR in fish fed the PPC was significantly lower than in fish fed other plant proteins. There was no significant difference in SGR among the other groups. Feeding rates were ranked in the order: RSC > CSC > FM > PNC > SBC > PPC. Conversion efficiency was highest in groups fed FM, SBC and PNC, followed by groups fed CSC and RSC, and was lowest in the group fed PPC. The fish fed PPC showed lower protein retention than those fed FM and SBC. FM showed highest energy retention while PPC showed lowest. There was no significant relationship between SGR and intake of digestible protein (g g⁻¹ day⁻¹), digestible lysine (g g⁻¹ day⁻¹), digestible methionine (g g⁻¹ day⁻¹) or digestible total essential amino acids (g g⁻¹ day⁻¹), suggesting that the differences in SGR could not alone account for any of these variables.     

饲料中添加水解鱼蛋白对半滑舌鳎稚鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

试验研究了饲料中添加不同水平(0%、20%、40%和60%)的水解鱼蛋白(Fish potein hdrolysate,FPH)对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)稚鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响。28d饲养实验结束后,对试验鱼生长指标、鱼体消化酶活性、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及肠道发育情况进行分析。结果显示:实验鱼的存活率为64.44%—78.88%,其中20%与40%添加组存活率显著高于其他两组(P0.05);实验鱼的特定生长率(SGR)随饲料中FPH添加水平升高呈下降趋势,20%添加组特定生长率最高,显著高于其他3组(P0.05),且60%添加组与对照组(FM)之间无显著差异(P0.05);各试验组鱼体消化酶(脂肪酶、淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶)的比活力在14d与28d时的强弱关系不一致。鱼体碱性磷酸酶比活力大小依次为:20%组40%组对照组60%组,各组间差异均显著(P0.05);半滑舌鳎肠道微绒毛长度和黏膜厚度均以20%添加组为最优,显著优于其他3组(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在实验条件下,饲料中FPH的添加水平为20%时,能提高半滑舌鳎稚鱼的存活率及生长性能,并增强其对营养物质的吸收能力。     

A combination of corn gluten and soybean meal as a substitute for fishmeal in diets of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, 1758) in brackish water

This study was conducted to test the replacement of fishmeal (FM) with a combination of corn gluten meal (CGM)‐soybean meal (SBM) (at a ratio of 58 : 42, respectively) fortified with lysine, taurine and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) diets. FM as the main protein source in the control diet (FM100) was replaced in 15% decrements while increasing the combination of replacement material: 85% FM (FM85), 70% FM (FM70), 55% FM (FM55) and 40% FM (FM40). The diets were fed to triplicate groups (n = 25 per group) for 9 weeks (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity of 18.59 ± 0.06°C, 7.32 ± 0.02 mg L^?1, 7.73 ± 0.01 and 8.46 ± 0.04 g L^?1, respectively). Initial weight of fish was 286.1 ± 0.1 g. At the end of the experiment, growth, feed and nutrient utilization performance of fish fed FM85 and FM70 were similar to FM100, but a further increase in plant protein led to a significant reduction of these parameters. Whole body, fillet, viscera and liver nutrient compositions were not affected significantly; however, whole body lipid levels were significantly lower in fish on FM55 and FM40 than those on FM100. The fish in–fish out ratio in the diets decreased from 2.12 in FM100 to 1.00 in FM40. The results suggest that the FM level could be reduced by 30% with a combined use of CGM‐SBM supplemented with lysine, taurine and MCP.     

蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对杂交黄颡鱼生长性能、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

研究旨在评估蝇蛆粉(MGM)替代鱼粉(FM)对杂交黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)"黄优1号"幼鱼生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响。实验设计6组等氮(粗蛋白42%)饲料,分别使用蝇蛆粉替代0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,分别记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。将初始体重为(0.62±0.01) g的杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼随机分为6组,进行为期8周的投喂实验。实验结束时测定其生长性能、全鱼体组成和肝组织与血清中的抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT、GR和T-AOC)。结果显示:(1)与G0相比, G20与G40组杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼的特定生长率并未出现显著性差异(P>0.05), G60、G80与G100组的幼鱼的特定生长率表现出显著的负面影响(P<0.05)。与G0相比, G20与G40组的饲料系数并未出现显著性差异(P>0.05),G60、G80与G100的饲料系数显著性升高(P<0.05)。不同替代组杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼的存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)各替代组杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼的全鱼体组成与形体指标没有显著差...     

Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effect of partial or total dietary substitution of fishmeal (FM) by vegetal protein sources on growth and feed efficiency was carried out in on-growing gilthead sea bream (mean initial weight 131 g). The Control diet (FM 100) contained FM as the primary protein source, while in Diets FM 25 and FM 0 the FM protein was replaced at 75% and 100%, respectively, by a vegetable protein mixture consisting of wheat gluten, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and crystalline amino acids. Diets FM 25 and FM 0 also contained krill meal at 47 g/kg in order to improve palatability. At the end of the trial (after 158 d), fish survival was above 90%. Final weight and the specific growth rate were statistically lower in fish fed the Control diet (361 g and 0.64%/d), compared with 390–396 g and 0.69–0.70%/d after feeding vegetal diets. No significant differences were found regarding feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The digestibility of protein and amino acids (determined with chromium oxide as indicator) was similar in all diets. The blood parameters were not significantly affected by treatments. The activity of trypsin and pepsin was significantly reduced after feeding Diet FM 0. In the distal intestine, the villi length in fish fed Diet FM 25 was significantly longer and the intestine of the fish fed the FM 100 diet showed a smaller number of goblet cells. In conclusion, a total FM substitution by a vegetal mix supplemented with synthetic amino acids in on-growing sea bream is feasible.     

Digestive capacity, growth and social stress in newly-metamorphosed Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Hierarchies readily appear when rearing flounders through metamorphosis in space-limited conditions. In this experiment, subordinate fish were stressed, as suggested by their elevated cortisol level compared to dominant fish. Subordinate fish, although of smaller size than the dominant fish, showed no suppressed digestive capacity. By separating the two hierarchical groups into different tanks at low density, the cortisol level of the subordinate fish substantially decreased. The removal of the stressor also resulted in an increase in digestive function and improved coloration. Also, compensatory growth in length but not in weight was observed in the subordinate group, suggesting that the subordinate fish devoted their energy to increase their length. These results imply that the climax of flounder metamorphosis (i.e. the settlement stage) is a highly sensitive period, where social interactions may induce high levels of stress. However, Japanese flounder early juveniles prove to have a high recovery capacity from stress and show to allocate energy preferentially to growth in length. This seems to be an adaptation to diminish the probability of death by predation.     

大豆低聚糖对牙鲆营养效应的研究：Ⅱ 消化率和消化生理

本试验比较研究了不同蛋白源(鱼粉,FM;大豆分离蛋白,SPI)基础饲料中添加大豆低聚糖(SBOS)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)消化道(胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠和后肠)和肝脏消化酶活性、饲料表观消化率和消化道(胃、小肠)组织结构的影响。分别以FM、SPI作为主要蛋白源,配制了4种等氮等能饲料。其中,饲料FM、SPI分别以FM、SPI作为主要蛋白源;饲料FMO、SPIO分别在饲料FM、SPI基础上添加10%SBOS(水苏糖：2.61%;棉籽糖：0.61%)。试验表明：①饲料中添加SBOS普遍降低了牙鲆消化道和肝脏蛋白酶活性,但差异均不显著(p > 0.05)。FM基础饲料中添加SBOS显著降低了肝脏脂肪酶活性(p < 0.05),而对消化道脂肪酶活性无显著影响;SPI基础饲料中添加SBOS显著提高了前肠脂肪酶活性,降低了胃和中肠脂肪酶的活性,而对幽门盲囊、后肠和肝脏脂肪酶活性均无显著影响。FM基础饲料中添加SBOS显著降低了中肠淀粉酶活性,提高了胃淀粉酶活性(p < 0.05),而对幽门盲囊、前肠、后肠和肝脏淀粉酶活性无显著影响;SPI基础饲料中添加SBOS显著提高了胃和前肠淀粉酶活性,降低了中肠脂肪酶活性(p < 0.05),而对幽门盲囊、后肠和肝脏淀粉酶活性无显著影响;②FM基础饲料中添加SBOS显著降低了饲料干物质表观消化率(p < 0.05),而对粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量表观消化率均无显著影响(p > 0.05)。SPI基础饲料中添加SBOS对干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和能量表观消化率均无显著影响;③饲料中添加SBOS对牙鲆胃和小肠组织结构均无明显负面影响。试验结果表明,饲料中添加SBOS对牙鲆消化道和肝脏消化酶活性、饲料表观消化率和消化道组织结构均没有表现出明显的负面效应;大豆蛋白源中含有的SBOS不是影响牙鲆对其利用率差的主要因素。     

Effects of amino acid supplementation on the nutritive quality of fermented linseed meal protein in the diets for rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings

A feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks to examine the effects of partial substitution of fish meal (FM) protein (crude protein content: 58.5%) with linseed meal protein with and without supplemental amino acids in diets for rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings (mean weight: 1.50 ± 0.3 g). Prior to incorporation into the diets, linseed meal was fermented with lactic acid bacteria ( Lactobacillus acidophilus ) to reduce/eliminate the antinutritional tannin and phytic acid factors. Twelve experimental diets (diets D1–D12) were formulated to replace the FM protein from a reference diet (RD) with linseed meal protein at different levels (four sets of diets, of which each set of three diets contained 25%, 50% and 75% replacement of FM protein by linseed meal protein, respectively). Diets D1–D3 were not supplemented with any amino acid. Lysine was supplemented in diets D4–D6. Diets D7–D9 were supplemented with methionine + cystine (together), and diets D10–D12 contained lysine and methionine + cystine (together). Lysine and methionine + cystine (together) were added to the diets at 5.7% and 3.1% of dietary protein, respectively. The groups of fish fed diets without amino acid supplementation had significantly lower percentages of weight gain, specific growth rate and high feed : gain ratio than the fish groups fed other experimental diets. The addition of lysine and methionine + cystine to the diet in which 50% of the FM protein was replaced by linseed meal protein (diet D11) significantly improved fish performance. The results of the present study suggest that rohu fingerlings can effectively utilize the supplemented amino acids and that linseed meal protein can replace up to 50% of the FM protein in rohu diets if the linseed meal is properly processed (fermented) and supplemented with the lacking amino acids.     

Dietary protein hydrolysate and trypsin inhibitor effects on digestive capacities and performances during early-stages of spotted wolffish: suggested mechanisms

Growth rate is dependent upon adequate provision of amino acids especially in newly-hatched fish which experience very high growth rate. The replacement of a fraction of protein content by partially hydrolyzed (pre-digested) proteins was carried out and the digestive capacities and performances of larval/juvenile spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) were measured. The goal of this study was to verify whether the scope for growth is principally dictated by the proteolytic capacity of the digestive system by examining the effect of protein hydrolysates (PH) and trypsin inhibitor dietary inclusion on protein digestion/assimilation capacities, growth and survival. Four experimental diets were examined: C (control) I (supplemented with 750 mg/kg soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI)) H (supplemented with 20% PH) and HI (supplemented with 20% PH and 750 mg/kg SBTI). Protein hydrolysate supplementation gave significantly higher body mass than control at day 15 post-hatching. Unexpectedly, at day 30 and 60, fish administered diet HI (containing trypsin inhibitor) were heavier than the other groups. Suggested mechanisms are presented and discussed. The main conclusions of this study are that wolffish larval stage lasts roughly 15 days and that juvenile growth is linked to proteolytic capacity, but also very likely to absorption capacity of peptides and amino acids.     

The early ontogeny of digestive and metabolic enzyme activities in two commercial strains of arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)

The extent to which growth performance is linked to digestive or energetic capacities in the early life stages of a salmonid species was investigated. We compared two strains of Arctic charr known to have different growth potentials during their early development (Fraser and Yukon gold). Trypsin, lipase, and amylase activities of whole alevins were measured at regular intervals from hatching through 65 days of development. To assess catabolic ability, we also measured five enzymes representing the following metabolic pathways: amino acid oxidation (amino aspartate transferase), fatty acid oxidation (beta-hydroxy acyl CoA-dehydrogenase), tricarboxylic acid cycle (citrate synthase), glycolysis (pyruvate kinase), and anaerobic glycolysis (lactate dehydrogenase). The measurement of these enzyme activities in individual fish allowed a clear evaluation of digestive capacity in relation to energetic demand. We also compared triploid and diploid individuals within the Yukon gold strain. For the whole experimental period, diploid Yukon gold fish exhibited the highest growth rate (1.08+/-0.18% length/day) followed by triploid Yukon gold fish (1.00+/-0.28% length/day) and finally Fraser strain fish (0.84+/-0.28% length/day). When differences in enzyme activities were observed, the Fraser strain showed higher enzyme activities at a given length than the Yukon gold strain (diploid and triploid). Higher growth performance appears to be linked to lower metabolic capacity. Our results suggest that fish may have to reach an important increase in the ratio of digestive to catabolic enzyme activities or a leveling off of metabolic enzyme activities before the onset of large increases in mass.     

Phenotypic flexibility of digestive system in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

This study examined the restoration of the digestive capacity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus) following a long period of food deprivation. Fifty cod (48 cm, 1 kg) were food-deprived for 68 days and then fed in excess with capelin (Mallotus villosus Müller) on alternate days. Ten fish were sampled after 0, 2, 6, 14 and 28 days and the mass of the pyloric caeca, intestine and carcass determined. Two metabolic enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase) were assayed in white muscle, pyloric caeca and intestine, and trypsin activity was measured in the pyloric caeca. A delay of 14 days was required before body mass started to increase markedly, whereas most of the increase in mass of both the pyloric caeca and intestine relative to fish length occurred earlier in the experiment. By day 14, the activities of trypsin and citrate synthase in the pyloric caeca as well as citrate synthase in the intestine had reached maxima. The growth of the digestive tissues and restoration of their metabolic capacities thus occur early upon refeeding and are likely required for recovery growth to take place. The phenotypic flexibility of the cod digestive system is therefore remarkable: increases in trypsin activity and size of pyloric caeca resulted in a combined 29-fold increase in digestive capacity of the fish during the refeeding period. Our study suggests that Atlantic cod are able to cope with marked fluctuations in food availability in their environment by making a rapid adjustment of their digestive capacity as soon as food availability increases.     

Changes to feeding and dominance ranks following the introduction of novel feeds to African catfish

The effect of changing feeds on individual feed intake and feeding and dominance ranks in groups of African catfish Clarias gariepinus was investigated. Following feeding on a commercial feed groups (n = 3) of six African catfish were either fed fish meal (FM42) or maize gluten (MG35) based feeds for 5 days before being switched to the other feed for 5 days. Energy intake was significantly lower on FM42 than on MG35, dry matter intake and protein intake were significantly lower on FM42 than on commercial feed and this occurred whether FM42 was fed first or second. There were no significant differences between intake of MG35 and commercial feed. Thus, the action of changing the feed on its own did not affect feed intake since the decrease was shown to be feed‐specific to FM42. Six types of agonistic behaviours were identified and used to assign dominance rank. There were no correlations between dominance and feeding ranks. This was due to non‐linear hierarchies with one dominant fish in each group. Feeding ranks were more stable when feeding MG35 than FM42. Feeding rank stability (Kendall's coefficient of concordance) was significant in five out of six groups fed MG35 (compared with three out of six fed FM42). Feeding rank stability was higher in five out of the six groups when they were fed MG35 than when the same group was fed FM42. The experiment provided evidence that the introduction of a novel feed can, but does not necessarily, alter feed intake and that feed can influence the stability of feeding ranks.     

螺旋藻粉替代饲料中鱼粉对异育银鲫幼鱼生长、饲料利用和蛋白沉积的影响

实验以异育银鲫中科3号幼鱼(3.20.5) g为实验对象, 研究螺旋藻粉蛋白替代饲料鱼粉蛋白(0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)对鱼摄食、生长、饲料利用和蛋白沉积的影响。实验设计了6种等氮(38%)等脂(10%)等能(16.50 kJ)的饲料, 每处理3个重复。采用室内循环水养殖系统, 表观饱食投喂。实验水温为(283)℃, 实验共持续60d。结果发现:随藻粉替代比例的增加, 鱼摄食率显著上升; 饲料效率则呈显著下降趋势; 特定生长率在20%替代组与鱼粉组无显著差异(P0.05), 其他各替代组均显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05); 蛋白沉积率在20%、60%替代时与鱼粉组无显著差异(P0.05), 其他替代组显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05); 肥满度在各替代组均显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05); 鱼体蛋白随藻粉替代比例的增加呈现先持平后降低的趋势, 鱼体脂肪则呈先降低后升高的变化; 20%、40%和60%替代组全鱼灰分均高于全鱼粉组; 肠道消化酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和-淀粉酶)在替代组和对照组间均无显著差异(P0.05); 干物质表观消化率随藻粉蛋白替代比例的增加而呈显著上升, 蛋白的表观消化率则呈显著下降趋势, 总磷表观消化率在20%替代时最低, 在100%替代时最高。综合特定生长率和蛋白沉积率情况, 当鲫幼鱼饲料中鱼粉含量约为50%, 且鱼粉为唯一蛋白源时, 螺旋藻粉蛋白可替代饲料中20%鱼粉蛋白。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加苏氨酸对三倍体虹鳟抗氧化能力、消化生理及肠道炎症因子基因表达的影响

研究低鱼粉饲料中不同水平苏氨酸对三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长、抗氧化能力、消化生理及肠道炎症因子基因表达的影响, 以初始体质量(18.42±0.20) g的三倍体虹鳟为研究对象, 在室内200 L流水水族箱中进行摄食生长试验56d。在基础饲料中添加L-苏氨酸, 配制苏氨酸水平分别为0.45%(对照)、0.76%、1.09%、1.29%和1.64%的5种等氮等能饲料。将450尾三倍体虹鳟随机分为5组, 每组处理3个重复, 每个重复30尾鱼。结果表明, 当添加量为1.09%、1.29%和1.64%时, 血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著提高, 同时显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05), 过氧化氢酶(CAT)在1.29%组含量最高, 相比对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。在饲料中添加苏氨酸(0.76%—1.64%)时, 肠道脂肪酶(LPS)和胰蛋白酶的消化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 但随着饲料苏氨酸水平达到1.64%时, 消化酶活性有所降低。1.09%和1.65%组的肠道组织形态最佳, 绒毛发达, 排列整齐, 无融合和脱落现象。苏氨酸水平对肠道炎症因子IL-2、IL-8、IL-10、IgM、TNF-α和PepT1都有显著影响(P<0.05), 随着苏氨酸水平的增加, IL-2、IgM和PepT1呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势, 在1.29%和1.09%组的表达量达到最高; IL-8呈逐渐升高趋势; 而IL-10和TNF-α呈下降的变化趋势。研究结果表明, 在低鱼粉饲料(15%)中添加适量水平的苏氨酸, 对提高三倍体虹鳟幼鱼生长、消化酶活性、促进肠道形态结构发育和增强免疫具有积极的作用。     

不同饵料对稀有鳇鲫仔稚鱼生长、消化道及消化酶的影响

为了筛选稀有逗鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)仔稚鱼期合适的饵料, 将初孵仔鱼随机分为3个组: 活饵组、饲料组、转食组, 每组3个平行, 均从3 dah(day after hatching)开始投喂相应饵料, 在10、15、20、25、30、35 dah时统计生长指标和存活率, 并进行35 dah仔稚鱼消化道组织学及消化酶活性研究。结果显示: (1)35 dah时, 活饵组存活率最高; (2)从15 dah开始, 活饵组表现出最好的生长性能, 并维持这种趋势; (3)活饵组的消化道各部肌层厚度、黏液细胞数目均最高, 提示该组仔稚鱼消化道发育状态较好, 并具有较优的消化吸收能力; (4)转食组胰蛋白酶活性显著高于活饵组和饲料组。研究结果提示: 相对于饲料和转食, 一直投喂活饵更有利于稀有逗鲫仔稚鱼的生长和发育。建议在标准化养殖过程中, 对仔稚鱼期的稀有逗鲫采取活饵投喂的方式。     

Partial and total fish meal replacement by agricultural products in the diets improve sperm quality in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

This study investigated the long-term effects of total and partial replacement of dietary fish meal (FM) by a mixture of agricultural products on sperm quality of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing graded levels of either 50% FM and maize meal (diet 1); 25% FM mixed with crude sunflower oil cake (SFOC) and bean meal (BM) (diet 2); 12.5% FM mixed with sunflower oil cake, BM and ground nut oil cake (GOC) (diet 3) and 0% FM mixed with de-hulled sunflower oil cake (SFOCD), BM and ground nut oil cake (diet 4). Gonadosomatic index (GSI), sperm quality, plasma sex steroids (11-keto testosterone [11-KT]; testosterone [T]; estradiol-17beta [E2]) were evaluated on 10 to 24 fish fed on each diet. Sperm quality was assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Total replacement of fish meal by plant products markedly increased sperm volume, spermatocrit, spermatozoa integrity, and sperm motility. Fish fed diet 3 (12.5% fish meal) provided intermediate results on sperm quality whereas the lowest values were obtained in fish fed diets 1 and 2. In fish fed 0% fish meal (diet 4), androgen levels were higher and estrogen levels were lower than in fish fed fish meal diets. Based on dietary lipid and fatty acid analyses, these results suggest a positive impact of short chain n-6 fatty acids on androgen synthesis and sperm quality. In conclusion, a combination of ground nut oil cake, bean meal and sunflower oil cake (preferably when the sunflower is dehulled) in African catfish diet improves the sperm quality.