THE EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT ON THE RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES OF THE LAST-INSTAR LARVA OF DIATARAXIA OLERACEA L., THE TOMATO MOTH

At a constant temperature of 24° C. the final larval instar of Diataraxia oleracea lasts about 10 days, during which its resistance to DDT and γ-BHC as contact insecticides progressively increases up to the 5th or 6th day. It then suddenly decreases, this coinciding with cessation of feeding and the beginning of prepupal formation.
Between the 2nd and the 6th days the gross body weight of the last-instar larva increases from about 0.27 to 0.65g. Under the conditions of the experiments, the LD50 of parathion, as a stomach poison, was linearly related to body weight; on the same basis TEPP was slightly less, and lead arsenate, slightly more, toxic to the larger than to the smaller larvae. However, DDT as a stomach or contact insecticide, and γ-BHC as a stomach poison were notably less toxic to the larger larvae. For example, the increase in LD50 for an increase in larval body weight of × 2 was about × 11 for DDT as a stomach poison and about × 12 as a contact insecticide.
The order of effectiveness of the above insecticides as stomach poisons for the last-instar larva of D. oleracea was parathion > DDT > γ-BHC > TEPP = lead arsenate. Zinc fluoarsenate and rotenone were relatively non-toxic. Larvae of D. oleracea were repelled by food leaf treated with an extract of natural pyrethrins.     

THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SUBSTANCES RELATED TO THE PYRETHRINS

The toxicity as contact insecticides of the esters of (±)-3-methyl-2-allyl-cycfopent-3-en-4-ol-i-one with the natural (+ )-trans and with synthetic (±) -cis-trans-chrysaii- themum monocarboxylic acids has been compared with that of the natural pyrethrins. The comparison was carried out on five species of test-insects.
It was found that the figure for both the absolute and the relative toxicities of these compounds varied with the species used as test-subject.
The factors involved in this variation are discussed. The extremes of variation of relative toxicity for the compounds with the natural acid were from about one-eighth as toxic as the pyrethrum standard when the aphid Macrosiphum solanifolii was used as test subject to nearly four times as toxic as the standard with the larvae of the moth Plutella maculipennis. The fully synthetic material varied from about one-sixteenth as toxic as the standard to Macrosiphum solanifolii to nearly twice as toxic to the larvae of Plutella maculipennis. The compound with the natural acid was approximately twice as toxic as the fully synthetic material to three of the insect species, but the fully synthetic material was considerably more than half as toxic as the partially synthetic to the fourth test-species. It is pointed out that while it is widely recognized that large differences in relative toxicity may occur when the effect of chemicals of widely different structure and mechanism of action are compared on a number of different test-species, the fact that these differences may also occur with related chemicals with, presumably, a similar mechanism of action, has not been clearly stated.
Even when the differences in relative toxicity are taken into account, the two synthetic pyrethrin-like esters still show high insecticidal activity.
It seems reasonable to suppose from the results that economic commercial synthesis of pyrethrin-like insecticides is not impossible.     

杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对蔬菜害虫小菜蛾的生物活性

采用95%乙醇对杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)根皮进行热提取,以叶片浸渍法和点滴法测定了提取液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)的杀虫活性及其作用方式.结果显示,杠柳乙醇提取液稀释100倍处理对小菜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫24 h后的非选择性拒食率分别为87.3%和96.3%;100倍液浸叶饲喂处理对小菜蛾2龄幼虫72 h后的校正死亡率为80%,对小菜蛾3龄幼虫24 h和48 h后的生长抑制率为100%.杠柳乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高的生物活性,其作用方式包括拒食作用、胃毒作用和生长抑制作用.此外,乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫还有一定的触杀和内吸效应,并对小菜蛾成虫产卵有明显的忌避活性,但对小菜蛾卵没有杀伤作用.     

Repellent action and contact toxicity mechanisms of the essential oil extracted from Chinese chive against Plutella xylostella larvae

Botanical pesticides play increasingly important roles in the control of agricultural pests. In this study, the insecticidal effects, specifically the repellent action and contact toxicity, of the essential oil extracted from Chinese chive (EOC) against Plutella xylostella larvae were confirmed. The mechanisms of repellent’s action were studied using electroantennograms (EAGs), and the effects on glutathione S‐transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and acetyl cholinesterase were investigated after EOC treatments. The EOC affected the EAG results and inhibited the activities of GST and CarE in treated P. xylostella larvae, which could explain its insecticidal effects. And, four pyrazines showed greater repellent activities than that of the EOC, which was confirmed as the main active compounds of EOC.     

杠柳萃取物对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性研究

以杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge的根为材料进行甲醇超声波提取,粗提物以水／氯仿（1：1,v／v）萃取获得杠柳根氯仿萃取物。测定了萃取物对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostellaL．3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性。实验结果显示,在50μg／头剂量处理下24h和48h后,氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率分别为82．22％和92．59％,显著高于触杀死亡率58．89％和68．15％。这一结果表明,杠柳根中含有对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强胃毒作用的活性成分。     

杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性

杠柳毒素NW是从杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)中分离的新化合物,是其主要的杀虫成分。对杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性进行了测定,结果表明:杠柳毒素NW对小地老虎无明显的胃毒活性,对3龄的小菜蛾、粘虫和菜粉蝶幼虫均有较强的胃毒活性,处理后24h的致死中浓(LC50)分别是866.17,927.92和1107.08mg·L-1;对上述供试昆虫均无明显的触杀活性。此外,杠柳毒素NW对棉蚜、棉红蜘蛛及卫生害虫家蝇3龄幼虫和淡色库蚊3龄幼虫均有很好的毒杀活性,处理后24h的LC50分别为1743.17,2179.49,714.94和653.29mg·L-1。     

Efficacy and repellency of some essential oils and their blends against larval and adult house flies,Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

House flies are global pests and notoriously difficult to control. Essential oils of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender and their blends were tested for toxic and repellent effects against larval and adult flies. All of the oils had moderate toxicity for eggs. Mortality of 2^nd instar larvae was 57–78% in dipping assays, 38–100% in contact assays, and 94–100% in treated media. Lavender was less effective (38% mortality) than the others (91–100%) in contact bioassays. Oil blends were not more effective against larvae than individual oils. Vetiver and cinnamon oils were strongly repellent (84 and 78%, respectively) for larvae in treated media. None of the oils were repellent for adult house flies in olfactometer assays, but testing of additional products demonstrated significant repellency for neem oil, p‐menthane‐3,8‐diol (PMD), and vanillin. Contact/fumigant toxicity of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender oils was 100%, significantly higher than mortality from sunflower oil (67%). Blends of oils were not more effective against adults than the individual oils, but blends diluted with sunflower oil were as effective as the individual oils. Essentials oils of vetiver and cinnamon may have potential for fly management in situations where conventional insecticides cannot be used.     

PARTICLE SIZE OF INSECTICIDAL SUSPENSIONS AND THEIR CONTACT TOXICITY III. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS AND TESTS BY INJECTION

Aqueous DDT suspensions containing particles of different sizes gave different temperature coefficients of mortality in dipping tests against adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum. In the range 12–30°C., colloidal DDT showed a large negative coefficient, but the coefficient for a suspension of DDT crystals of 400μ was smaller ( T. castaneum ) or negligible ( O. surinamensis ). Thus, although a suspension of crystalline DDT was more toxic than colloidal DDT to warm insects, it was less toxic than the colloid to cool insects.
A test was made of rotenone suspensions against adult milkweed bugs ( Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall.) by application of measured droplets under the wings. Colloidal rotenone was more toxic than a crystalline suspension. Milkweed bugs could not be killed in this way by DDT suspensions.
Tests were also made by injecting suspensions of rotenone, DDT and its fluorine analogue (DFDT) into milkweed bugs. A suspension of rotenone crystals was equitoxic with colloidal rotenone against insects kept for 3 days at 27°C. after treatment. The same was true of crystalline and colloidal DDT suspensions. If the bugs were kept at 10°C., colloidal rotenone was much more toxic than crystalline rotenone 2 days after treatment. But if the insects were kept for about 3 weeks and inspected at intervals, the first apparent difference in toxicity grew smaller, and in the end it nearly disappeared. With DDT the time for this to occur was about 10 days; and suspensions of colloidal and crystalline DFDT were equitoxic after only 2 days, even at 10°C.
In the application test, the difference between colloidal and crystalline rotenone was a real difference in toxicity. It did not disappear with the lapse of time; but in the injection tests the two forms of each poison differed only in speed of action, and not in ultimate toxicity.     

毛鱼藤酮与鱼藤酮杀虫活性的比较

毛鱼藤酮是从杀虫植物毛鱼藤根中分离的杀虫活性物质。以菜粉蝶、甘蓝蚜、柑桔全爪螨、小菜蛾和黄曲条跳甲为试虫比较测定了毛鱼藤酮与鱼藤酮的毒杀、拒食、生长发育干扰和忌避产卵活性。结果表明：毛鱼藤酮的杀虫活性依昆虫种类而异,对柑桔全爪螨、小菜蛾、黄曲条跳甲的活性与鱼藤酮相当,其LC₅₀没有显著差异,而对甘蓝蚜和菜粉蝶的活性显著低于鱼藤酮。毛鱼藤酮和鱼藤酮对昆虫均具拒食活性,但前者比后者弱。毛鱼藤酮还与鱼藤酮一样对昆虫有一定的生长发育干扰和忌避产卵作用。NADH 泛醌氧化还原酶抑制活性测定结果显示,毛鱼藤酮的抑制活性低于鱼藤酮,二者抑制中浓度（IC₅₀）分别为5.27 nmol·mL^-１和2.58 nmol·mL^-１。根据拒食、受药途径和酶抑制的试验结果分析认为,毛鱼藤酮在浸叶处理时对某些昆虫有较高杀虫活性是由于其比鱼藤酮有较低的拒食活性,导致虫体摄入药剂量增加所致。     

Binding and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis protein Cry1C to susceptible and resistant diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

We studied mechanisms of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein Cry1C in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Binding assays with midgut brush border membrane vesicles prepared from whole larvae showed no significant difference between resistant and susceptible strains in binding of radioactively-labeled Cry1C. These results indicate that reduced binding of Cry1C to midgut membrane target sites did not cause resistance to Cry1C. Thus, the mechanism of resistance to Cry1C differs from that observed in several previously reported cases of resistance to Cry1A toxins in diamondback moth. We tested Cry1C toxin and Cry1C crystalline protoxin against resistant and susceptible larvae using leaf disk bioassays. After adjusting for the size difference between Cry1C toxin and protoxin, we found that with resistant larvae, toxin was significantly more toxic than protoxin. In contrast, with susceptible larvae, no significant difference in toxicity occurred between Cry1C toxin and protoxin. The resistance ratios for Cry1C were 19 for toxin and 48 for protoxin. These results suggest that reduced conversion of Cry1C protoxin to toxin is a minor mechanism of resistance to Cry1C. Because neither reduced binding nor reduced conversion of protoxin to toxin appear to be major mechanisms, one or more other mechanisms are important in diamondback moth resistance to Cry1C.     

Insecticidal activities of secondary metabolites of endophytic Pencillium sp. in Derris elliptica Benth

Abstract:  A strain of endophytic Pencillium sp., which might produce rotenone or its analogues and showed bioactivity against aphids, was isolated from the fresh roots of Derris elliptica Benth. A total of 12 fractions, isolated from the chloroform extract of endophytic Pencillium sp. mycelia by silica gel column, were tested by bioassay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the more bioactive fractions were found to be D, E and J. Against the adult turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi , by dipping at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, the corrected mortalities of fraction D, E and J were 57.68, 63.28 and 69.74% after 48 h of treatment respectively. The three fractions also showed strong antifeeding activity against third instar larvae of Plutella xylostella in a laboratory bioassay. One absorption peak was detected in the HPLC picture of fraction D, it had a similar retention time as that of rotenone, and the chemical constituent, related to the absoption peak, had the same ultraviolet absorption picture as that of rotenone. Then it could be further concluded that the bioactive compounds in the fraction D could be rotenone or its analogous compounds.     

六种阳离子助剂对阿维菌素的增效作用

采用浸虫法和叶片药膜法比较了6种阳离子助剂与阿维菌素混用对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella 3龄幼虫的增效作用,并通过测定助剂对阿维菌素药液物理性状的影响以及助剂对小菜蛾体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalases,CAT)和过氧化物酶(peroxidases,POD) 3种保护酶活性的影响等方面对其增效机制进行了初步分析,为阳离子助剂在杀虫剂领域的开发提供一定的依据。结果表明： 在400 mg/L以下,各阳离子助剂单独使用对小菜蛾3龄幼虫均无生物活性,但可明显提高阿维菌素对小菜蛾的药效。两种方法中,浸虫法的增效作用大于叶片药膜法,其中松香酸铜、1427和412103对阿维菌素的增效倍数分别为3.71、2.82和2.72。6种助剂均可明显降低阿维菌素药液的表面张力和接触角及增加药液在甘蓝叶片上的沉积量,但不同助剂间及相同助剂不同浓度间差异虽大多显著; 与增效比结果综合分析表明,助剂的润湿性能与其增效作用之间关系不大。阿维菌素药液分别加入松香酸铜、1427和412103后使试虫体内POD和SOD的活性明显提高,从侧面说明这3种助剂对虫体更具渗透性。     

THE SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDAL ACTION OF SODIUM FLUOROACETATE AND OF THREE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ON THE EGGS AND LARVAE OF PIERIS BRASSICAE L.

Four compounds, bis dimethylaminophosphonous anhydride ( anhydride ), bis (dimethylamino)fluorophosphine oxide ( oxide ), diethyl paranitrophenyl phosphate ( E 600) and sodium fluoroacetate ( acetate ), previously shown to have systemic insecticidal activity against aphids, have now been tested against the eggs and larvae of Pieris brassicae L.
The anhydride proved to have very little toxic action on Pieris , but the other three compounds showed both contact toxicity and systemic insecticidal action when taken up by the roots of cabbage plants from solution and from soil. The acetate, but more especially the E600, also showed systemic action following application to the leaves.
In all cases the order of decreasing toxicity was E600 > acetate > oxide > anhydride. E600 is the only compound which is outstandingly toxic to Pieris eggs and larvae. It has the added interest that when watered on to the roots of cabbage plants it kills larvae in egg batches on the leaves. Death takes place at the stage when the larvae are biting through the shells. The oxide and acetate proved to be surprisingly innocuous.
Unless it is felt to be too poisonous E600 is worthy of consideration as an insecticide against Pieris eggs and larvae, since it is highly effective as a contact insecticide and also has some systemic action.     

A laboratory method for assessing the toxicity of stomach poisons to slugs

A method is described that allows the toxicity of stomach poisons to the grey field slug, Agriolimax reticulatus (Muller), to be measured in the laboratory. The relative toxicities of three commonly used molluscicides, as expressed by the median lethal dose values, were: sodium pentachlorophenate most toxic with a median value of 22·9 ± 2·5 μg/slug, metaldehyde next with one of 85·2 ± 4·0 μg/slug, and copper sulphate least toxic with one of 129·2 ± 5·9 to 131·6 ± 5·6 μg/slug. The technique allows a given dose of any poison, however repellent, to be administered, but does not measure the repellency or attractiveness.     

Susceptibility of the adult eye gnat Liohippelates collusor (Diptera: Chloropidae) to neonicotinoids and spinosad insecticides.

Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam (first and second generation neonicotinoid insecticides), and spinosad (a naturally derived biorational insecticide) were evaluated in the laboratory against adult eye gnats, Liohippelates collusor (Townsend), using two modes of exposure. Ingestion experiments revealed that toxicity was the highest for thiamethoxam (Platinum soluble concentrate) followed by technical thiamethoxam, imidacloprid (Admire 2 flowable concentrate), and spinosad (Success* soluble concentrate). When incorporated into 5% sucrose solutions, eye gnat mortality was significantly increased compared to the same concentrations of aqueous insecticide solutions. Contact toxicity experiments revealed that thiamethoxam formulation (Platinum) was the most toxic, followed by technical thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and spinosad. Increasing the duration of exposure time from 15 min to 30 min significantly increased adult eye gnat mortality, but no further mortality occurred by extending exposure from 30 min to 60 min. Our results suggest that Platinum has good ingestion and contact activity against adult eye gnats. Admire and Success have appreciable ingestion toxicity but low contact activity against adult eye gnats.     

STUDIES OF THE TOXICITY TO WORKER HONEY-BEES (APIS MELLIFERA L.) OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS USED IN PLANT PROTECTION

Laboratory techniques are described for the estimation of the stomach poison, direct and residual film contact poison and fumigant poison effects of chemicals to adult worker honey-bees.
The toxicity of eleven chemicals used in plant protection has been investigated by these methods. The order of effectiveness as stomach and contact poisons was: parathion, TEPP, γ-BHC, dieldrin, aldrin, chlordane, o , o -diethyl- o -ethylmercaptoethyl thiophosphate (constituent of Systox), bisdimethylamino fluorophosphine oxide, toxaphene and the sodium salts of 2:4-D and MCPA: as residual films, dieldrin, aldrin, γ-BHC, parathion, chlordane, and o , o -diethyl- o -ethylmercapto-ethyl thiophosphate (constituent of Systox); toxaphene, TEPP and bisdimethylamino fluorophosphine oxide had no measurable effect; as fumigants, dieldrin, γ-BHC, aldrin, parathion, and chlordane; the remainder had no measurable effect.     

鱼藤酮对松墨天牛产卵和取食行为的影响

为探索松墨天牛防治的新方法,实验了鱼藤酮对松墨天牛产卵和取食行为的影响及鱼藤酮对松墨天牛5龄幼虫的触杀作用。结果表明,鱼藤酮对松墨天牛具有显著的产卵忌避作用和成虫取食的干扰作用。产卵忌避作用和拒食作用随鱼藤酮浓度的增大而增强,处理浓度为1 000 mg/L时,鱼藤酮对成虫的产卵忌避率为75.63 %,处理后12 h松墨天牛的选择性和非选择性拒食率分别为72.91%和69.50%。鱼藤酮对松墨天牛5龄幼虫的触杀作用不明显。因此,利用鱼藤酮防治松墨天牛,一方面可以通过抑制其取食减少松材线虫的传播;另一方面通过忌避产卵可减少下代虫口。     

13种卫矛科植物杀虫活性研究

研究了13种卫矛科植物根皮的39种提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫(Mythimna sepamte Walker)的杀虫活性。胃毒处理表明6种植物有麻醉活性,7种植物有毒杀活性,触杀处理表明仅2种植物的3种提取物有触杀活性。对玉米象(Sitophiuls zeamais Motschulsky)的种群抑制处理表明,13种植物的36种提取物对玉米象种群有一定程度的抑制作用,但总体上低于文献报道的苦皮藤乙醚提取物的活性。     

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LARVAE OF THE LARGE WHITE BUTTERFLY (PIERIS BRASSICAE L.) TO TWO VIRUS DISEASES

A cytoplasmic polyhedral virus ex Phalera bucephala (L.) induces a polyhedrosis in some stocks of Pieris brassicae (L.). Larvae from different localities vary in their susceptibility to their own viruses and the stock of Pieris brassicae larvae most susceptible to its granulosis is also more susceptible to the polyhedrosis.
Polyhedra obtained from Pieris brassicae , infected from Phalera bucephala , did not cause a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis in larvae of Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) and Pseudaletria unipuncta (Haw.), but did do so in the larvae of Lymantria monacha (L.).     

马缨丹叶片精油化学成分及其对三种害虫的生物活性

【目的】为探讨马缨丹Lantana camara L.叶片精油化学成分以及其对3种害虫的生物活性,以应用于生物防治。【方法】马缨丹叶片经水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,产率为0.21%。经过气-质联用仪(GCMS)分析,从马缨丹叶片精油中检测出主要的26种化合物,其中α-姜黄烯(α-curcumene,32.76%),β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene,16.36%),石竹烯氧化物(Caryophyllene oxide,12.22%),桉油烯醇(Spathulenol,10.48%)含量较高,并对3种不同害虫进行生物活性测定。【结果】生物测定结果表明,马缨丹精油对米象Sitophilus oryzae成虫和Ⅳ龄埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti幼虫的触杀效果显著,LC50分别为0.92 mg/cm2和32.33μg/m L。随着浓度的升高,对白蚁驱避作用增强,白蚁死亡率增加;高浓度精油对白蚁有触杀作用,但较低浓度对白蚁无显著影响。【结论】本研究证明马缨丹叶片精油对3种害虫有良好防治的效果。