基因组中的重复DNA序列

综述了基因组中常见的重复DNA序列,介绍了其可能的产生机理、分布情况和生物学功能。     

小麦及其近缘种中基因组特异性DNA重复序列的研究进展

本文对小麦族植物中基因组特异性DNA重复序列的分类、基本特征、分离和鉴定方法、在小麦遗传改良中的应用以及未来研究的发展趋势进行了简述。综合已有的研究结果可以看出基因组特异性DNA重复序列是小麦族植物基因组特异性形成的重要构成部分。对基因组特异性DNA重复序列的研究是认识小麦族植物基因组的有效途径之一,基因组特异性DNA重复序列的应用将进一步促进小麦族植物分子细胞遗传学和普通小麦遗传改良研究的进展。 Advances in Studies of Genome-Specific Repetitive DNA Sequences in Wheat and Related Species BAI Jian-rong1,2,JIA Xu1,WANG Dao-wen1 1.The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,The Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China; 2.Crop Genetics Institute,Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Taiyuan 030031,China Abstract:In this paper we review recent advances in studies of several aspects of genome specific repetitive DNA sequences in wheat and related species.The available results demonstrate that genome specific repetitive DNA sequences are important components of genome specificity in wheat and related species.Research on genome specific repetitive DNA sequences is essential to the elucidation of genome function.The application of genome specific repetitive DNA sequences will aid molecular cytogenetic studies in wheat and related species and contributes to genetic improvement of common wheat. Key words：wheat;genome specific repetitive DNA sequence;chromosome     

用实时定量PCR解决基因组序列组装中的重复序列问题

目的:探寻一种简单、经济的方法,解决基因组序列拼接中的重复序列问题。方法:选取序列拼接中遇到重复序列问题的质粒NDM-BTR,在其与重复序列相关的contigs两端设计引物,进行实时定量PCR,通过观察临界循环数来判断contig之间的位置关系。结果:成功判断出质粒contig之间的位置关系,得到了质粒基因组完成图。结论:实时定量PCR法可用于解决基因组序列拼接中的重复序列问题,相比较传统建立大片段文库更加简单、快速、经济。     

中国明对虾基因组小卫星重复序列分析

通过对中国明对虾基因组随机DNA片断的测序 ,我们获得了总长度约 6 4 10 0 0个碱基的基因组DNA序列 ,从中共找到 172 0个重复序列。其中 ,小卫星序列的数目为 398个 ,占重复序列总数目的 2 3 14 %。这些小卫星序列的重复单位长度为 7- 16 5个碱基 ,集中分布于 7- 2 1个碱基范围内 ,其中以重复单位长度为 12个碱基的重复序列数目最多 ,为 5 8个 ,占小卫星重复序列总数目的 14 5 7%。不同拷贝数目所对应的重复序列的数目情况为 :拷贝数目为 2的重复单位所组成的重复序列数目最多 ,为 137个 ;其次是拷贝数目为 3的重复序列 ,为12 2个 ,且随着拷贝数目的增加 ,由其所组成的重复序列的数目呈递减的趋势。其中一部分序列见GeneBank数据库 ,登录号为AY6 990 72 -AY6 990 76。 398个重复序列分别由 398种重复单位所组成 ,因而小卫星重复序列的类型很多 ,我们初步分成三类 :两种碱基组成类别、三种碱基组成类别和四种碱基组成类别 ,并进一步根据各个重复序列中所含有的碱基种类的数量从大到小排列这些碱基而分成若干小类。从这些分类中可以看出 ,中国明对虾基因组中的小卫星整体上是富含A T的重复序列 ,并具有一定的“等级制度” ,揭示了其与微卫星重复序列之间的关系 ,即一部分小卫星重复序列可能起源于微卫星     

美洲大蠊基因组重复序列分析

重复序列是真核生物基因组的重要组成部分。一些重复序列,如自主型的逆转录转座子LINE,在昆虫的系统进化和遗传多样性研究方面得到了广泛的应用。de novo从头预测和基于同源比对预测相结合的方法被用来搜索美洲大蠊Periplaneta americana基因组,共鉴定出大约占全基因组62%的重复序列。研究发现,散在重复序列中,DNA转座子占美洲大蠊基因组的16.18%;逆转座元件中LINE最多,占基因组的13.64%,SINE和LTR分别占基因组的3.52%和1.32%。LINEs中的Bov Bs亚家族在所有转座子亚家族中比例最高(约6.73%)。美洲大蠊与德国小蠊Blattella germanica相比,除LTR外,其他类型的转座子占基因组的比例均高于德国小蠊。通过分析逆转录转座子反转录酶完整度、氨基酸序列相似度及遗传距离,从美洲大蠊基因组中鉴定出一类BovBs:RTE-1_PAm。BovBs的反转录酶氨基酸序列的系统树表明,美洲大蠊与内华达古白蚁Zootermopsis nevadensis的进化关系比与其同属蜚蠊科Blattidae的德国小蠊的关系更近。昆虫中BovBs的进化关系与传统核基因进化关系的不同,表明转座子的进化相对宿主基因的进化具有一定的独立性。     

分子生物学教材中的真核生物基因组重复序列

现行的高校分子生物学教材中主要以重复频率为依据对重复序列进行分类,对于小卫星DNA及微卫星DNA是属于高度或是中度重复序列存在不同见解。提出依据重复频率及空间结构分布两个方面对重复序列进行分类,并建议按照重复频率将小卫星DNA及微卫星DNA归属于中度重复序列。     

串联重复序列在琴叶拟南芥基因组中的特征探究

串联重复序列广泛存在于真核生物的基因组中,它通过影响染色质的空间结构及基因表达从而影响生物的遗传与进化.本研究以琴叶拟南芥(Arabidopsis lyrata)基因组为材料,分析了1～50 bp重复单元的串联重复序列特征.研究发现串联重复序列在基因的5'UTR和启动子区域密度最高(8757 bp/Mb,8430 bp/Mb),而编码区CDS的密度最低(2406 bp/Mb).基因组中重复模体最高的为单核苷酸重复的T/A碱基,5'UTR中包含大量的二核苷酸重复模体,而在CDS中主要是三核酸重复模体.串联重复序列特征在琴叶拟南芥基因组不同区域的差别,显示其与基因表达和调控功能相适应.本研究深入探讨了串联重复序列在植物基因组中的特征及作用,为重复序列调控基因表达及植物基因组进化提供借鉴.     

构巢曲霉菌基因组中的数量可变重复序列的组成和分布

利用已经公布的构巢曲霉菌基因组测序结果,对该真菌已测序基因组(30．1Mb)中的数量可变重复(VNTR)序列进行了较为系统、全面地分析。结果表明,在已经公布的基因组序列中,共有4837个以1—6个核苷酸为基序的VNTR序列(长度大于15bp,匹配值大于80％),其碱基总数占整个基因组碱基数的0．31％,平均6．2kb碱基中分布有一个大于15bp的VNTR。其中数量最多的五碱基VNTR。数量达到1386个,其次为六碱基VNTR(1228个),三碱基VNTR(1199个),这3种VNTR总数达3813个,占VNTR总数的78．8％。数量最少的是二碱基VNTR,只有144个。在9541个开放阅读框架(ORF)中的VNTR总数为1683个,共分布于1356个0RF中。其中只有1个VNTR的ORF为1117个。与其他生物内VNTR的分布类似,在基因编码区中,以三碱基VNTR和六碱基VNTR占绝对优势,在阅读框架中的VNTR中分别占到58．0％和52．9％。编码区的三碱基、六碱基VNTR分别为该菌基因组中相应VNTR总数的约44．4％和38．6％。由于编码区的碱基数占基因组碱基数的59．3％,所以这两种长度的VNTR在编码区中的密度略低于基因组中的平均密度。在编码区上下游300bp调控区,除在编码区数量较多的三碱基VNTR和六碱基VNTR外,其他各种长度的VNTR的比例都超过了10％。可见300bp的上下游调控区域是单碱基、二碱基、四碱基、五碱基VNTR的富集区。在上游区域中,单碱基、二碱基和四碱基VNTR的比例比下游区域中多,五碱基VNTR的数量则基本一致。     

大卫鼠耳蝠线粒体控制区串联重复序列变异

中国特有种大卫鼠耳蝠线粒体D-loop区串联重复序列以81bp为重复单元,重复3～7次。54%的个体具有4个串联重复序列,与5～7个串联重复序列的现有模式具有较大的差异。重复单元的遗传差异受所在位次影响,具有明显的家族性或区域性特点。串联重复序列和相对保守的第一重复单元构建的ML树均形成了3个明显的分支,分别定名为东南区、西南区和南方区。线粒体重复序列区域间的差异暗示其可能经历了多次进化,并以东南区变异最为显著。     

兔(AG)n微卫星DNA富集文库的构建与鉴定

目的:微卫星遗传标记具有数量大、分布广且多态信息含量高等优点,因而被广泛用于动植物遗传图谱的构建、QTL定位、标记辅助选择及亲缘关系鉴定等领域。方法:采用亲和捕捉法。结果:构建了兔(AG)n微卫星DNA序列的富集文库,文库含重组克隆4 850个,其中含有(AG)n微卫星DNA序列的阳性克隆占66.7%。     

APE1 Incision Activity at Abasic Sites in Tandem Repeat Sequences

Repetitive DNA sequences, such as those present in microsatellites and minisatellites, telomeres, and trinucleotide repeats (linked to fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease, etc.), account for nearly 30% of the human genome. These domains exhibit enhanced susceptibility to oxidative attack to yield base modifications, strand breaks, and abasic sites; have a propensity to adopt non-canonical DNA forms modulated by the positions of the lesions; and, when not properly processed, can contribute to genome instability that underlies aging and disease development. Knowledge on the repair efficiencies of DNA damage within such repetitive sequences is therefore crucial for understanding the impact of such domains on genomic integrity. In the present study, using strategically designed oligonucleotide substrates, we determined the ability of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) to cleave at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in a collection of tandem DNA repeat landscapes involving telomeric and CAG/CTG repeat sequences. Our studies reveal the differential influence of domain sequence, conformation, and AP site location/relative positioning on the efficiency of APE1 binding and strand incision. Intriguingly, our data demonstrate that APE1 endonuclease efficiency correlates with the thermodynamic stability of the DNA substrate. We discuss how these results have both predictive and mechanistic consequences for understanding the success and failure of repair protein activity associated with such oxidatively sensitive, conformationally plastic/dynamic repetitive DNA domains.     

Retrotransposons and Tandem Repeat Sequences in the Nuclear Genomes of Cryptomonad Algae

The cryptomonads are an enigmatic group of unicellular eukaryotic algae that possess two nuclear genomes, having acquired photosynthesis by the uptake and retention of a eukaryotic algal endosymbiont. The endosymbiont nuclear genome, or nucleomorph, of the cryptomonad Guillardia theta has been completely sequenced: at only 551 kilobases (kb) and with a gene density of ∼1 gene/kb, it is a model of compaction. In contrast, very little is known about the structure and composition of the cryptomonad host nuclear genome. Here we present the results of two small-scale sequencing surveys of fosmid clone libraries from two distantly related cryptomonads, Rhodomonas salina CCMP1319 and Cryptomonas paramecium CCAP977/2A, corresponding to ∼150 and ∼235 kb of sequence, respectively. Very few of the random end sequences determined in this study show similarity to known genes in other eukaryotes, underscoring the considerable evolutionary distance between the cryptomonads and other eukaryotes whose nuclear genomes have been completely sequenced. Using a combination of fosmid clone end-sequencing, Southern hybridizations, and PCR, we demonstrate that Ty3-gypsy long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and tandem repeat sequences are a prominent feature of the nuclear genomes of both organisms. The complete sequence of a 30.9-kb genomic fragment from R. salina was found to contain a full-length Ty3-gypsy element with near-identical LTRs and a chromodomain, a protein module suggested to mediate the site-specific integration of the retrotransposon. The discovery of chromodomain-containing retroelements in cryptomonads further expands the known distribution of the so-called chromoviruses across the tree of eukaryotes. [Reviewing Editor: Dr. Debashish Bhattacharya]     

化学药物导致的与Friedreich共济失调相关的GAA重复序列不稳定性的研究

Friedreich共济失调是由位于FRDA基因上的GAA重复序列动态突变扩增所引起的,目前其不稳定性机制还不清楚。为了探索化学药物对GAA重复序列的作用,本实验构建了含有(GAA)42的重组质粒,转入大肠杆菌中,分别经过丝裂霉素C和甲基磺酸乙酯连续多次处理后,检测其长度变化发现,两种化学药物在不同程度上都可以促使(GAA)42发生删除,且删除后长度多数处于体内的正常范围。试验结果表明,化学药物可以促进与Friedreich共济失调相关的GAA重复序列发生删除。本工作为研究Friedreich共济失调的致病机理及治疗方案奠定了一定的基础。     

The Detection of Inherent Homologous Recombination Between Repeat Sequences in H. pylori 26695 by the PCR-Based Method

Helicobacter pylori infects more than half of the world’s population, making it the most widespread infection of bacteria. It has high genetic diversity and has been considered as one of the most variable bacterial species. In the present study, a PCR-based method was used to detect the presence and the relative frequency of homologous recombination between repeat sequences (>500 bp) in H. pylori 26695. All the recombinant structures have been confirmed by sequencing. The inversion generated between inverted repeats showed distinct features from the recombination for duplication or deletion between direct repeats. Meanwhile, we gave the mathematic reasoning of a general formula for the calculation of relative recombination frequency and indicated the conditions for its application. This formula could be extensively applied to detect the frequency of homologous recombination, site-specific recombination, and other types of predictable recombination. Our results should be helpful for better understanding the genome evolution and adaptation of bacteria.