四川凉山烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量与生态因子的关系

基于四川省凉山州9个烟叶主产区土壤与烟叶各81个样品的实验室测试数据,应用逐步回归分析、偏相关分析和通径分析方法,研究了生态因子与烤烟叶片中巨豆三烯酮含量的数量关系,结果表明,月平均气温、月平均降雨量、≥20℃积温、土壤有机质、土壤水解氮、土壤速效钾和土壤pH值是影响烤烟烟叶巨豆三烯酮含量的主要生态因子,彼此互相关联,共同决定了烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量变化的98.02%.对烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量直接影响最大的是月平均降雨量,其次是土壤有机质、月平均气温、≥20℃积温、土壤速效钾、土壤pH值和土壤水解氮,其中月平均降雨量对烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量产生直接的负面效应,而土壤有机质、月平均气温则对烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量产生直接的正面效应.土壤有机质是烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量最主要的促进因素,而≥20℃积温是烤烟叶片巨豆三烯酮含量最主要的限制因素.     

土壤和气候及其互作对湖南烤烟部分中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响

选择湖南3大烟区的永州市、浏阳市、桑植县进行客土盆栽试验,探讨土壤和气候及其互作对湖南烤烟部分中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响.结果表明:烤烟二氢猕猴桃内酯、大马烯酮、糠醛、巨豆三烯酮总量、β-紫罗兰酮5种中性挥发性香气物含量属中等变异强度,其变异强弱按该顺序依次递减.土壤和气候及其互作对烤烟不同中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响程度不同.对糠醛含量,气候具有显著效应,土壤及气候和土壤互作效应较小;对大马烯酮含量,气候、土壤均具有显著效应,以气候效应最大,气候和土壤互作效应较小;对β-紫罗兰酮和巨豆三烯酮总量,气候及气候和土壤互作均具有显著效应,以气候和土壤互作效应最大,土壤效应较小;对二氢猕猴桃内酯含量,气候、土壤及其互作效应均较小;气候对5个中性挥发性香气物质含量的变异贡献率为40.82%,土壤为20.67%,气候和土壤互作为38.51%.大田生长不同时期的气象因素对5种中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响程度不同,影响较大的前3个气象因子在发根期为降雨量、云量和平均气温,在旺长期为昼夜温差、日照时间和蒸发量,在成熟期为降雨量、蒸发量和平均气温.对5种中性挥发性香气物质含量影响的前3个主要土壤养分因子为速效钾、有效磷和pH.     

硅肥对水稻-田面水-土壤氮磷含量的影响

研究硅肥对双季稻产量及土壤氮磷流失的影响,旨在为典型双季稻区施肥结构优化以及农田面源污染综合防控技术提供技术支撑.采用田间试验研究在相同氮磷肥基础上施0、750、1500、2250和3000 kg·hm^-2 (T₀、T₁、T₂、T₃、T₄)硅肥对双季稻产量和氮磷吸收、田面水氮磷含量及土壤有效硅、有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量的影响.结果表明:与不施硅肥处理(T₀)比较,早、晚稻季水稻稻谷分别增产2.2%～30.4%和3.9%～9.2%;早、晚稻籽粒氮素积累量增加2.4%～47.3%、磷素积累量增加2.2%～41.3%,秸秆氮素积累量增加0.4%～28.3%、磷素积累量增加5.1%～31.0%;施硅肥后第1天,施硅处理田面水总氮(TN)浓度较不施硅肥处理平均降低3.4%～28.8%、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)降低10.4%～25.6%、总磷(TP)降低25.5%～29.2%、可溶性总磷(TDP)降低30.8%～38.0%;第45天后施硅各处理田面水总磷和可溶性总磷含量呈现上升趋势,并显著高于T₀处理.施硅肥有利于提高土壤有效硅水平以及有机质和碱解氮含量,以T₁处理效果最好,土壤速效磷含量随硅肥用量增加呈降低趋势.     

天津盐碱化沼泽湿地开垦对土壤团聚体有机与无机碳含量的影响

目前,开垦对沼泽湿地土壤有机碳的影响已有较多研究,但针对滨海盐碱化沼泽的研究较为薄弱,特别是对无机碳的影响尚不清晰,从而导致无法全面评估开垦对总碳的影响。本研究选取天津七里海盐碱化沼泽湿地和对应长期开垦(约60年)后的农田作为研究对象,采集0～15和15～30 cm两层土样,采用湿筛法得到>2、0.25～2、0.053～0.25和<0.053 mm 4个粒级水稳性团聚体。结果表明:湿地长期开垦后,表层(0～15 cm)和下层(15～30 cm)土壤大团聚体(> 2 mm)比例均显著降低(-48. 1%、-58. 1%),微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)比例均显著增加(+166.1%、+70.0%);各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均显著降低(31.2%～56.8%);表层土壤(0～15 cm)中等团聚体(0.25～2 mm)和矿质颗粒组分(<0.053 mm)无机碳含量显著增加(+85.4%、+75.4%);而下层土壤(15～30 cm)各级团聚体无机碳含量均显著增加(182.3%～448.2%);表层土壤大团聚体(>2 mm)、中等团聚体(0.25～2 mm...     

有机肥和解磷固氮菌配施对缺碳黄棕壤养分特性的协同效应

研究不同有机肥配比下解磷固氮细菌对土壤养分和相关酶活性的动态影响,可为筛选合适的菌肥类型、有机肥配比和施肥周期提供参考。试验设置0%、4%、8%、12%(质量比)4种有机肥配比,选择巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌2种解磷菌和褐球固氮菌、巴西固氮螺菌2种固氮菌,以亚热带贫瘠黄棕壤为研究对象,在控制条件下(28 ℃、避光)持续土壤培养60 d,以探讨不同有机肥水平和不同取样时间(培养第3、8、16、30、45、60天)4种细菌单独或混合接种对土壤有效态养分和相关酶活性的影响。结果表明: 随着有机肥含量的增加,菌肥处理土壤的有效氮和有效磷含量逐渐提高,表现为12%>8%>4%>0%。随着培养时间的延长,各处理土壤养分基本呈现先增加后降低的趋势。相对于单施有机肥,配施有机肥和菌肥能够显著提高和延长菌肥对土壤养分含量和酶活性的增益。菌肥对土壤养分特性的影响在不同有机肥配比下呈现不同的规律: 有机肥含量较低(0%～4%)时,虽然菌肥显著提高了土壤有效养分含量,但在初期各菌肥间差异并不显著;随着有机肥含量的提高和培养时间的延长,解磷菌(尤其是巨大芽孢杆菌)显著提高了有效磷含量,固氮菌(尤其是巴西固氮螺菌)显著提高了有效氮含量。4种细菌混合菌肥主要呈现解磷功能,比单施解磷菌具有更明显的优势,而固氮功能未得到显著提高。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量和酶活性大小呈显著正相关关系,而酶活性受土壤培养时间和碳氮比的影响。因此,针对该土壤类型,菌肥能够在短期内显著提高土壤养分含量,但菌肥特定功能的发挥依赖于有机碳的输入和土壤碳氮比的大小,配施合适比例的有机肥(8%～12%)能够提高并延长菌肥的改良效果;每45～60 d需进行菌肥复施,以保证其存活率和持续效果。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地先锋群落演替过程中细根特征的变化

采用空间序列取代时间序列的方法,对退耕时间分别为2、4、6和8年的退耕地群落细根特征进行了分析,以探讨退耕地植被演替过程中细根特征在土壤剖面上的变化及其在演替过程中的作用.结果表明:(1)群落细根根长密度和根面积密度随植被演替显著增加;比根长、比根面积和地下/地上生物量也有增加趋势;细根平均直径随植被演替波动,但有减少趋势;(2)在土壤剖面上根长密度、根面积密度和根系生物量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.其中超过63%的根长、61%的根面积和72%的生物量分布在0～20 cm的表层土壤中;(3)根径级统计表明,多数细根直径在0～0.5和0.5～1.0 mm之间,这两级细根长度占细根总长度的80%以上;(4)逐步回归分析表明,植被演替过程中细根特征的变化主要与土壤有效氮(第2年)、有效磷(第2～8年)和土壤水分(第8年)的含量有关,且随着植被演替,2～6年退耕地中细根特征与土壤资源正相关,而第8年中二者呈负相关.这可能与植物生长对资源的需求与土壤提供资源的能力之间的平衡有关.研究表明,退耕地植被演替过程对土壤资源有一定影响,尤其是土壤水分含量显著减少;而土壤水分等土壤资源的变化又对群落产生影响,导致茵陈蒿先锋群落向地带性长芒草群落演替.     

一个年龄序列巨桉人工林土壤对赤子爱胜蚓生长和生理指标的影响

以四川省退耕还林营造的一个年龄序列巨桉人工林(2、4、6、8和10年生)为对象,研究其林下土壤对赤子爱胜蚓生长及生理指标的化感作用。结果表明:巨桉人工林林下土壤处理下蚯蚓存活率随林龄和处理时间均无显著变化;各林龄巨桉人工林林下土壤处理下对蚯蚓体重的抑制作用随着处理时间增加而增强,但6年生林下土壤对蚯蚓的体重抑制率呈现7~14 d上升此后下降的趋势。随着林龄的增长,在第7和14天时蚯蚓体重抑制率呈先上升(2~6年生)后下降(6~10年生)的变化趋势,而在第21和28天时蚯蚓体重抑制率随林龄无显著变化;随着林龄的增长,巨桉人工林林下土壤处理赤子爱胜蚓没有显著的回避行为。处理第28天后,蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量和ACh E活性在2~8年生林下土壤无显著变化,10年生时显著升高;SOD活性在4、10年生比其他林龄显著降低,其余各林龄无显著差异;GST活性总体呈现上升趋势,6~8年生时上升显著,其余林龄则较为稳定;MDA含量在2~4年生时较为稳定,6年生时显著上升,之后又较为稳定的趋势。     

灌水量和灌水时期对小麦耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响

在田间试验条件下,以小麦品种济麦20为材料,研究了不同灌水处理对小麦的耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响.试验设置7个处理:不浇水(W0);拔节期和开花期浇水,每次灌水量为30mm(W1)、60mm (W2)、90mm(W3);拔节期、开花期和灌浆期浇水,每次灌水量为30mm(W4)、60mm (W5)、90mm(W6).研究结果表明:(1)随灌水量的增加,总耗水量逐渐增加,土壤耗水量和降水量占总耗水量的比例降低.产量和水分利用率最高的W2和W4处理总耗水量分别为413.87,362.15mm;灌溉量、降水量、土壤耗水量分别占总耗水量的比例为29%、36.34%、34.66%,24.85%、41.53%、33.62%;两个处理比较,W4处理提高了对降水的利用比例,但降低了对灌溉水的利用比例.通过对全生育期0～200cm不同土层土壤耗水量的研究得出,W0和W1处理的深层土壤耗水量较低,W3、W5、W6处理的0～200cm 每个土层土壤耗水量均较低,对W2和W4处理,小麦能够利用120～200cm的深层土壤水分,其土壤贮水消耗量显著增加.(2)W2处理的籽粒氮素积累量较高,W1、W4处理籽粒中的氮素分配比例显著高于其它处理,有灌浆水的处理,尤其是灌浆水高于30mm的处理,营养器官氮素转移率和贡献率显著降低;W4处理的籽粒蛋白质含量较高,W2和W4处理的籽粒蛋白质产量显著高于其它处理.(3)籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加先升高后降低,其中W2和W4处理显著高于其它处理;W4处理的产量水分利用效率和蛋白质产量水分利用率显著高于其它处理.结果表明,W4为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌水处理.     

天津盐碱化沼泽湿地开垦对土壤团聚体有机与无机碳含量的影响

目前,开垦对沼泽湿地土壤有机碳的影响已有较多研究,但针对滨海盐碱化沼泽的研究较为薄弱,特别是对无机碳的影响尚不清晰,从而导致无法全面评估开垦对总碳的影响。本研究选取天津七里海盐碱化沼泽湿地和对应长期开垦(约60年)后的农田作为研究对象,采集0～15和15～30 cm两层土样,采用湿筛法得到2、0.25～2、0.053～0.25和0.053 mm 4个粒级水稳性团聚体。结果表明:湿地长期开垦后,表层(0～15 cm)和下层(15～30 cm)土壤大团聚体( 2 mm)比例均显著降低(-48. 1%、-58. 1%),微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)比例均显著增加(+166.1%、+70.0%);各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均显著降低(31.2%～56.8%);表层土壤(0～15 cm)中等团聚体(0.25～2 mm)和矿质颗粒组分(0.053 mm)无机碳含量显著增加(+85.4%、+75.4%);而下层土壤(15～30 cm)各级团聚体无机碳含量均显著增加(182.3%～448.2%);表层土壤大团聚体(2 mm)、中等团聚体(0.25～2 mm)总碳含量显著降低(-12.9%、-21.9%),而总碳含量在表层土壤微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)、矿质颗粒组分、下层土壤各级团聚体均无显著变化。可见,滨海盐碱化沼泽湿地开垦虽导致有机碳含量降低,但无机碳含量却具有显著反补作用,从而减缓或抑制了碳库流失。因此,在滨海盐碱化地区,今后应更加重视开垦过程中土壤无机碳动态变化及其对总碳的影响。     

岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤团聚体有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为揭示岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤结构、土壤有机碳积累和碳库管理水平的影响,该研究选取了弃耕地、林地和草地三种土地利用方式,测定0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)、团聚体有机碳以及土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量。结果表明:(1)与弃耕地相比,林地和草地土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均重量直径(MGD)和2～5 mm团聚体含量显著增加,林地和草地土壤团聚体组成以2～5 mm为主,弃耕地以0.5～1 mm和<0.25 mm为主,表明退耕还林还草能够促进土壤团聚体形成和稳定。(2)土壤团聚体有机碳含量呈现出林地>草地>弃耕地,随团聚体粒级增加而增加的趋势;林地和草地以2～5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最大,弃耕地则以<0.25 mm团聚体贡献为主,表明弃耕地转变为林地和草地后,土壤SOC积累主要归功于2～5 mm有机碳含量的增加,以及团聚体由小粒径向大粒径转变。(3)与弃耕地比较,林地和草地土壤SOC、EOC含量和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均显著提高,其中土壤EOC含量和CPMI变化较为明显;土壤EOC可作为土壤碳库早期变化的有效指标,CPMI能够...     

Trajectories of change: riparian vegetation and soil conditions following livestock removal and replanting

Riparian zones provide critically important ecological functions, including the interception of nutrients and sediments before they enter waterways. Consequently, riparian zones, and the vegetation they support, are often considered as an important ‘final buffer’ between waterways and adjacent land. In agricultural ecosystems, riparian zones are therefore increasingly recognized as an important component of strategies aimed at minimizing the flow of nutrients and sediments into waterways. Accordingly, riparian zones are increasingly afforded protection and are targeted for restoration. Here we present results of a study in which we aimed to identify patterns of change in soil and vegetation properties in riparian zones, under different management regimes, adjacent to tributary streams in one of south‐eastern Australia's main agricultural regions. We compared riparia that were heavily impacted by agricultural activities, were in remnant condition or had undergone some restoration activities and were thus in a transitional state. There was an increase in plant cover and soil C concentration between impacted through to remnant sites, with transitional sites intermediate, suggesting that improvements in soil conditions were becoming evident following restoration activities. In our assessment of soil physicochemical properties we investigated the relationships between riparian condition and soil properties, taking into account the influence of adjacent land use on these relationships. Importantly, the concentrations of NO₃^‐ and plant available P in riparian surface soils were more or less influenced by concentrations in the adjacent land depending upon riparian condition. This will, in turn, have consequences for nutrient inputs into streams. This study emphasizes that riparian zones need to be managed within their wider landscape context. Furthermore, the results of this study will inform efforts seeking to minimize impacts of agricultural activities on waterways, through the conservation and/or restoration of riparian ecosystems.     

辣椒茎、叶对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性的影响

采用辣椒秸秆废弃物与酸化土壤共培养的方法, 设计了不同添加量的辣椒茎、叶与酸化土壤充分混合、共培养, 测定了土壤交换性离子及土壤酶活性的变化, 探讨辣椒茎、叶对酸化土壤交换性能及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明, 辣椒茎、叶可以改善酸化土壤pH, 降低酸化土壤交换性酸含量; 添加辣椒茎、叶可提高土壤NH4+-N含量, 影响土壤NO3--N转化; 添加辣椒茎、叶可提高土壤交换性盐基含量、CEC及盐基饱和度, 尤其以添加辣椒叶5%的效果最好; 辣椒茎、叶可以提高土壤脲酶活性, 但培养60 d后各处理土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性无显著性差异; 添加辣椒茎、叶能提高土壤酶的几何平均数, 改善酸化土壤质量, 其对酸化土壤质量的改变与辣椒茎、叶的添加量有关。研究结论可为开拓辣椒秸秆利用途径、改善土壤酸度, 提高土壤肥力等方面提供理论依据。     

不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响

以黄土高原9年生红富士果园生态系统为对象,研究不同地表覆盖模式（清耕、生草覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖）对果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响.结果表明：生草覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最低,砂石覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最高;砂石覆盖提高了根层水分含量,有利于果树对水分的利用.不同地表覆盖模式土壤热量状况变化显著,处理间差异明显,极端最高温度下降,但地膜覆盖处理夏季地温超过果树根系生长的上限温度,对果树根系生长和生理功能发挥不利.除地膜覆盖外,其他地表覆盖模式均能提高土壤CO₂释放速率,其中生草覆盖的效果最为显著.不同地表覆盖模式对果树枝条类型比例及产量影响较大,砂石覆盖处理的中短枝比例和果实产量最高;生草覆盖处理的果实产量最低.因子分析结果表明,对于黄土高原沟壑区盛果期果园,砂石覆盖处理是较为适宜的地表覆盖模式.     

土壤微生物资源管理、应用技术与学科展望

土壤中蕴藏着高度的微生物多样性,在陆地生态系统中发挥着非常重要的功能,加强对土壤微生物资源的综合管理与开发应用是提升生态系统稳定性与生产力及农产品质量的重要途径。首先,土壤微生物多样性具有全球性的重大意义,有待完善对土壤微生物的检测与监测技术研究,进而实现土壤微生物多样性与土壤功能的耦合以及对土壤质量的评定;其次,土壤微生物作为一种宝贵的生产资料和可持续资源,要加强其在土壤肥力强化与保育、土壤障碍消减与调节、土壤污染控制与修复等3个领域的应用研究。最后,未来土壤微生物学发展将会形成土壤微生物系统学、土壤微生物过程学与土壤微生物功能学3个子学科,要建立土壤微生物种质资源库与遗传信息库,推进土壤微生物生理代谢过程、生物化学过程及生态行为过程的研究,联结土壤微生物与土壤功能的关系,并从土壤中的功能微生物出发对环境变化作出积极响应和主动调控。此外,原创性方法的建立与应用是限制土壤微生物学发展的技术瓶颈,联合生物地理学与生物信息学破译重要基因的特定生态功能,并将其应用到生态模型以及生态系统未知领域的研究中去,是土壤微生物学面临的挑战。     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type

A study was made of the effect of soil and crop type on the soil and total ecosystem respiration rates in agricultural soils in southern Finland. The main interest was to compare the soil respiration rates in peat and two different mineral soils growing barley, grass and potato. Respiration measurements were conducted during the growing season with (1) a closed-dynamic ecosystem respiration chamber, in which combined plant and soil respiration was measured and (2) a closed-dynamic soil respiration chamber which measured only the soil and root-derived respiration. A semi-empirical model including separate functions for the soil and plant respiration components was used for the total ecosystem respiration (TER), and the resulting soil respiration parameters for different soil and crop types were compared. Both methods showed that the soil respiration in the peat soil was 2–3 times as high as that in the mineral soils, varying from 0.11 to 0.36 mg (CO₂) m^–2 s^–1 in the peat soil and from 0.02 to 0.17 mg (CO₂) m^–2 s^–1 in the mineral soils. The difference between the soil types was mainly attributed to the soil organic C content, which in the uppermost 20 cm of the peat soil was 24 kg m^–2, being about 4 times as high as that in the mineral soils. Depending on the measurement method, the soil respiration in the sandy soil was slightly higher than or similar to that in the clay soil. In each soil type, the soil respiration was highest on the grass plots. Higher soil respiration parameter values (R_s0, describing the soil respiration at a soil temperature of 10°C, and obtained by modelling) were found on the barley than on the potato plots. The difference was explained by the different cultivation history of the plots, as the potato plots had lain fallow during the preceding summer. The total ecosystem respiration followed the seasonal evolution in the leaf area and measured photosynthetic flux rates. The 2–3-fold peat soil respiration term as compared to mineral soil indicates that the cultivated peat soil ecosystem is a strong net CO₂ source.     

Soil Erosion Impact on Agronomic Productivity and Environment Quality

Soil erosion is a global issue because of its severe adverse economic and environmental impacts. Economic impacts on productivity may be due to direct effects on crops/plants on-site and off-site, and environmental consequences are primarily off-site due either to pollution of natural waters or adverse effects on air quality due to dust and emissions of radiatively active gases. Off-site economic effects of erosion are related to the damage to civil structure, siltation of water ways and reservoirs, and additional costs involved in water treatment. There are numerous reports regarding the on-site effects of erosion on productivity. However, a vast majority of these are from the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Europe, and only a few from soils of the tropics and subtropics. On-site effects of erosion on agronomic productivity are assessed with a wide range of methods, which can be broadly grouped into three categories: agronomic/soil quality evaluation, economic assessment, and knowledge surveys. Agronomic methods involve greenhouse and field experiments to assess erosion-induced changes in soil quality in relation to productivity. A widely used technique is to establish field plots on the same soil series but with different severity of past erosion. Different erosional phases must be located on the same landscape position. Impact of past erosion on productivity can also be assessed by relating plant growth to the depth of a root-restrictive horizon. Impact of current erosion rate on productivity can be assessed using field runoff plots or paired watersheds, and that of future erosion using topsoil removal and addition technique. Economic evaluation of the on-site impact involves assessment of the losses of plant available water and nutrients and other additional inputs needed due to erosion. Knowledge surveys are conducted as a qualitative substitute for locations where quantitative data are not available. Results obtained from these different techniques are not comparable, and there is a need to standardize the methods and develop scaling procedures to extrapolate the data from plot or soil level to regional and global scale. There is also a need to assess on-site impact of erosion in relation to soil loss tolerance, soil life, soil resilience or ease of restoration, and soil management options for sustainable use of soil and water resources. Restoration of degraded soils is a high global priority. If about 1.5×10⁹?ha of soils in the world prone to erosion can be managed to effectively control soil erosion, it would improve air and water quality, sequester C in the pedosphere at the rate of about 1.5?Pg/year, and increase food production. The risks of global annual loss of food production due to accelerated erosion may be as high as 190×10⁶?Mg of cereals, 6×10⁶?Mg of soybeans, 3×10⁶?Mg of pulses, and 73×10⁶?Mg of roots and tubers. The actual loss may depend on weather conditions during the growing season, farming systems, soil management, and soil ameliorative input used. Erosion-caused losses of food production are most severe in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and elsewhere in the tropics rather than in other regions.     

落叶松林土壤溶液吸光度与土壤碳、氮含量的相关性

通过4个土壤深度100个样品14个波长(250、254、260、265、272、280、285、300、340、350、365、400、436和465 nm)土壤溶液吸光度值和土壤碳(可溶性碳DOC、全碳SOC)、土壤氮(可溶性氮DON、全氮SON)的测定,旨在探讨土壤溶液吸光度指示土壤碳氮指标的可行性及土壤深度对其可能影响。结论如下:(1)表层土壤和深层土壤吸光度值均随波长增加而指数下降,但表层土壤吸光度值较高,下降速度较快,较低波长更有利于区分表层和深层土壤溶液吸光度差异;和深层土壤相比,表层0～20 cm土壤SOC、DON和SON与不同波长吸光度有更好的相关性,但DOC与不同波长吸光度的相关性表层和深层差异较小;(2)250～300 nm的8个吸光度值具有高度相关性,它们在分析土壤溶液吸光度变化时具有等效性;基于所有数据的拟合分析发现,低波长(如254 nm)吸光度与土壤SOC、DON和SON相关性最高(R2=0.53～0.59),而更高波长(340 nm及以上)相关性明显降低。但DOC与254、340、365和400 nm吸光度相关性相差不大(R2=0.25～0.33)。这些发现说明,土壤溶液吸光度值,特别是低波长(250～300 nm)可以表征落叶松林土壤碳、氮相关指标的变化,但是需要考虑不同碳氮指标以及不同土层之间的差异。     

土壤增温和秸秆还田对土壤养分和胞外酶活性的影响

气候变暖和秸秆还田是影响农田生态系统碳氮循环和土壤养分周转的重要因子,然而两者的交互作用尚缺乏系统研究。通过大田模拟试验,设置土壤正常温度+秸秆不还田、土壤正常温度+秸秆还田、土壤增温+秸秆不还田和土壤增温+秸秆还田四个处理,探讨土壤增温与秸秆还田对土壤养分循环及胞外酶活性的影响。结果显示,土壤增温使硝态氮含量、土壤可溶性有机碳含量和氧化酶活性分别增加了40.4%,25.8%和6.0%,但也使土壤水分、铵态氮含量与土壤微生物量碳分别损失了10.6%,33.4%和29.9%。秸秆还田则使土壤含水量、全氮、铵态氮、有效磷与可溶性有机碳的含量分别增加了7.5%,7.2%,44.1%,32.3%和18.4%,同时也使土壤碳氮磷循环酶的活性分别增加了46.2%,22.9%和20.6%。因此研究表明,土壤增温提高了氧化酶的活性,加速了土壤碳的转化,也使土壤氮矿化与硝化反应速率提高。秸秆还田通过增加外源有机物质,丰富了土壤的碳、氮源,使土壤养分含量提高,一定程度上弥补了增温带来的养分损失。     

不饱和土壤CH4的吸收与氧化

不饱和土壤是已知唯一的 CH4 生物壑。综述了不饱和土壤 CH4 的吸收、氧化过程及其影响因素。不饱和土壤中 CH4 氧化的临界浓度低 ,因而甲烷氧化菌可氧化大气 CH4 并将其当作唯一的碳源和能源。土壤 CH4 吸收率与土壤湿度通常呈负相关关系。土壤湿度过高 ,大气 CH4 和 O2 向土壤中扩散受阻 ;或土壤湿度过低引起水分胁迫均导致甲烷氧化菌活性下降。NH 4对土壤中 CH4 氧化的抑制作用可归结为 NH3和 CH4 在甲烷单氧酶水平上的竞争、由氧化作用向硝化作用的转移以及 NH 4氧化生成的 NO- 2 的毒性。NH 4对 CH4 氧化的抑制作用与土壤有效氮含量成正比。各类氮肥对 CH4 氧化抑制作用 :化肥 >有机肥 ;铵态氮肥 >尿素。 NO- 3对 CH4 氧化没有抑制效应。阳离子代换量 (CEC)高的土壤 NH 4对 CH4 氧化的抑制作用轻。 CH4 氧化菌对大气 CH4 的高亲和力及 CH4 氧化所需较低的活化能导致其温度系数 Q1 0 较小。地温较低时 ,土壤氧化 CH4 的能力随温度升高而升高。当地温高于 CH4 氧化的最佳温度时 ,CH4 氧化菌难以与硝化细菌及其它微生物竞争利用土壤空气中的 O2 ,导致其活性降低。甲烷氧化菌对 p H值变化不敏感。团粒结构较好的壤土可保护 CH4 氧化菌免受干扰。未受干扰的森林土壤 CH4 氧化率的峰值一般出现在亚表