A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis

To study the phylogenetic relationships among Anseriformes, sequences for the complete mitochondrial control region (CR) were determined from 45 waterfowl representing 24 genera, i.e., half of the existing genera. To confirm the results based on CR analysis we also analyzed representative species based on two mitochondrial protein-coding genes, cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2). These data allowed us to construct a robust phylogeny of the Anseriformes and to compare it with existing phylogenies based on morphological or molecular data. Chauna and Dendrocygna were identified as early offshoots of the Anseriformes. All the remaining taxa fell into two clades that correspond to the two subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae. Within Anserinae Branta and Anser cluster together, whereas Coscoroba, Cygnus, and Cereopsis form a relatively weak clade with Cygnus diverging first. Five clades are clearly recognizable among Anatinae: (i) the Anatini with Anas and Lophonetta; (ii) the Aythyini with Aythya and Netta; (iii) the Cairinini with Cairina and Aix; (iv) the Mergini with Mergus, Bucephala, Melanitta, Callonetta, Somateria, and Clangula, and (v) the Tadornini with Tadorna, Chloephaga, and Alopochen. The Tadornini diverged early on from the Anatinae; then the Mergini and a large group that comprises the Anatini, Aythyini, Cairinini, and two isolated genera, Chenonetta and Marmaronetta, diverged. The phylogeny obtained with the control region appears more robust than the one obtained with mitochondrial protein-coding genes such as ND2 and cytb. This suggests that the CR is a powerful tool for bird phylogeny, not only at a small scale (i.e., relationships between species) but also at the family level. Whereas morphological analysis effectively resolved the split between Anatinae and Anserinae and the existence of some of the clades, the precise composition of the clades are different when morphological and molecular data are compared.     

Molecular phylogeny of the stromateoid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences and compared with morphology-based hypotheses

The phylogenetic relationships among 21 species of stromateoid fishes, representing five families and 13 genera, were reconstructed using 3263bp of mitochondrial DNA sequences, including the posterior half of the 16S rRNA and entire COI and Cytb genes. The resultant molecular phylogenies were compared with previous phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from morphological characters. Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. All three methods resulted in well-resolved trees with most nodes being supported by moderate to high support values. In contrast to previous morphological analyses, which resulted in non-monophyly of Centrolophidae, all three methods utilized for the present molecular analyses supported the monophyly of Centrolophidae, as well as the reciprocal monophyly of the other stromateoid families, previous morphological hypotheses being rejected by the Templeton and Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests. In addition, the three methods indicated a sister-group relationship between Ariommatidae and Nomeidae. The position of Tetragonuridae was, however, incongruent between the MP method and the ML and Bayesian methods, being placed in the most basal position of Stromateoidei in the former, but occupying a sister relationship to Stromateidae in the latter. Comparison of the molecular phylogenies to previous morphological hypotheses suggested that evolutionary changes in morphological characters have not occurred equally among the stromateoid lineages, the evolution of the centrolophids not having been accompanied by appreciable morphological changes, whereas other stromateoids have undergone considerable morphological changes during their evolutionary history. The molecular phylogenies also shed some light on the evolutionary pattern of the pharyngeal sac, two of the four types of sac corresponding to two main lineages of Stromateoidei. Some taxonomic implications were also discussed.     

Evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of the Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data

We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of the family Badidae using both mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide sequence data to address badid systematics and to evaluate the role of vicariant speciation on their evolution and current distribution. Phy-logenetic hypotheses were derived from complete cytochrome b (1,140 base pairs) sequences of 33 individuals representing 13 badid species, and using three species of Nandidae as outgroups. Additionally, we sequenced the nuclear RAG1 (1,473 base pairs) and Tmo-4C4 (511 base pairs) genes from each of the badid species and one representative of the outgroup. Our molecular data provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis of badid intrarelationships. Analysis of the mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide sequence data sets resulted in well-supported trees, indicating a basal split between the genera Dario and Badis, and further supporting the division of the genus Badis into five species groups as suggested by a previous taxonomic revision of the Badidae. Within the genus Badis, mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies differed in the relative position of B. kyar. We also used our molecular phylogeny to test a vicariant speciation hypothesis derived from geological evidence of large-scale changes in drainage patterns in the Miocene affecting the Irrawaddy- and Tsangpo-Brahmaputra drainages, in the southeastern Himalaya. Within both genera, Badis and Dario, we observed a divergence into Irrawaddy- and Tsangpo-Brahmaputra clades. Using a cytb substitution rate of 8.2 x 10(-9) (substitutions x base pair(-1) x year(-1), we tentatively date this vicariant event at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (19-24Myr). It is concordant with a hypothesized paleo connection of the Tsangpo river with the Irrawaddy drainage that was most likely interrupted during Miocene orogenic events through tectonic uplifts in eastern Tibet. Our data, therefore, indicate a substantial role of vicariant-based speciation shaping the current distribution patterns of badids.     

A phylogeny of sparoid fishes (Perciformes, Percoidei) based on morphology

 The putative percoid superfamily Sparoidea includes the Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae, Sparidae, and Centracanthidae. Although a rigorous cladistic analysis has never been attempted, two hypotheses regarding relationships among these families have been proposed. One early noncladistic hypothesis considered the Sparidae to be intermediate between the more primitive Nemipteridae and the more derived Lethrinidae. A later nonformal phylogenetic treatment provided evidence for a close relationship between Sparidae and Centranthidae and suggested a closer affinity between the Nemipteridae and Lethrinidae. We examine 54 osteological, ligament, and squamation characters in representatives of all 45 genera of these families and 4 outgroup taxa. The results of our cladistic analysis are congruent with a cladistic interpretation of the earlier hypothesis, with strong support for the phyletic sequence Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae, Sparidae plus Centracanthidae, with placement of centracanthids unresolved with respect to sparid genera. Received: May 21, 2001 / Revised: October 26, 2001 / Accepted: November 19, 2001     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

A molecular phylogeny of New Zealand's Petroica (Aves: Petroicidae) species based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

The New Zealand robin (Petroica australis), tomtit (P. macrocephala), and Chatham Island black robin (P. traversi) are members of the Petroicidae family of Australo-Papuan robins, found throughout Australasia and the western Pacific. In the nearly 200 years since the New Zealand members of Petroicidae were first described, the division of species, subspecies, and even genera has undergone many changes. In this study, we investigate whether molecular phylogenies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences support current taxonomic classifications based on morphology. Petroica traversi, P. australis, and P. macrocephala form distinct clades in phylogenetic trees constructed from Cytochrome b and control region sequences, however the position of the black robin is at odds with the morphological and behavioral data. The black robin does not appear to be a derivative of the New Zealand robin, instead it groups strongly with the tomtit, indicating that lineage sorting and/or introgressive hybridization may have occurred. There is some evidence to support the hypothesis that two invasions of Petroica from Australia have occurred, however additional data from Australian Petroica taxa are required to confirm this. Control region sequences confirm a deep split between the North and South Island P. australis lineages, but suggest a recent radiation of P. macrocephala.     

A phylogeny for grasshoppers of the genus Chitaura (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data

The Indonesian island of Sulawesi occupies a central position within the biogeographically complex region known as Wallacea. Its fauna is characterised by a high rate of endemism and a patchwork distribution of taxa within the island. The grasshopper genus Chitaura is a good example having at least ten endemic species with predominantly parapatric distributions. It can be used as a model for determining the origins of Sulawesi taxa and the within-island evolution that has led to the present patterns of distribution. Here we present a phylogenetic hypothesis for 28 individuals within the genus, including individuals of one species from Java and two from the Moluccas, based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene. Frequent sequence heteroplasmy was observed. The phylogenetic hypothesis is consistent with recent interpretations of the geological history of Sulawesi suggesting separate evolution on the island for 7–14 Myr, possibly since South Sulawesi was connected to Borneo. Within the island, the pattern of genetic divergence is dominated by a strong correlation with geographic distance, with exceptions indicating past or present barriers to dispersal. Colonisation of the Moluccas from North or Central Sulawesi is implied. Levels of genetic divergence are compared with distribution patterns of colour morphs and with possible effects of tectonic movements in the Cenozoic, or Pleistocene climatic, vegetational and sea-level changes.     

Molecular phylogeny of Turkish Trachurus species (Perciformes: Carangidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA analyses

Genetic variation among three species of Trachurus (T. trachurus, T. mediterraneus and T. picturatus) from Turkey was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of the entire mtDNA control region (CR) (862 bp, n = 182) and partial cytochrome (cyt) b (239 bp, n = 174) sequences. Individuals were collected at nine stations in four geographic locations: North‐eastern Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Sea of Marmara and Black Sea. Polymerase chain reaction‐direct sequencing of the CR and the partial cyt b genes produced 28 and 131 distinct haplotypes, respectively. Maximum likelihood, neighbour‐joining and maximum parsimony methods produced similar tree topologies. The results of both CR and cyt b sequence analyses revealed the existence of several species‐specific nucleotide sites that can be used to discriminate between the three species. Genetic distances indicated that T. mediterraneus and T. picturatus are more closely related to each other than either is to T. trachurus. Inter‐nucleotide and intra‐nucleotide diversities of T. picturatus were larger than those of T. mediterraneus and T. trachurus. There was no evidence of a geographical difference in haplotype frequencies of these two mtDNA regions to be clustered.     

The phylogenetic relationships of the suborder Acanthuroidei (Teleostei: Perciformes) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Fragments of 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA genes were sequenced for 14 acanthuroid taxa (representing all six families) and seven outgroup taxa. The combined data set contained 1399 bp after removal of all ambiguously aligned positions. Examination of site saturation indicated that loop regions of both genes are saturated for transitions, which led to a weighted parsimony analysis of the data set. The resulting tree topology generally agreed with previous morphological hypotheses, most notably placing the Luvaridae within the Acanthuroidei, but it also differed in several areas. The putative sister group of Acanthuroidei, Drepane, was recovered within the suborder, and the sister group of the family Acanthuridae, Zanclus, was likewise recovered within the family. Morphological characters were included to produce a combined data set of 1585 characters for 14 acanthuroid taxa and a single outgroup taxon. An analysis of the same 15 taxa was performed with only the DNA data for comparison. The total-evidence analysis supports the monophyly of the Acanthuridae. A parametric bootstrap suggests the possibility that the paraphyly of Acanthuridae indicated by the molecular analyses is the result of long-branch attraction. The disagreement between molecular and morphological data on the relationships of the basal acanthuroids and its putative sister taxon is unresolved.     

Molecular phylogeny of gobioid fishes (Perciformes: Gobioidei) based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences

The molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes, comprising 33 genera and 43 valid species, was examined by use of complete mitochondrial 12S rRNA and tRNA(VAL)genes. Both parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses revealed comparable results and are generally congruent with those of morphological studies. The Odontobutis, which was always placed at the base of the phylogenetic trees, can be treated as a sister group of all other nonrhyacichthyid gobioids. Within eleotrid fishes, the monophyly of the Eleotrinae is strongly supported by molecular data. The Butinae is closer to fishes with five branchiostegal rays and should be treated as a sister group of the latter. The group with five branchiostegal rays, except for sicydiines, can be divided into two groups according to their epural counts. Fish with one epural, the Gobiinae of Pezold plus Microdesmidae, form a monophyletic group which is sister to those with two epurals, the Oxudercinae and Gobionellinae of Pezold. However, Sicydiinae, which have one epural, are closer to the Oxudercinae and Gobionellinae rather than to the Gobiinae. Since progressive reduction in epural number has been observed along this lineage, the sicydiines should be treated as a derived group within the groups with two epurals.     

A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes

Although tortoises of the family Testudinidae represent a familiar and widely distributed group of turtles, their phylogenetic relationships have remained contentious. In this study, we included 32 testudinid species (all genera and subgenera, and all species of Geochelone, representing 65% of the total familial species diversity), and both mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytb) and nuclear (Cmos and Rag2) DNA data with a total of 3387 aligned characters. Using diverse phylogenetic methods (Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Analysis) congruent support is found for a well-resolved phylogeny. The most basal testudinid lineage includes a novel sister relationship between Asian Manouria and North American Gopherus. In addition, this phylogeny supports two other major testudinid clades: Indotestudo+Malacochersus+Testudo; and a diverse clade including Pyxis, Aldabrachelys, Homopus, Chersina, Psammobates, Kinixys, and Geochelone. However, we find Geochelone rampantly polyphyletic, with species distributed in at least four independent clades. Biogeographic analysis based on this phylogeny is consistent with an Asian origin for the family (as supported by the fossil record), but rejects the long-standing hypothesis of South American tortoises originating in North America. By contrast, and of special significance, our results support Africa as the ancestral continental area for all testudinids except Manouria and Gopherus. Based on our systematic findings, we also propose modifications concerning Testudinidae taxonomy.     

A phylogeny of the megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences

DNA sequences from the first intron of the nuclear gene rhodopsin (RDP1) and from the mitochondrial gene ND2 were used to construct a phylogeny of the avian family Megapodiidae. RDP1 sequences evolved about six times more slowly than ND2 and showed less homoplasy, substitution bias, and rate heterogeneity across sites. Analysis of RDP1 produced a phylogeny that was well resolved at the genus level, but RDP1 did not evolve rapidly enough for intrageneric comparisons. The ND2 phylogeny resolved intrageneric relationships and was congruent with the RDP1 phylogeny except for a single node: this node was the only aspect of tree topology sensitive to weighting in parsimony analyses. Despite differences in sequence evolution, RDP1 and ND2 contained congruent phylogenetic signal and were combined to produce a phylogeny that reflects the resolving power of both genes. This phylogeny shows an early split within the megapodes, leading to two major clades: (1) Macrocephalon and the mound-building genera Talegalla, Leipoa, Aepypodius, and Alectura, and (2) Eulipoa and Megapodius. It differs significantly from previous hypotheses based on morphology but is consistent with affiliations suggested by a recent study of parasitic chewing lice.     

Re-examination of the phylogeny of Rhacophoridae (Anura) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA

The phylogenetic relationships among rhacophorid frogs are under dispute. We use partial sequences of three mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b) and three nuclear protein-coding (Rag-1, rhodopsin exon 1, and tyrosinase exon 1) genes from 57 ingroup taxa and eight outgroup taxa to propose a hypothesis for phylogenetic relationships within Rhacophoridae. Our results support recognition of the genus Feihyla, and Chiromantis is the sister taxon to the clade formed by Feihyla, Polypedates and Rhacophorus. We place Aquixalus odontotarsus within Kurixalus, and the remaining species of Aquixalus and Philautus jinxiuensis into the genus Gracixalus. We give Philautus (Kirtixalus) the rank of genus and place Philautus menglaensis within it. The division of species groups among Chinese Rhacophorus needs revision, and a cryptic species is revealed within Rhacophorus nigropunctatus. Rhacophorus pingbianensis is considered a synonym of Rhacophorus omeimontis. The validity of Rhacophorus hui is confirmed by present molecular evidence.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the lamprologine cichlid genus Lepidiolamprologus (Teleostei: Perciformes) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences, suggesting introgressive hybridization

Using sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (ND2, 1047bp) and a segment of the non-coding mitochondrial control region, as well as nuclear sequences including two introns from the S7 ribosomal protein and the loci TmoM25, TmoM27, and UME002, we explore the phylogenetic relationships of Lepidiolamprologus, one of seven lamprologine cichlid genera in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. Analyses consisted of direct optimization using POY, including a parsimony sensitivity analysis, and maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference for comparison. With respect to Lepidiolamprologus, the results based on the mitochondrial dataset were robust to parameter variation in POY. Lepidiolamprologus cunningtoni was resolved in a large clade sister to ossified group lamprologines, among which the remaining Lepidiolamprologus were nested. In addition to L. attenuatus, L. elongatus, L. kendalli, and L. profundicola, Neolamprologus meeli, N. hecqui, N. boulengeri, N. variostigma, and two undescribed species were resolved in a two-pore Lepidiolamprologus clade sister to Lamprologus callipterus and two species of Altolamprologus. Lepidiolamprologus nkambae, in marked conflict with morphological and nuclear DNA evidence, nested outside of the two-pore Lepidiolamprologus clade, suggesting that the mtDNA signal has been convoluted by introgressive hybridization.     

Assessing phylogenetic resolution among mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological datasets in Nothonotus darters (Teleostei: Percidae)

External morphological characters are the basis of our understanding of diversity and species relationships in many darter clades. The past decade has seen the publication of many studies utilizing mtDNA sequence data to investigate darter phylogenetics, but only recently have nuclear genes been used to investigate darter relationships. Despite a long tradition of use in darter systematics few studies have examined the phylogenetic utility of external morphological characters in estimating relationships among species in darter clades. We present DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene, the nuclear encoded S7 intron 1, and discretely coded external morphological characters for all 20 species in the darter clade Nothonotus. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses result in phylogenies that are in broad agreement with previous studies. The cytb gene tree is well resolved, while the nuclear S7 gene tree lacks phylogenetic resolution, node support, and is characterized by a lack of reciprocal monophyly for many of the Nothonotus species. The phylogenies resulting from analysis of the morphological dataset lack resolution, but nodes present are found in the cytb and S7 gene trees. The highest resolution and node support is found in the Bayesian combined data phylogeny. Based on our results we propose continued exploration of the phylogenetic utility of external morphological characters in other darter clades. Given the extensive lack of reciprocal monophyly of species observed in the S7 gene tree we predict that nuclear gene sequences may have limited utility in intraspecific phylogeographic studies of Nothonotus darters.     

Molecular phylogeny of the lemur family cheirogaleidae (primates) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

Cheirogaleidae currently comprises five genera whose relationships remain contentious. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of both Mirza coquereli and Allocebus trichotis are still unclear. The taxonomic status of the recently discovered Microcebus ravelobensis (a sympatric sibling species of Microcebus murinus) and its phylogenetic position also require further examination. A approximately 2.4-kb mitochondrial DNA sequence including part of the COIII gene, complete ND3, ND4L, and ND4 genes, and 5 tRNAs was used to clarify relationships among cheirogaleids. Mirza and Microcebus form a clade representing the sister group of Allocebus, with a clade containing Cheirogaleus major and Cheirogaleus medius diverging first. M. ravelobensis and Microcebus rufus form a subclade within Microcebus, with M. murinus as its sister group. The molecular data support the generic status of Mirza coquereli and species-level divergence of M. ravelobensis. Furthermore, "M. rufus" may well represent more than one species.     

The mitochondrial genome sequence and molecular phylogeny of the turkey, Meleagris gallopavo

The mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) has been little studied in the turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ), a species for which there is no publicly available mtGenome sequence. Here, we used PCR-based methods with 19 pairs of primers designed from the chicken and other species to develop a complete turkey mtGenome sequence. The entire sequence (16 717 bp) of the turkey mtGenome was obtained, and it exhibited 85% similarity to the chicken mtGenome sequence. Thirteen genes and 24 RNAs (22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs) were annotated. An mtGenome-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the turkey is most closely related to the chicken, Gallus gallus , and quail, Corturnix japonica . Given the importance of the mtGenome, the present work adds to the growing genomic resources needed to define the genetic mechanisms that underlie some economically significant traits in the turkey.     

Mitogenomics of the suborder Cottoidei (Teleostei: Perciformes): Improved assemblies,mitogenome features,phylogeny, and ecological implications

We determined the mitogenome of Cyclopterus lumpus using a hybrid sequencing approach, and another four closely related species in the Liparidae based on available next-generation sequence data. We found that the mitogenome of C. lumpus was 17,266 bp in length, where the length and organisation were comparable to those reported for cottoids. However, we found a GC-homopolymer region in the intergenic space between tRNA^Leu2 and ND1 in liparids and cyclopterids. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed the monophyly of infraorders and firmly supported a sister-group relationship between Cyclopteridae and Liparidae. Purifying selection was the predominant force in the evolution of cottoid mitogenomes. There was significant evidence of relaxed selective pressures along the lineage of deep-sea fish, while selection was intensified in the freshwater lineage. Overall, our analysis provides a necessary expansion in the availability of mitogenomic sequences and sheds light on mitogenomic adaptation in Cottoidei fish inhabiting different aquatic environments.     

Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Barbinae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in China inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

The taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chinese species of the Barbinae (Cypriniformes) has a confusing history. In this study, partial sequences of four mitochondrial genes (cyt b, COI, ND4 and 16S rRNA) from 75 Barbinae species and 38 outgroup species were used to investigate the taxonomy and phylogeny within the Barbinae in China. The monophyly of Neolissochilus, Sikukia and Tor are not supported. Neolissochilus benasi might represent a new genus, and Tor hemispinus and Tor qiaojiensis should be moved into Neolissochilus. Sikukia flavicaudata is not Sikukia species. Puntius paucimaculatus might be a synonym of Puntius semifasciolatus. Puntius semifasciolatus does not belong to Puntius. Onychostoma barbatum might consist of more than one species. Our molecular results corroborate that Acrossocheilus stenotaeniatus is a synonym of Acrossocheilus longipinnis. Finally, Barbonymus gonionotus from Menglun, Yunnan should be Poropuntius huangchuchieni.