碱性纤维素酶革兰氏阴性菌株筛选及酶学性质研究*

用CMC平板筛选方法,从造纸厂碱性淤泥中获得透明圈直径大于30mm的产碱性纤维素酶革兰氏阴性菌H8005。液体摇瓶培养产生碱性CMC酶活力高达4.2 IU/mL。酶学性质初步研究显示,H8005产生的CMC酶反应的pH值以8.0左右为适;在碱性条件下具有较高的酶活和一定的稳定性;反应温度以55℃左右为宜;且具有较好的温度稳定性。Mn²⁺与Fe³⁺对酶反应有促进作用,Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺对酶反应有抑制作用。该菌产生的纤维素     

碱性纤维素酶革兰氏阴性菌株筛选及酶学性质研究

用CMC平板筛选方法,从造纸厂碱性淤泥中获得透明圈直径大于30mm的产碱性纤维素酶革兰氏阴性菌H8005。液体摇瓶培养产生碱性CMC酶活力高达4．2IU／mL。酶学性质初步研究显示,H8005产生的CMC酶反应的pH值以8．0左右为适;在碱性条件下具有较高的酶活和一定的稳定性;反应温度以55℃左右为宜;且具有较好的温度稳定性。Mn^2＋与Fe^3＋对酶反应有促进作用,Cu^2＋和Pb^2＋对酶反应有抑制作用。该菌产生的纤维素酶在棉织品的水洗整理及洗涤剂工业中具有非常良好的应用前景。     

紫外线和60Co-γ联合诱变褐色高温单孢菌及产酶特性研究

本研究以褐色高温单孢菌(Thermomonospora fusca)为出发菌株,通过紫外线和60Co-γ射线联合诱变,获得了一株纤维素酶高产菌株AV8,CMC酶活力达到0.679 IU/mL,与出发菌株相比,其产酶能力提高3.53倍。通过对AV8产纤维素酶的培养条件进行测定,结果显示:产纤维素酶最适应温度为55℃;该菌的最适产CMC酶初始PH值为7.0,最适产FPA酶初始PH值为8.0;当培养到第7天时,产CMC酶达到高峰。当培养到第8天时产FPA酶达到高峰。     

1株高效降解纤维素的槲寄生内生真菌研究

利用刚果红-CMC平板染色法、DNS法从槲寄生内生真菌中筛选获得1株高效纤维素酶产生菌H-3-3,通过分析其菌落形态特征和18S rDNA序列的同源性,将菌株H-3-3鉴定为拟茎点霉属Phom opsissp.;对其酶学性质研究得到：槲寄生内生真菌H-3-3中CMC酶、β-葡糖苷酶、滤纸酶这3种组分酶最适温度均为50℃,β-葡糖苷酶活和滤纸酶活最适pH值均为4.8,CMC酶最适pH值为4.4;3种酶在30～45℃,pH4.0～8.0稳定性较强。金属离子Mn^2＋、Co^2＋、Mg^2＋和Ca^2＋对3组分酶都有不同程度的促进作用,其中以Co^2＋效果最佳;而Ba^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cu^2＋对3组分酶分均表现出明显的抑制作用。     

产碱性纤维素酶兼性厌氧菌株的筛选和酶学性质的初步研究

用CMC平板筛选方法,从造纸厂碱性土壤中获得产碱性纤维素酶兼性厌氧菌株LZ-5,革兰氏阴性,经鉴定为弧菌属(Vibrio sp.)中的一个种.液体摇瓶培养产生碱性纤维素酶活力高达5.8 U/mL.酶学性质初步研究显示,LZ-5产生的纤维素酶最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应pH值为9.0,在碱性条件下具有较高的酶活性和较好的稳定性.经传代培养证实该菌株遗传性能稳定.     

产碱性纤维素酶兼性厌氧菌株的筛选和酶学性质的初步研究

用CMC平板筛选方法, 从造纸厂碱性土壤中获得产碱性纤维素酶兼性厌氧菌株LZ-5, 革兰氏阴性, 经鉴定为弧菌属(Vibrio sp.)中的一个种。液体摇瓶培养产生碱性纤维素酶活力高达5.8 U/mL。酶学性质初步研究显示, LZ-5产生的纤维素酶最适反应温度为40℃, 最适反应pH值为9.0, 在碱性条件下具有较高的酶活性和较好的稳定性。经传代培养证实该菌株遗传性能稳定。     

爱尔兰帚霉产低温纤维素酶的酶学性质和发酵工艺

本文旨在对爱尔兰帚霉E71702M菌株产低温纤维素酶的酶学性质进行初步研究,并获得其最优发酵条件,为低温纤维素酶开发利用提供参考。通过单因素试验确定温度、pH及金属离子对纤维素酶活力的影响;以Plackett-Burman试验设计从8个培养条件中筛选出影响产酶的3个主要因素,即麸皮含量、装瓶量和起始pH;运用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法确定这3个主要因素的最优发酵条件。对酶学性质的初步研究表明,该酶最适pH为3.0,最适反应温度为30℃,在0℃时残余酶活力为最适反应温度时的56.3%。响应面分析得到最优发酵条件为:麸皮含量8.79g/L、装瓶量40.93m L、初始pH 4.01。通过优化,纤维素酶活力由0.6338IU/m L提高到1.7386IU/m L,提高了174%。     

产高温纤维素酶木霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

从稻草堆肥中筛选得到一株产高温纤维素酶的霉菌M1,通过形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定,确定其为木霉属(Trichoderma)。在稻草液体发酵培养基中,木霉M1的CMC酶(carboxymethyl cellulase,CMCase)合成模式为同步合成型。酶学性质研究表明,此CMC酶的最适反应pH为4.4,在pH 4.0～6.0保温4h仍可保持95%以上的酶活力;其最适反应温度为75℃,在50℃下保温4h,可保持87%的酶活力;60℃下保温4h,可保持65%的酶活力,具有较好的热稳定性。     

一株纤维素降解真菌的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质分析

通过对富含枯枝败叶的土壤样品进行富集培养,利用刚果红纤维素培养基初筛和酶活测定复筛得到产纤维素酶的一株真菌,将其命名为GC2-2,并对该菌株进行鉴定及酶学性质研究。结果表明该菌株是一株耐高温、碱性纤维素酶的真菌GC2-2。通过18S rDNA分子克隆测定,该菌为球孢枝孢菌,其滤纸酶的活力优于CMC酶的活力。该菌所产酶的最适反应条件为温度35°C,最适pH值7.5。     

一株高产纤维素酶菌的筛选与鉴定

利用刚果红脱色从森林腐木中筛选到一株高产纤维素酶菌,结合18S rRNA基因序列分析和菌株形态特性分析,确定该菌株为爪哇正青霉(Eupenicillium javanicum).通过研究粗酶提取时不同离心时间和离心转速对酶活的影响,确定采用3000r/min,15min离心条件下获得的粗酶测定CMC酶活,采用4000r/min,10min的离心条件下获得的粗酶测定FPA酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶活.酶学性质初步研究显示,纤维素酶反应的最适pH值以5.0为宜;CMC酶最适酶解温度和酶解时间为60℃,15min;FPA和β-葡萄糖苷酶最适酶解温度和酶解时间均为50℃,20min.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000