The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal Versus Patrilocal Residence

This paper describes the results of a series of cross-cultural tests of several different explanations of matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. The first explanation tested was the traditional assumption that division of labor determines residence. The results did not support that assumption. The results of other tests suggest rather that patrilocal residence is favored by internal warfare, whether or not such warfare interferes with a normally patridominant division of labor; and matrilocal residence appears to be favored by purely external warfare if such warfare compels the women to do at least as much subsistence work as the men.     

最后的丛林部族

要深入了解亚马逊,还必须去了解亚马逊的原住民——印第安人。他们的历史、文化、习俗以及他们与热带雨林水乳交融、命运与共的令人荡气回肠的往事。这是一个奇异的丛林部族。当人类进入了太空时代,他们依然赤身裸体,划着千年不变的独木舟,在河沼交错     

Matrilocal residence is ancestral in Austronesian societies

The nature of social life in human prehistory is elusive, yet knowing how kinship systems evolve is critical for understanding population history and cultural diversity. Post-marital residence rules specify sex-specific dispersal and kin association, influencing the pattern of genetic markers across populations. Cultural phylogenetics allows us to practise ‘virtual archaeology’ on these aspects of social life that leave no trace in the archaeological record. Here we show that early Austronesian societies practised matrilocal post-marital residence. Using a Markov-chain Monte Carlo comparative method implemented in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework, we estimated the type of residence at each ancestral node in a sample of Austronesian language trees spanning 135 Pacific societies. Matrilocal residence has been hypothesized for proto-Oceanic society (ca 3500 BP), but we find strong evidence that matrilocality was predominant in earlier Austronesian societies ca 5000–4500 BP, at the root of the language family and its early branches. Our results illuminate the divergent patterns of mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers seen in the Pacific. The analysis of present-day cross-cultural data in this way allows us to directly address cultural evolutionary and life-history processes in prehistory.     

From Band To Tribe On The Plains11

Abstract

Cultural ecologists, such as Steward and Shirnkin, hold that the core features of a culture, namely socio-political systems, are closely related to subsistence activities and economic arrangements which, in turn, are influenced but not ecessarily determined by the natural habitat of the group. A study of the Plains adaptations of the Piegan, Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Cree, and Plains Shoshone throw some doubt on this the sis. The Piegan (and other Blackfoot tribes), Plains Shoshone, and Kiowa share common forms of political organization with other Plains tribes but the Comanche and Plains Cree represent atypical cases in. this regard. The first three tribes developed pan-tribal sodalities while the latter two did not do so. The presence or absence of these pan-tribal sodalities conditioned the extent to which tribal integration occurred in these groups. The subsistence activities of these tribes alone do not account for the weak or strong development of pan-tribal structures. Factors in the total environment of each tribe, or niche, account for these differences. These differences in political organization cannot be attributed solely to differences in subsistence activities nor economic arrangements as they are influenced by the specific natural habitat of each tribe.     

Hollywood Makes Anthropology: The Case of Krippendorf's Tribe

Krippendorf's Tribe . Directed by Todd Holland; produced by Larry Brezner; starring Richard Dreyfuss, Jenna Elfman, and Lily Tomlin; screen-play by Charlie Peters, based on a book by Frank Parkin; cinematography, Dean Cundey; Music, Bruce Broughton. Distributed in the U.S. by Touchstone Pictures. Length, 1 hr. 35 mins.; MPAA classification, PG-13 (profanity, sexual situations). U.S. release date, 27 Feb. 1998. " Krippendorf's Tribe represents one of Hollywood's first ever adventures into the sexy, glamorous, ruthlessly competitive world of big league anthropology, but the disappointing results hardly suggest a speedy follow-up expedition." 1 "If I were an anthropologist, this film would insult me immensely." 2 "Anthropology may never recover." 3     

中国蓼族植物（蓼科）的地理分布

通过多年野外实地考察和资料统计分析,对蓼族植物在中国的地理分布进行了深入研究。结果表明,该类群在中国的分布具有一定规律。在水平分布上,物种数目由东北到西南呈逐渐增加的趋势,有6个高密度的分布区,集中沿横断山脉—秦巴山脉分布。除首乌属全国广泛分布外,其他各属或组均有其主要的分布区域。在垂直分布上,整个蓼族植物几乎都分布在海拔5 000 m以下。在海拔1 000～3 000 m,蓼族植物广泛分布,冰岛蓼属、拳参组、头状蓼组一年生型和神血宁组植物主要分布在海拔3 000 m以上,萹蓄组、春蓼组、刺蓼组、首乌属、虎杖属、金线草属和荞麦属主要分布在海拔1 000 m以下。