巴氏醋杆菌高酸度醋发酵过程的能量代谢分析

【目的】初步分析了Acetobacter pasteurianus CICIM B7003-02在醋酸发酵过程中的能量代谢状况, 通过强化细胞能量代谢水平以提升菌株高酸发酵的产酸强度。【方法】探明A. pasteurianus CICIM B7003-02在高酸度醋发酵的不同阶段中三羧酸循环底物含量、乙醇呼吸链酶活及能量代谢酶基因的转录水平等代谢特点, 分析用于醋酸发酵的产能代谢途径及其作用。【结果】发现A. pasteurianus CICIM B7003-02在醋酸发酵初期, 主要通过苹果酸/琥珀酸回补偶联有氧呼吸途径产能。进入醋酸快速积累阶段, 乙醇呼吸链为主要供能代谢途径。发酵后期苹果酸/琥珀酸回补途径配合乙醇呼吸链供能。基于上述研究, 采取添加琥珀酸和苹果酸强化细胞产能, 促进高酸度醋发酵强度。【结论】能量供给影响醋杆菌耐酸能力和醋酸生产能力。确定乙醇呼吸链为醋酸发酵的主要供能系统。强化细胞产能手段可达到提高醋酸发酵强度的目的。     

巴氏醋酸杆菌对发酵中醋酸胁迫的生理应答

【目的】研究Acetobacter pasteurianus CICIM B7003对醋酸发酵形成的酸胁迫环境在细胞形态、生理、代谢方面的响应,初步提出巴氏醋杆菌的动态耐酸机制模型,为高酸度高强度液态深层醋酸发酵提供理论帮助。【方法】在9 L自吸式发酵罐中用A.pasteurianus CICIM B7003发酵醋酸,选取不同生长阶段细胞检测其荚膜多糖含量、膜不饱和脂肪酸含量、耐酸基因转录水平、乙醇呼吸链酶和ATP酶活性,研究醋酸菌形态、生理和代谢随醋酸积累的变化。【结果】醋酸的存在能减少细胞分泌荚膜多糖,发酵中多糖占细胞干重百分比由最初2.5%下降到0.89%;随发酵进行细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸占膜总脂肪酸含量显著提高,致使细胞膜流动性增加;耐酸基因相对转录水平显著提高而提升了细胞对酸性环境的抗性;乙醇呼吸链酶和ATP酶活性随醋酸积累也显著提高,为细胞提供足够的能量以满足耐酸机制对能量的需求。【结论】初步确定A.pasteurianus CICIM B7003主要依靠改变细胞膜脂肪酸组分、激活耐酸基因转录、增强乙醇呼吸链活力及快速产能等机制的协同作用,实现对酸胁迫的制衡。     

巴氏醋酸杆菌对发酵中醋酸胁迫的生理应答

摘要:【目的】研究Acetobacter pasteurianus CICIM B7003 对醋酸发酵形成的酸胁迫环境在细胞形态、生理、代谢方面的响应,初步提出巴氏醋杆菌的动态耐酸机制模型,为高酸度高强度液态深层醋酸发酵提供理论帮助。【方法】在9 L自吸式发酵罐中用A.pasteurianus CICIM B7003发酵醋酸,选取不同生长阶段细胞检测其荚膜多糖含量、膜不饱和脂肪酸含量、耐酸基因转录水平、乙醇呼吸链酶和ATP酶活性,研究醋酸菌形态、生理和代谢随醋酸积累的变化。【结果】醋酸的存在能减少细胞分泌荚膜多糖,发酵中多糖占细胞干重百分比由最初2.5%下降到0.89%;随发酵进行细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸占膜总脂肪酸含量显著提高,致使细胞膜流动性增加;耐酸基因相对转录水平显著提高而提升了细胞对酸性环境的抗性;乙醇呼吸链酶和ATP 酶活性随醋酸积累也显著提高,为细胞提供足够的能量以满足耐酸机制对能量的需求。【结论】初步确定A.pasteurianus CICIM B7003主要依靠改变细胞膜脂肪酸组分、激活耐酸基因转录、增强乙醇呼吸链活力及快速产能等机制的协同作用,实现对酸胁迫的制衡。     

醋酸杆菌AS1.41的醋酸发酵动力学特性

用分批培养的方法研究了醋酸发酵过程的动力学特性。醋酸杆菌AS 1.41的醋酸发酵过程属“非生长偶联型”,发酵初期菌体迅速增殖,发酵中期为醋酸生成的高峰期。高浓度的底物和产物对菌体生长及其产酸活性有抑制作用。在乙醇浓度2—4g/100ml和醋酸浓度小于3g/100ml范围内,发酵反应效率最佳,最大菌体比生长速率可达0.127h^-1,最大醋酸比生成速率为0.12g醋酸/h·OD。在工业常用的初始底物浓度范围内,底物抑制效应主要表现在对菌体生长的影响上。高浓度醋酸的存在显著抑制该菌的产酸能     

一株新型同型产乙酸菌Clostridium sp.的自养和异养生长特性

【背景】同型产乙酸菌是一类利用乙酰辅酶A途径固定CO_2合成自身细胞物质并生成乙酸、乙醇等代谢产物的厌氧菌群,其分布广泛、种类繁多且代谢多样。深入研究同型产乙酸菌菌株的代谢能力及特性,对探索该种群的生理生化特性及其环境作用至关重要。【目的】研究一株同型产乙酸菌Clostridium sp. BXX的最适培养条件及其自养与异养生长特性。【方法】设置BXX菌株培养温度10-55°C、初始pH 6.0-9.0、NaCl浓度0-2.0%、不同氮源,测定菌体细胞含量和产物生成浓度,确定菌株最适培养条件。研究BXX菌株分别以H_2/CO_2、合成气、CO、葡萄糖、1,2-丙二醇、甲酸钠、乙二醇甲醚、甘油、丙酮酸和乳酸为底物时的底物消耗、产物生成、菌体细胞含量和pH等,探究其自养和异养生长特性。【结果】BXX菌株的最适培养温度为30°C,初始pH为7.0,NaCl浓度为1.0%,氮源为酵母粉。BXX菌株能以H2/CO2、合成气、葡萄糖、1,2-丙二醇、甲酸钠、乙二醇甲醚和甘油为底物生长,不能以CO、丙酮酸或乳酸为底物生长。【结论】BXX菌株既能自养生长产乙酸,又能异养生长产乙醇。BXX菌株是乙酸发酵的优良菌种资源,有较好的工业应用潜力。     

反义RNA介导的大肠杆菌非必需基因rpsF的基因沉默

【目的】探讨反义RNA技术介导的大肠杆菌非必需基因rpsF基因沉默导致菌体生长受抑制的原因。【方法】将rpsF基因5'端41-230 bp的片段反向插入带有末端配对结构的反义表达载体pHN678,获得重组质粒,导入大肠杆菌宿主获得反义RNA菌株Escherichia.coli/pHNF,并用诱导剂IPTG诱导反义RNA表达,通过与对照菌E.coli/pHN678的液体生长状态差异判断菌体生长表型;采用Real time RT-PCR方法跟踪分析转录水平。【结果】构建了针对rpsF的反义RNA菌株,且其生长受抑制程度与IPTG浓度呈正相关。IPTG浓度为100μmol/L时,菌体生长未受抑制,但靶基因rpsF的mRNA量降低了36%,而rpsR是位于同一操纵子下游的必需基因,其转录水平却未受影响;IPTG浓度为200μmol/L时,菌体生长明显受抑制,经分析发现rpsR转录水平降低了12%。【结论】反义RNA菌株E.coli/pHNF生长受抑制的原因是由于此反义RNA引起了同一操纵子下另一必需基因rpsR的转录水平降低。     

铜绿假单胞菌水解弹性蛋白能力相关基因的筛选与鉴定

【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白水解能力相关基因。【方法】应用人工Mu转座技术构建铜绿假单胞菌野生型菌株PA68的转座突变文库,从2000多个突变子中筛选得到4株弹性蛋白水解能力改变的突变子,并通过克隆及测序获得转座子插入位点侧翼的序列。将铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶结构基因lasB的转录启始区序列整合入载体pDN19lacΩ并将该重组质粒电转化入野生型菌株PA68及4个突变株中,对报告基因在不同菌株中的表达水平进行测定。【结果】发现4个突变株中Mu转座子分别插入lasA、galU、xcpZ和ptsP 4个基因。ptsP基因失活的突变株中,lasB基因的转录水平是野生型菌株的7%,xcpZ和lasA基因的失活使lasB基因的转录水平分别降低为野生株的54%和75%,galU基因的插入失活使lasB基因的转录上升了1倍。【结论】推测ptsP和galU基因很可能直接或间接地调控着弹性蛋白酶的生物合成。     

粪产碱杆菌的分离鉴定及其生物转化作用

【背景】硫化氢(H2S)作为畜牧生产过程中释放的一种有毒有害气体,严重危害畜禽和人类的健康,因此降解硫化氢特别是生物氧化法转化硫化氢已成为当前研究热点。【目的】筛选高效硫氧化菌株并研究其生物转化作用。【方法】以长春市某养鸡场采集的新鲜粪便为材料,分离鉴定硫氧化菌株。采用单因素分析法优化其生长条件,研究生物转化效率,检测soxY、soxZ基因m RNA表达水平。【结果】获得一株高效硫氧化菌株JF9,经鉴定为粪产碱杆菌。最佳生长条件:底物浓度0.5 g/L,温度35°C,初始pH 7.0,在此条件下Na2S去除率达94%以上。菌株JF9存在soxY和soxZ基因,其转录水平在硫源诱导前后差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】分离得到的粪产碱杆菌具有良好的硫化物转化能力,脱硫过程中硫氧化基因高效表达。     

钝齿棒杆菌GlnK在氮代谢调控及L-精氨酸合成中的功能

【目的】钝齿棒杆菌是重要的氨基酸生产菌株,本研究针对氮代谢PⅡ信号转导蛋白GlnK展开相关功能研究,分析其在钝齿棒杆菌氮代谢调控及L-精氨酸合成中的作用。【方法】以GlnK蛋白为研究对象,通过基因敲除等遗传方法获得过表达、敲除及敲弱glnK的重组钝齿棒杆菌,研究GlnK对NH_4~+吸收的影响,通过RT-qPCR和酶活测定,从转录水平和蛋白水平上揭示GlnK对氮代谢和L-精氨酸合成相关基因表达水平及酶活的影响,通过5-L发酵罐发酵产L-精氨酸研究GlnK对L-精氨酸合成的影响。【结果】过表达glnK能明显促进NH_4~+的吸收,而敲除glnK后则会抑制NH_4~+的摄取;RT-qPCR和酶活测定发现,相比于野生型菌株Cc5-5,glnK过表达菌株Cc-glnK中与铵吸收相关的基因,表达量平均上调约4.58倍,L-精氨酸合成基因簇中基因的表达水平平均上调1.50倍。Cc-glnK中氮代谢相关蛋白的酶活平均提高46.97%;L-精氨酸合成途径上7个关键酶的酶活平均提高30.00%;5-L发酵罐发酵各重组菌株结果表明,Cc-glnK菌株的产量可达49.53 g/L,产率为0.516 g/(L·h),相比于出发菌株Cc5-5,其L-精氨酸产量提高了28.65%。【结论】过表达GlnK能促进NH_4~+的吸收及利用,并通过影响L-精氨酸合成途径上关键基因的表达水平,提高关键酶的酶活,最终提高L-精氨酸的产量。本研究为后续探索钝齿棒杆菌氮代谢调控机制及代谢工程改造钝齿棒杆菌生产L-精氨酸提供了一种新的策略。     

Rhodococcus erythropolis 手性醇脱氢酶的克隆表达及其性质

【目的】探讨红串红球菌中一种醇脱氢酶的性质及其对酮酯类及酮类底物的催化能力。【方法】从红串红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277)中获取一段长度为1047 bp的醇脱氢酶(adh)基因,插入载体pET-22b(+)后,在大肠杆菌中进行重组表达。15℃的低温下用自诱导培养基诱导24 h,以苯乙酮为底物测定醇脱氢酶酶活。【结果】测得该诱导条件下重组菌体细胞破碎上清中醇脱氢酶酶活力为2.6 U/mg。经温度、pH耐受性等分析,发现该酶最适pH在6.0-6.5之间,耐受温度可以达到60℃,并且在该温度下保持5 h后,酶活也能保留80%。对于β酮酯类底物的催化反应,以对乙酰乙酸乙酯的催化能力最高。用4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)为底物进行全细胞水相催化反应,经手性液相色谱分析,发现在催化产物以R型4-氯-3羟基丁酸乙酯(CHBE)为主。【结论】该酶在酮酯类的底物转化方面有良好的开发潜力及应用前景。     

Correlation between acetic acid resistance and characteristics of PQQ-dependent ADH in acetic acid bacteria

In this study, we compared the growth properties and molecular characteristics of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) among highly acetic acid-resistant strains of acetic acid bacteria. Ga. europaeus exhibited the highest resistance to acetic acid (10%), whereas Ga. intermedius and Acetobacter pasteurianus resisted up to 6% of acetic acid. In media with different concentrations of acetic acid, the maximal acetic acid production rate of Ga. europaeus slowly increased, but specific growth rates decreased concomitant with increased concentration of acetic acid in medium. The lag phase of A. pasteurianus was twice and four times longer in comparison to the lag phases of Ga. europaeus and Ga. intermedius, respectively. PQQ-dependent ADH activity was twice as high in Ga. europaeus and Ga. intermedius as in A. pasteurinus. The purified enzymes showed almost the same specific activity to each other, but in the presence of acetic acid, the enzyme activity decreased faster in A. pasteurianus and Ga. intermedius than in Ga. europaeus. These results suggest that high ADH activity in the Ga. europaeus cells and high acetic acid stability of the purified enzyme represent two of the unique features that enable this species to grow and stay metabolically active at extremely high concentrations of acetic acid.     

Incorporation of acetic acid into erythromycin

Иэ распределения активности в отдельных отщеплениях эритромицина после прибавления уксусной кислоты, меченой 1-С¹⁴ и 2-С¹⁴, вытекает, что уксусная кислота не является прямым предшественником дезозамина и кладинозы. Распределение активности в пропион-альдегиде, изолированном из эритронолида, показывает, что уксусная кислота перед своим включением в эритромицин проходит цикл, подобный пиклу дикарбоновых или трикарбоновых кислот.     

Fluidized bed biomethanation of acetic acid

Summary The kinetics of acetate biomethanation was studied in a high recycle ratio biological fluidized bed reactor behaving in practice as a completely mixed reactor. The active biofilm consisted of bacteria from a methane fermenter that after spontaneous immobilization on the bed particles (sand) were adapted to acetate as the only carbon source. The effects of temperature (13°, 20°, 25° and 35°C), substrate concentration (500, 1000 and 1500 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) l^-1) and hydraulic retention time (1 to 8 h) on substrate consumption were studied. Maximum substrate consumption (as % COD reduction) amounted from 25% (13°C, 1500 mg COD l^-1) to 93% (35°C, 500 mg COD l^-1). At 35°C the concentration of attached biomass presented a weakly increase with reactor substrate concentration (from 3.10 g VS l^-1 to 4.54 g VS l^-1 for 32 and 1150 mg COD l^-1 respectively). On the other hand when reducing , a sharp incrase in biomass loss coefficient was observed showing that excess biofilm growth was continuously removed by shearing forces. Thus in the assayed conditions the attached biomass concentration was basically determined by the bed superficial velocity. Result show that diffusional resistances are negligible. Data are fairly well correlated by a variable order kinetic model. The apparent reaction order is a function of temperature and increases from 0.27 to 0.7 when temperature decreases from 35° C to 13°C.Nomenclature b Total biomass loss coefficient (T^-1) - J Flux of substrate removal into the biofilm surface (ML^-2 T^-1) - J _d Flux of substrate removed into the biofilm surface in deep conditions (ML^-2 T^-1) - k Maximum specific rate of substrate utilization (T^-1) - K Variable order kinetic constant (T^-1 M^n-1 L^3n-3) - K _s9 Hall saturation constant (ML^-3) - n Reaction order - q Feed flow rate (L³ T^-1) - S Substrate concentration (ML^-3) - Se Effluent substrate concentration (ML^-3) - So Influent substrate concentration (ML^-3) - Se_min Minimum substrate concentration able to sustain a steady-state biofilm (ML^-3) - T Temperature - t Time(T) - V Bed volume (L³) - VS Volatile solids (M) - VSS Volatile suspended solids - X Attached biomass concentration (ML^-3) - X _c Effluent volatile suspended solids (ML^-3) - Y Yield coefficient - Hydraulic retention time (T) This work forms part of a Doctoral Thesis of senior author     

Biotechnological applications of acetic acid bacteria

The acetic acid bacteria (AAB) have important roles in food and beverage production, as well as in the bioproduction of industrial chemicals. In recent years, there have been major advances in understanding their taxonomy, molecular biology, and physiology, and in methods for their isolation and identification. AAB are obligate aerobes that oxidize sugars, sugar alcohols, and ethanol with the production of acetic acid as the major end product. This special type of metabolism differentiates them from all other bacteria. Recently, the AAB taxonomy has been strongly rearranged as new techniques using 16S rRNA sequence analysis have been introduced. Currently, the AAB are classified in ten genera in the family Acetobacteriaceae. AAB can not only play a positive role in the production of selected foods and beverages, but they can also spoil other foods and beverages. AAB occur in sugar- and alcohol-enriched environments. The difficulty of cultivation of AAB on semisolid media in the past resulted in poor knowledge of the species present in industrial processes. The first step of acetic acid production is the conversion of ethanol from a carbohydrate carried out by yeasts, and the second step is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid carried out by AAB. Vinegar is traditionally the product of acetous fermentation of natural alcoholic substrates. Depending on the substrate, vinegars can be classified as fruit, starch, or spirit substrate vinegars. Although a variety of bacteria can produce acetic acid, mostly members of Acetobacter, Gluconacetobacter, and Gluconobacter are used commercially. Industrial vinegar manufacturing processes fall into three main categories: slow processes, quick processes, and submerged processes. AAB also play an important role in cocoa production, which represents a significant means of income for some countries. Microbial cellulose, produced by AAB, possesses some excellent physical properties and has potential for many applications. Other products of biotransformations by AAB or their enzymes include 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, which is used for the production of vitamin C; D-tagatose, which is used as a bulking agent in food and a noncalorific sweetener; and shikimate, which is a key intermediate for a large number of antibiotics. Recently, for the first time, a pathogenic acetic acid bacterium was described, representing the newest and tenth genus of AAB.